Investigation of the Hot-Stamping Process for Advanced High-Strength Steel Sheet by Numerical Simulation

Hot forming is a new way to manufacture complex-shaped components of advanced high-strength steel (AHSS) sheet with a minimum of spring-back. Numerical simulation is an effective way to examine the hot-forming process, particularly to determine thermal and thermo-mechanical characteristics and their dependencies on temperature, strain and strain rate. The flow behavior of the 22MnB5 AHSS is investigated through hot tensile tests. A 3D finite element (FE) model of hot-stamping process for the shaped part is built under the ABAQUS/Explicit environment based on the solutions of several key problems, such as treatment of contact between blank and tools, determination of material characteristics and meshing, etc. Numerical simulation is carried out to investigate the influence of blank holder force (BHF) and die gap on the hot-forming process for the shaped part. Numerical results show the FE model is effective in simulation of hot-forming process. Large BHF reduces the amount of spring-back and improves the contact of flange with tools while avoiding cracking of stamped part. Die gap has a considerable influence on the distribution of temperature on side walls; the larger the die gap, higher is the temperature on the sidewall of shaped part.     

高强度硼钢22MnB5的热变形方程及其模拟应用

利用Gleeble-3500热模拟试验机,在温度为700℃～950℃、应变速率为0.01/s～0.4/s的条件下,对高强度硼钢22MnB5的热变形行为进行研究。结果表明,随着变形温度的升高,硼钢的延伸率升高,变形抗力降低;随着应变速率的提高,硼钢22MnB5的变形抗力和延伸率增大。根据高温拉伸实验得出的数据,构建硼钢22MnB5的稳态流变应力模型和热变形方程,并将试验结果和构建的本构方程输入ABAQUS软件进行U型件热弯曲成形的回弹模拟,数值模拟结果与实验结果吻合较好,验证了模型的可靠性和正确性,为成形所需的最大载荷及设备选择提供依据。     

A Modified Mroz Model for Springback Prediction

A new anisotropic material hardening model is introduced in this study for springback simulation. It is modified from the Mroz multi-yield surface hardening model and incorporated more realistic Bauschinger effect for cyclic loading and anisotropic yield surfaces for sheet metals. The model is targeted for sheet metal forming simulations where the accurate springback predictions are important, and where materials have more rapid hardening characteristics and ability to sustain higher stresses such as so-called advanced high-strength steels (AHSS). The constitutive integration algorithm is derived and it is numerically implemented in the commercial FEA code via a user-material subroutine. The new model is applied to a U-channel forming test with DP600 steel. Experiments are conducted and springback results are compared with numerical prediction to demonstrate the new model’s effectiveness. This article was presented at Materials Science & Technology 2006, Innovations in Metal Forming symposium held in Cincinnati, OH, October 15–19, 2006.     

Numerical and Experimental Investigation into Hot Forming of Ultra High Strength Steel Sheet

Hot forming of ultra high strength steel (UHSS) sheet metal grade 22MnB5 boron for channel components using water cooling is studied on a laboratory scale. After hot forming, the different microstructures such as martensite, bainite, and pearlite in formed component are produced, which are closely related with mechanical properties of formed component. The effect of forming start temperature and the contact state between blank and die on the microstructure evolution is investigated. In addition, the effect of processing parameters, such as forming start temperature and blank holder force (BHF), on the final quality of component, i.e., springback, that happens after hot forming of UHSS is investigated. It can be concluded that the forming start temperature has a significant effect on the final mechanical properties of formed components. The effect of forming start temperature on springback is examined in detail under a wide range of operating conditions. The higher the BHF and the forming start temperature, the lower is the springback after hot forming. Furthermore, thermo-mechanically coupled finite element analysis model encompassing heating of sheet blank, forming and quenching are developed for hot forming process. The stress distributions on sheet blank under different conditions during hot forming are compared to gain a fundamental understanding of the mechanism of springback. Comparisons show that numerical simulation results have good agreement with experimental results.     

