A study on the development of photoelastic experimental hybrid method for colour isochromatics (II)

Using the photoelastic experimental hybrid method, we can obtain stress intensity factors and separate the stress components near the crack tip of any material under various loading conditions from only isochromatics. However, monochromatic light has, until now been used in the photoelastic experimental hybrid method to produce black and white isochromatics. The existing photoelastic experimental hybrid method using black and white isochromatics requires high order fringes to obtain sufficient experimental data for photoelastic hybrid techniques. If a photoelastic experimental hybrid method for colour isochromatics is developed, isochromatics with a maximum fringe order of 2 will be adequate for gathering the necessary experimental data for stress analyses using photoelastic hybrid techniques. Therefore, in this work, photoelastic experimental hybrid method for colour isochromatics of a crack problem was developed, and its superiority demonstrated by comparing its results with the results from black and white isochromatics. The use of few fringe orders in photoelastic experimental hybrid method for colour isochromatics is an important feature of this method. Because of this feature, this method, specifically the reflection type photoelastic method where low fringe orders are produced compared to the transmission type photoelastic method, can be widely used in stress analysis of real components.     

A photoelastic technique to predict the direction of edge crack extension using blunt cracks

The direction of crack extension of 2-D angled edge-cracks in tensile sheets has been investigated using photoelastic models. For low values of the ratio of the stress intensity factors ( ) the axis of symmetry of the isochromatic fringe loops in the neighbourhood of the crack tip approximates to the direction of the maximum circumferential stress. Thus, a prediction of the direction of crack extension can be made along this line of symmetry. Experimental tests verified the accuracy of the photoelastic technique for values of .     

用杂交有限元法计算三维裂纹的应力强度因子

根据放松了连续性要求的修正势能原理及裂纹尖端的应力、位移场,推导了杂交单元的单元刚度矩阵。用杂交元法计算了纯扭转载荷下带有环形裂纹的圆柱体的应力强度因子。计算结果表明,这种计算方法具有较高的精确度。用杂交元法计算了裂面上作用有弯、切,扭载荷试件的应力强度因子,这类试件可用于进行三维断裂准则的实验研究。     

Analysis of an unsteadily propagating crack under mode I and II loading

Stress and displacement fields for an unsteadily propagating crack under mode I and II loading are developed through an asymptotic analysis. Dynamic equilibrium equations for the unsteady state are developed and the solution to the displacement fields and the stress fields for a crack propagating with high crack tip acceleration, deceleration and rapidly varying stress intensity factor. The influence of transients on the higher order terms of the stress fields are explicitly revealed. Using these stress components, isochromatic fringes around the propagating crack are generated for different crack speeds, crack tip accelerations and the time rate of change of stress intensity factor, and the effects of the transients on these fringes are discussed. The effects of the transients on the dynamic stress intensity factor are discussed when a crack propagates with high acceleration and deceleration. The effect of transient on the time rate of change of dynamic stress intensity factor below Rayleigh wave speed in an infinite body is also studied.     

Photoelastic measurements and computation of the stress field and contact pressure in a pneumatic lip seal

This work regards the analysis of the structural behaviour of a typical elastomeric lip seal for pneumatic cylinders under actual working conditions. In situations of relative motion between the lip seal and the cylinder, coulombian friction is taken into account. The analysis has been carried out by means of both numerical and experimental methods. In particular, the behaviour of the seal with respect to the two contact zones, i.e. between seal and rod and between seal and mounting housing, has been studied. In order to describe the seal stress and strain fields, isoclinic lines and isochromatic fringes have been determined both by means of a two-dimensional finite element model and by reflection and transparent photoelastic methods. The contact pressure between the lip seal and the rod has been computed numerically, with the FEM model and analytically from photoelastic data. The comparisons between experimental and numerical data have permitted numerical model validation.     

