温度对中国对虾、日本对虾主要消化酶活性的影响

中国对虾、日本对虾肝胰脏、胃、肠蛋白酶的最适温度分别为４５，４５，５５℃和４０，４０，５５℃。临界失效温度分别为６２，５９，６３℃和５８，５２，６９℃。脂肪酶最适温度分别为３５，３５，４０℃和３５，４０，４０℃。临界失效温度分别为５０，５０，５３℃和５１，５２，５３℃。淀粉酶最适温度分别为３０，３５，３０℃和３０，３０，２５℃。临界失效温度分别为４２，４５，４５℃和４０，４５，４５℃。中国对虾、日本对虾肝胰脏的胰蛋白酶最适温度均为４５℃，临界失效温度为５３和５４℃。在适温范围内，日本对虾的蛋白酶、脂肪酶活性高于中国对虾，而淀粉酶活性低于中国对虾。笔者同时对在栖息水温范围内消化酶活性的变化进行了分析     

纳米材料与涂料对接

纳米材料和纳米技术作为极具市场潜力和发展前景的新材料和新兴技术，受到世界各国的普遍关注。为了保持在纳米材料和纳米技术方面的领先地位，提高国家的竞争力，抢占纳米材料和纳米技术战略高地，近几年来，各国政府部门纷纷制订相关发展战略和计划，投入巨资，支持纳米材料和纳米技术的研究开发，重点推进纳米材料的产业化。     

辽阳市规划设计研究院

辽阳市规划设计研究院，始建于1990年9月，是具有国家建设部批准的城市规划，市政道路和桥梁设计乙级，煤气，热力，给排水和工业与民用建筑设计丙级，测绘丁级资质的设计单位。该院紧紧围绕产品质量和经济发展中心，整合内部资源，加快改革进程，注重科学管理，加强技术创新和信息化建设。     

出游路上话平安

影响飞行的六大气象因素1.气压、气温、大气密度这些因素影响飞机起飞和着陆时的滑跑距离，影响飞机的升限和载重以及燃料的消耗。专家指出，飞机的准确落地和高空飞行离不开场压和标准大气压，而气温对飞机的载重和起飞。降落过程的滑跑距离影响较大。随气温的升高，空气密度变小，产生的升力变小，飞机载重减小，同时起飞滑跑距离变大。２．风向，影响着飞机起飞和着陆的滑跑距离和时间。专家介绍说，一般飞机都是逆风起降，侧风不能过大，否则无法起降。航线飞行，顺风减少油耗，缩短飞行时间，顶风则相反。但易造成飞行事故的是风切变，…     

和谐社会与城市规划

当前，构建社会主义和谐社会已经成为举国上下的共识和奋斗目标，城市，作为国家和地区经济，政治，社会，文化和科技发展的中心，作为物质文明和精神文明高度集中的地区，理当成为构建和谐社会的中心和重点地区。北京已经提出要“构建和谐社会的首善之区”，我国城市都应当为构建和谐社会做出应有的贡献。我认为，构建和谐社会，首先要构建人与人和谐，人与自然和谐的城市社会，和谐的城市是和谐社会极其重要的组成部分。     

论工程项目施工过程中的质量监督及管理

为了提高建设工程质量，必须积极探索政府对工程质量的监管，努力维护国家和公众的利益，建立以规范标准为主要内容的工程质量保证体系、质量管理体系和质量监督体系，围绕工程项目和建设主体，多层次，全方位实施工程质量监管，有效维护建筑市场秩序。所以，建设工程质量关系到工程项目的投资效益、社会效益和环境效益，工程质量危及国家和人民生命财产的安全，影响国民经济的发展和社会的安定。高度重视、严格控制工程质量，是工程建设参建各方义不容辞的责任，同时是工程建设中政府维护国家和公众利益质量职能的主要体现。     

浅析项目管理评价与项目经理责、权、利的关系

建筑工程项目是一种特殊而复杂的一次性活动，其管理涉及到人力，设备，资金，技术等多方面因素和设计，施工，生产准备、竣工验收等多元化关系。因此，必须很好地进行规划，决策，组织，指挥和协调，才能保证工程项目建设按照客观规律和科学程序进行。在组织系统中，项目经理是协调各方面关系，使之相互紧密协作，配合的桥梁和纽带。所以说项目管理的成功与否，项目经理是关键。     

建筑企业如何参与市场竞争

中国人世之后，变革不断深化，市场竞争更加激烈，特别是改革和发展的任务十分艰巨，已进入了攻坚阶段和关键时期，企业惟有保持高度敏感和弹性、充满创意和活力，才能在市场上生存、发展和壮大。为此，如何培育、提升企业的市场竞争力，是建筑企业必须认真思考的问题。面临新的环境，新的对手，我国的建筑企业如何应对。     