高强度铝合金板材的温热介质充液成形研究

在温度20℃～300℃的范围内,对厚度1.2mm的7B04-T6高强度铝合金薄板在应变速率分别为0.0006s-1、0.006s-1和0.06s-1的条件下进行了单拉试验,并在此基础上利用MSC.Marc有限元软件进行了筒形件温热介质充液成形的差温热力耦合数值模拟,研究了成形温度、冲压速度和液室压力对于成形性能的影响。结果表明,在冲压速度15mm/min以及液室压力1MPa的情况下,零件的最大成形高度由常温下的20.5mm提高到了300℃时的31.6mm。     

单元尺寸和积分点个数对冲压回弹模拟精度的影响

冲压回弹是板料成形数值模拟领域中最难准确预测的缺陷之一,其模拟精度受多种因素的影响,如材料本构模型、单元类型与尺寸、接触摩擦模型和有限元算法等。该文采用ABAQUS有限元软件对拉弯回弹进行数值模拟研究,重点分析了壳单元的积分点个数和接触角度对回弹预测精度与模拟时间的影响。研究结果表明,随着壳单元积分点个数的增加和单元尺寸的减小,冲压回弹的预测精度总体趋于提高趋势,但模拟时间相应地增大。当接触角度取16°时,得到的回弹预测精度与接触角度为5°时比较相近;另外,在7个积分点时,得到的回弹预测精度相当于25~51个积分点之间的范围。这与传统观点认为的,积分点应取25~51个,接触角度应小于10°不同。利用这一规律,有望在模拟时,既能得到较高的模拟精度,又可大大降低模拟时间。     

The finite element simulation of high-temperature magnesium AZ31 sheet forming

Finite element (FE) simulations will be vitally important to advancing magnesium alloy sheet forming technologies for vehicle component manufacturing. Although magnesium alloy sheet has been successfully formed into complex components at high temperatures, material constitutive model development for FE simulations has not kept pace with the needs of forming process design. This article describes the application of a new material constitutive model in FE simulations for hot forming of magnesium AZ31 alloy sheet. Simulations of forming both simple geometries from laboratory studies and complex parts from production trials are presented and compared with experimental results.     

板料成形FE中网格节点重构参数曲面的方法研究

有限元模拟成形仿真的结果,可以帮助设计开发者正确选择冲压工艺参数和模具形状及材料特性等。在对模拟进行后处理过程中,往往必须了解由有限元节点构成的参数曲面的性质,为后续回弹分析及毛坯设计提供重要支持。如何应用变形后的节点阵构成光顺的几何曲面是问题的关键。文章给出了由节点序列散点构成非均匀B样条光顺曲面的实际算法,并开发了应用程序。对散乱点数据构成曲面进行了系统的阐述,所开发的方法已经用于板料成形仿真中FE网格节点重构曲面。     

Investigation of rolls size effects on hot ring rolling process by coupled thermo-mechanical 3D-FEA

Hot ring rolling is a significant branch of ring rolling characterized by high nonlinearity, 3D deformation, continuously progressive forming, unsteady-state, asymmetry, etc. with coupled thermo-mechanical behaviors which have significant effects on the deformation behavior, microstructure and mechanical properties of the ring. Changing the sizes of forming rolls including mandrel and driver rolls will considerably affect the roll gap deformation zone which is in close relation to the feed amount of both forming rolls and thus affects forming quality of the ring as well as power parameters. In this study, a reliable coupled thermo-mechanical and 3D rigid-plastic finite-element (FE) model for hot rolling of large rings is established. Then, based on the stable forming condition of the ring rolling process and comprehensive numerical simulations, the size effects of forming rolls on strain and temperature distributions and their uniformity, stress distribution, side spread and power parameters were investigated by 3D coupled thermo-mechanical FE simulation. The results show that there are optimum sizes of mandrel and driver rolls under which the strain and temperature distributions of ring and thus its microstructure are the most uniform where fishtail coefficient and power parameters have reasonable values. The achievements obtained can not only serve as a guide to the design of rolls sizes, optimization and quality control of the hot ring rolling process, but also clarify the plastic deformation and heat transferring of hot rolling of large rectangular-section rings.     