计算平面Ⅰ、Ⅱ型复合应力强度因子的半权函数法

给出计算一般平面裂纹问题应力强度因子的半权函数方法。该方法引入两个满足裂纹面零应力条件、平衡方程以及裂尖位移具有r^-1/2奇异性的虚拟位移与应力函数的解析表达式，即半权函数。从功能互等定理出发，结合从裂纹下缘到上缘绕裂尖任意路径的位移与应力的近似值，得到Ⅰ、Ⅱ复合型应力强度因子KⅠ和KⅡ积分形式的表达式。由于在积分中避开了裂尖的奇异性，因此即使采用较粗糙的模型或方法得到的近似值，也可以得到精度较高的KⅠ、KⅡ。相对于权函数法，本方法的限制条件较少，半权函数易于获得，实用性强；相对于有限元法计算量小，模型建立简便。     

复合材料补片参数对裂纹尖端应力强度因子的影响

利用有限元法对复合材料补片修补前后的铝合金薄板的裂纹尖端应力强度因子KI进行研究,分析各类补片参数对裂纹尖端应力强度因子的影响.结果表明,在正确选择复合材料补片的参数后,修补后铝合金板裂纹尖端的应力强度因子有显著地下降.     

Dynamic mixed mode crack propagation behavior of structural bonded joints

The stress field around the dynamically propagating interface crack tip under a remote mixed mode loading condition has been studied with the aid of dynamic photoelastic method. The variation of stress field around the dynamic interface crack tip is photographed by using the Cranz-Shardin type camera having 10⁶ fps rate. The dynamically propagating crack velocities and the shapes of isochromatic fringe loops are characterized for varying mixed load conditions in double cantilever beam (DCB) specimens. The dynamic interface crack tip complex stress intensity factors,K ₁ andK ₂, determined by a hybrid-experimental method are found to increase as the load mixture ratio of y/x (vertical/horizontal) values. Furthermore, it is found that the dynamically propagating interface crack velocities are highly dependent upon the varying mixed mode loading conditions and that the velocities are significantly small compared to those under the mode I impact loading conditions obtained by Shukla (Singh & Shukla, 1996a, b) and Rosakis (Rosakis et al., 1998) in the USA.     

A study on the determination of closing level for finite element analysis of fatigue crack closure

An elastic-plastic finite element analysis is performed to investigate detailed closure behavior of fatigue cracks and the numerical results are compared with experimental results. The finite element analysis performed under plane stress using 4-node isoparametric elements can predict fatigue crack closure behavior. The mesh of constant element size along crack surface can not predict the opening level of fatigue crack. The crack opening level for the constant mesh size increases linearly from initial crack growth. The crack opening level for variable mesh size, is almost flat after crack tip has passed the monotonic plastic zone. The prediction of crack opening level using the variable mesh size proportioning the reversed plastic zone size with the opening stress intensity factors presents a good agreement with the experimental data regardless of stress ratios.     

有限加筋板宽度对应力强度因子的影响

基于线性累积损伤理论,分析了含裂纹损伤的加筋板加强筋宽度的不同对裂纹尖端应力强度因子的影响。然后根据分析得到裂纹尖端应力强度因子随加强筋宽度的变化规律。结果表明,随着加强筋宽度的增大,结构应力强度因子的下降幅度逐渐增大,当裂纹尖端离筋条越近时,这种现象越明显。     

非均质焊接接头裂纹尖端塑性区

采用平面应力弹塑性大应变有限元法分析了非均质焊接接头裂纹尖端塑性区的扩展规律，指出在非均质焊接接头中存在着塑性变形的不同时性与不均匀性，且焊缝金属强度匹配、材料本构关系以及裂纹长度（韧带长度）对塑性区的发生发展均有重要影响。     

Numerical calculation and experimental research on crack arrest by detour effect and joule heating of high pulsed current in remanufacturing