橡皮成形数值模拟回弹预测精度的影响因素

基于有限元数值模拟的工艺分析方法提高橡皮囊液压成形工艺的零件质量,回弹预测的精度,是直弯边橡皮成形数值模拟的关键。文章以有限元软件PAM-STAMP 2G为平台,针对铝合金板2B06-W30min的直弯边橡皮成形工艺,建立成形与回弹过程的数值模型,研究影响数值模拟回弹预测精度的关键因素,如单元积分类型、网格尺寸、厚向积分方案,以及板料厚度波动等对回弹量的影响规律。通过有限元数值模拟结果与实验测量结果对比,分析数值模拟中回弹预测精度的影响规律,提出了数值模型的改进方法。提高数值模拟成形精度,需要精确控制模拟过程的关键环节,力求在每个环节减小误差累积。该文对实际生产具有指导意义。     

高强钢辊弯回弹的有限元分析

随着高强钢越来越多地应用于冷弯型钢,辊弯加工中回弹也就成了辊型设计的难点之一。文章建立了U形型钢辊弯成形回弹的有限元模拟模型,并验证了该模拟建模是可靠的。同时基于该模拟建模方法,探讨了各材料参数及工艺参数对高强钢(屈服强度300MPa~600MPa)辊弯加工产生回弹的影响规律。研究表明,在材料参数中随着屈服强度和强化系数的增加,产生的回弹明显增加;而随着强化指数和厚向异性系数的增加,产生回弹变化不明显;在工艺参数中随着弯曲角增量的增加,产生的回弹减小;随着机架间距增加,产生的回弹增加。     

考虑包辛格效应的高强钢U型件冲压回弹规律分析

回弹问题限制高强钢的广泛使用。数值模拟预测高强钢回弹的精度很大程度上取决于所应用的材料模型是否能对材料的包辛格效应准确描述。本研究旨在将力学解析方法、数值模拟技术、响应面分析法综合应用于高强度薄钢板U型件冲压回弹的预测中。基于考虑包辛格效应的材料模型实现高精度模拟预测回弹,随后利用理论解析方法结合有限元模拟与响应面法分析压边力、摩擦系数、模具圆角半径对回弹的影响规律。结果表明,摩擦系数较小时,板料的回弹程度随压边力的增大而减小;而摩擦系数较大时,板料的回弹程度随压边力的增大而增大。选择合适的模具圆角半径可以显著减小零件的回弹量。     

Characterisation of the Flow Properties of the Quenchenable Ultra High Strength Steel 22MnB5

Nowadays in the automobile industry more and more high strength steels find their application. For their processing innovative forming technologies, like the non-isothermal hot stamping process, are required. With regard to a reliable numerical process design the knowledge of the thermal and thermo-mechanical properties is essential. Within this paper an experimental setup will be introduced, which enables the determination of the material's flow behaviour according to the hot stamping time-temperature-characteristics. Further results of investigations on the thermo-mechanical flow properties of the quenchenable, ultra high strength steel 22MnB5 in dependency of the temperature, the strain and the cooling rate etc. will be represented.     

双直立锁边板的辊弯成形数值模拟与工艺研究

本文利用有限元软件ABAQUS对双直立锁边板的辊弯成形过程进行数值模拟,并对成形结果进行了分析,得到了成形后锁边板的等效应力分布情况,而后又对边部纵向应变、弯角处厚度、沿宽度方向横向应变等进行了深入分析,得到了锁边板成形过程中的规律,并通过将横向应变最大值与理论值对比验证了模型的有效性.最后通过正交试验研究了板厚、道次间距、下辊半径、成形速度对锁边板回弹的影响规律,结果显示板厚对锁边板回弹的敏感性较大且不易受到其他因素的干扰,其他三个因素对回弹的影响相对要小一些,为进一步对锁边板工艺参数的优化提供了依据.     