The remanufacturing blanks with cracks were considered as irreparable. With utilization of detour effect and Joule heating of pulsed current, a technique to arrest the crack in martensitic stainless steel FV520B is developed. According to finite element theory, the finite element（FE） model of the cracked rectangular specimen is established firstly. Then, based on electro-thermo-structure coupled theory, the distributions of current density, temperature field, and stress field are calculated for the instant of energizing. Furthermore, the simulation results are verified by some corresponding experiments performed on high pulsed current discharge device of type HCPD-I. Morphology and microstructure around the crack tip before and after electro pulsing treatment are observed by optical microscope（OM） and scanning electron microscope（SEM）, and then the diameters of fusion zone and heat affected zone（HAZ） are measured in order to contrast with numerical calculation results. Element distribution, nano-indentation hardness and residual stress in the vicinity of the crack tip are surveyed by energy dispersive spectrometer（EDS）, scanning probe microscopy（SPM） and X-ray stress gauge, respectively. The results show that the obvious partition and refined grain around the crack tip can be observed due to the violent temperature change. The contents of carbon and oxygen in fusion zone and HAZ are higher than those in matrix, and however the hardness around the crack tip decreases. Large residual compressive stress is induced in the vicinity of the crack tip and it has the same order of magnitude for measured results and numerical calculation results that is 100 MPa. The relational curves between discharge energies and diameters of the fusion zone and HAZ are obtained by experiments. The difference of diameter of fusion zone between measured and calculated results is less than 18.3%. Numerical calculation is very useful to define the experimental parameters. An effective method to prevent further extensi     

用弹塑性有限元法对焊接接头裂尖场J积分的研究

采用平面应力弹塑性有限元法研究了中心裂纹板焊接接头裂尖场J积分参量及其应用的可行性，数值分析采用MARC软件的二维弹塑性分析模型，探讨了不同强度匹配（高，等，低匹配）的焊接接头试样在加载过程中裂尖场J积分的变化情况，计算结果表明，靠近焊接接头裂纹尖端的J积分回路明显的路径相关性，而远离裂尖的J积分回路表现出路径无关性，焊接接头强度匹配因子M对裂纹尖端的J积分值有很大的影响，对应于每一个载荷P／P0，J积分的值随M的增大而减小，特别是当P／P0＞1．0时这种情况更明显。     

工字型梁腹板中Ⅲ型裂纹应力强度因子分析

基于能量释放率研究Ⅲ型裂纹平面应变条件下的J积分能量表达式。采用有限元软件模拟了工字梁腹板受扭转时裂纹裂尖应力奇异场,通过数值模拟得出裂纹区的应力、位移分布状态,并计算应力强度因子和J积分,从而验证表达式的可行性。     

高速列车锻钢制动盘热疲劳裂纹耦合扩展特性研究

据制动盘裂纹剖面的宏观形貌,发现盘面长裂纹的形成以多条半椭圆表面裂纹连通为主。针对制动盘在运行过程中的典型运用工况,采用有限元法计算制动盘在300 km/h紧急制动后的热应力,发现周向残余应力较大,并以此推测周向残余应力是驱动制动盘热疲劳裂纹扩展的主要原因。在此基础上,建立制动盘盘面的裂纹网格,研究了裂纹扩展过程中的应力强度因子和多裂纹耦合扩展规律。通过研究发现对于给定的载荷条件,不同初始形状比时,裂纹前缘应力强度因子的分布规律存在一定的规律性,随着裂纹的扩展,裂纹形状趋于扁平化;多裂纹扩展时,裂纹间距越小,裂纹间的相互作用越明显,扩展速度越快;但受制动盘结构和尺寸限制,共线裂纹数越多,每条裂纹扩展到临界值时的应力强度因子越小。     

疲劳裂纹残余应力与应力强度因子研究

聚碳酸酯紧凑拉伸试件的疲劳试验和光弹性试验表明，尽管是低应力疲劳问题，但随着裂纹的扩展在裂尖附近出现残余应力场。给出了与循环周次相对应的卸载残余应力场，从而揭示出闭合效应的存在并提出其度量准则。试验表明，闭合效应使得应力强度因子降低，因此原有应力强度因子理论计算式不再适用，对此提出了一种简便有效的修正方案。     