Thermo-mechanical finite element analysis incorporating the temperature dependent stress-strain response of low alloy steel for practical application to the hot stamped part

The isothermal stress-strain responses of a low alloy steel sheet (0.2C-0.1Si-1.4Mn-0.5Cr-0.01Mo-0.002B steel, 1.2t) at elevated temperature, which simulates the material response in the hot stamping process, were measured by the Gleeble3500 thermo-mechanical simulator. The measured stress-strain responses fitted to the Swift equations discretized within the deformation temperature were used for the practical finite element simulation of the hot stamping process, in which the complicated effects of the volumetric mismatch between phases and phase transformation inducing plasticity were effectively ignored due to the significant constraints by the press stamping. The material parameters for the thermo-mechanical FE simulations were determined by considering the effects of plastic work and phase transformation on the temperature history. A mini-sized b-pillar reinforcing part was used as the simulation model. In spite of the simplified approach adopted in this paper, the finite element procedure could provide important information on the temperature distribution, martensitic phase distribution (or final product hardness), and the effect of process parameters such as punch force on the performance of the final hot stamped product.     

基于粘弹塑性模型的时效成形仿真

为描述时效成形过程中的弹性、塑性和粘性变形,采用粘弹塑性本构模型进行时效成形有限元仿真。通过推导增量形式的本构方程,将粘弹塑性模型应用于有限元软件ABAQUS。通过反分析的方法确定铝合金2124T851的粘性系数,并且将仿真结果与试验结果进行对比,检验了本构方程和材料参数的有效性。运用有限元仿真,研究了预热对时效成形回弹的影响和在特定工艺条件下时效成形中粘性变形和塑性变形所占的比例。     

Experimental investigations and numerical analysis for improving knowledge of incremental sheet forming process for sheet metal parts

The paper is related to the analysis of shape distortions and springback effects arising in single point incremental sheet forming in order to study the use of a FE model based on shell elements to perform simulation of the process. A comparison between numerical and experimental results is made to assess the suitability of the model. The measurements of geometrical profile of a truncated cone and springback of cut rings show that the FE model allows to predict accurate results for a set of well defined process parameters. The deformation mechanism of ISF is taken into consideration to determine the limits of the model studied.     

高强度双相钢DP800成形件碰撞性能仿真分析

针对双相钢板DP800,在完成U型梁冲压成形及回弹仿真分析的基础上,建立了闭口帽型梁的碰撞分析模型。采用映射的方法完成冲压成形件U型梁的厚度、应力、应变向碰撞结构件的结果传递。在考虑成形、回弹及应变率等多种因素的影响下,对帽型梁的碰撞过程进行了多工况仿真分析。研究结果表明,成形后的材料厚度变化、残余应力、加工硬化以及应变率,对碰撞过程将产生直接的影响。研究结果为提高汽车碰撞仿真分析的精度提供了参考。     

Finite element modeling of power spinning of thin-walled shell with hoop inner rib

A 3D elasto-plastic finite element（FE） model of power spinning of thin-walled aluminum alloy shell with hoop inner rib was established under software ABAQUS. Key technologies were dealt with reasonably. The reliability of the FE model was verified theoretically and experimentally. The forming process was simulated and studied. The distribution of the thickness and stress, and the variations of spinning force were obtained. The workpiece springback was analyzed with ABAQUS/Standard. The results show that the FE model considering elastic deformation can not only be used to analyze the workpiece springback in the complex spinning process, but also serve as a significant guide to study the local deformation mechanism and choose the reasonable parameters.