考虑裂纹面摩擦的有限多裂纹板的应力强度因子解析与数值方法

对在双轴压缩作用下,考虑裂纹面间摩擦力的无限大板中双裂纹与单裂纹的应力强度因子解析解进行对比分析。结果表明,裂纹面间的摩擦力对多裂纹应力强度因子的修正系数是没有影响的,只对有效剪应力产生影响。以无限板周期裂纹的解为例,将该解析解作为有限板共线多裂纹应力强度因子的近似理论解,运用有限元数值计算有限板共线双裂纹的应力强度因子,并将其结果与近似理论解进行对比分析。计算结果表明,有限板共线双裂纹应力强度因子的近似理论解与通过有限元法计算得到的数值解基本吻合,验证裂纹面间摩擦力对应力强度因子的修正系数没有影响,裂纹面间无摩擦力时多裂纹相互影响引起的修正系数可以作为考虑裂纹面间摩擦力时的修正系数。     

Quarter elliptical crack growth using three dimensional finite element method and crack closure technique

Shape evolution of a quarter-elliptical crack emanating from a hole is studied. Three dimensional elastic-plastic finite element analysis of the fatigue crack closure was considered and the stress intensity factor was calculated based on the duplicated elastic model at each crack tip node. The crack front node was advanced proportional to the imposed effective stress intensity factor. Remeshing was applied at each step of the crack growth and solution mapping algorithm was considered. Crack growth retardation at free surfaces was successfully observed. A MATLAB-ABAQUS interference code was developed for the first time to perform crack growth on the basis of crack closure. Simulation results indicated that crack shape is sensitive to the remeshing strategy. Predictions based on the proposed models were in good agreement with Carlson’s experiments results.     

含双裂纹齿轮副轮齿裂纹扩展寿命分析

裂纹扩展是齿轮传动的主要故障,而且裂纹所处位置对裂纹扩展行为作用明显。为探讨齿轮副轮齿裂纹位置与裂纹扩展寿命的关系,提出几种相邻轮齿含分度圆裂纹和齿根裂纹的双裂纹齿轮副模型,基于ABAQUS建立齿轮副的三齿啮合有限元分析模型,分析不同载荷作用下分度圆裂纹和齿根裂纹尖端的主应力值和应力强度因子值;结合Pairs方程探讨分度圆裂纹扩展和齿根裂纹扩展寿命之间的关系。结果表明:齿轮副单齿啮合时的裂纹尖端应力比齿轮副双齿啮合时的裂纹尖端应力大,而且裂纹尖端的弯曲应力明显大于剪切应力;同一载荷同一裂纹深度时,齿根裂纹尖端的应力强度因子值大于分度圆裂纹尖端的应力强度因子值;相同加载时,含齿根裂纹齿轮的裂纹扩展寿命小于含分度圆裂纹齿轮的裂纹扩展寿命;裂纹扩展过程中,齿根裂纹深度和分度圆裂纹深度之比非定值,而且深度之比与载荷无关。     

Numerical analysis for prediction of fatigue crack opening level

Finite element analysis (FEA) is the most popular numerical method to simulate plasticity-induced fatigue crack closure and can predict fatigue crack closure behavior. Finite element analysis under plane stress state using 4-node isoparametric elements is performed to investigate the detailed closure behavior of fatigue cracks and the numerical results are compared with experimental results. The mesh of constant size elements on the crack surface can not correctly predict the opening level for fatigue crack as shown in the previous works. The crack opening behavior for the size mesh with a linear change shows almost flat stress level after a crack tip has passed by the monotonic plastic zone. The prediction of crack opening level presents a good agreement with published experimental data regardless of stress ratios, which are using the mesh of the elements that are in proportion to the reversed plastic zone size considering the opening stress intensity factors. Numerical interpolation results of finite element analysis can precisely predict the crack opening level. This method shows a good agreement with the experimental data regardless of the stress ratios and kinds of materials.