互联网时代的工程项目管理

工程项目的管理，是一个复杂而艰巨的系统工程。涉及多方面的工作，如进度，质量，造价，合同安全、图纸文档等，众多的参与部门和单位，如投资，咨询，设计，监理，施工、审计，设备、物资、调试，运营等。沟通和协调难度大，大量的信息需要有效的管理。传统的电话，传真，发文，例会等效率低下，使信息发布分发周期长，难以保证及时准确的传达，从而影响整个项目的进度、造价以及付款的延迟。从而影响到承包商的流动资金和采购运作能力。 计算机的出现和网络技术的发展极大地改善了工程设计和项目管理技术水平。软件和硬件亦经历了从大型机，小型机, 工作站到个人机，从DOS，Windows, UNIX到Windows NT，从PC， LAN到WAN的发展,开创了管理信息系统MIS(Management Information System)，结构分析中的有限元 FEM (Finite Element Method)，工程设计中的CAD/CAE (Computer Aided Design/Engineering)，设备制造中的CAM/CIM (Computer Aided/Integrated Manufacture)，电子档案管理系统EAMS(Electronic Archive Management System)和项目进度软件的应用。这些软件系统一般应用于某一特殊领域和企业，难以与其他企业的应用系统交换数据和信息。     

取精用弘 大含细入——评《澳门建筑文化遗产》

近10年以来，澳门（当然还有香港）忽然成了研究的一大热门和出版的一大热点．据估计，在中国澳门本埠和内地出版的关于澳门风情，文化，历史，经济，旅游和掌故的书籍，数量已经相当可观，总计已有数十部之多。不过，这些著作，大多数属于应时和应急性的通俗读物；少数学术著作，由于出版目的和动机不同，在质量上自然也就处于高下混杂，良莠不齐的状况，总体而言，真正有水准，见功力的似乎并不多见，而既见水准和功力，又具规模的著作，就更加罕见了。     

玻璃钢锚杆托盘及螺母极限应力和位移分析

为了研究支护用锚杆在极限应力作用下力学特性,建立了锚杆托盘及螺母的有限元模型,采用ANSYS程序对螺母及托盘的应力、位移进行了数值仿真分析。研究了托盘及螺母在极限应力下的接触特征;绘制了托盘及螺母的应力云图,得到了托盘及螺母内部的应力、位移分布情况。结果表明,托盘边缘及托盘内部大小圆盘连接位置较为危险;螺母中间位置由于受托盘的挤压容易发生破坏;加肋可以提高锚杆的极限承载力,为结构的优化提供借鉴。     

Environmental affordances and children’s needs: Insights from child-friendly community streets in China

With rapid urbanization in China, an increasing building density has squeezed the urban public space. Community streets are occupied by motor vehicles or other functions, and can no longer sufficiently support children to carry out safe and independent activities. As an important space for children’s daily natural contact and social activities, the lack of the spatial function of streets results in a decline in children’s subjective initiative and social abilities. The United Nations has stressed the importance of community as the basic unit of space for children’s daily activities in building child friendly cities. It is urgent to reshape child-friendly community streets and support children’s healthy growth. Integrating previous research results on affordance theory and design, children’s growth and environment, and street-game spaces, this study focuses on investigating 23 community streets in four residential communities in Nanjing through questionnaires, interviews, observations, and other methods. Then, from the perspective of cognitive affordance, functional affordance, and social affordance, it analyzes the behavioral possibilities provided by the environment and the needs of the children-user group. Finally, from the perspectives of openness and security, preference and diversity, positive and negative, and reality and potential, it proposes a method to assess the existing environment. This study aims to extract the significant characteristics of the built environment that effectively support and promote children’s outdoors activities, and explore the design strategy of improving street space sharing through optimizing space elements and structure at the medium and micro levels, so as to respond to multiple goals including livable city development from the perspective of child friendliness. This study also tries to change the logical way of design thinking and provide an eco-psychological perspective on how to build a child-friendly community.     

Magnetoelastische Spannkraftmessung in Bauwerken

Magnetoelastic Measurement of Prestressing Force in Civil Structures The knowledge of the tensile force of prestressing steel elements and its reliable and non‐destructive determination are of essential importance for the assessment of the structural health condition of prestressed concrete structures and tie‐back systems in terms of structural safety, serviceability and durability. For the evaluation of the prestressing force in steel tension members, the measurement technique presented in this contribution is using the magneto‐elastic effect (ME‐effect) of ferromagnetic materials. This effect describes the reverse‐proportional correlation between the mechanical stress and the magnetic properties of ferromagnetic materials. The cylindrical coiled sensors pushed over the tendon and the measuring device developed and practically optimized at the iBMB/MPA of the TU Braunschweig enable a fast and reliable measurement of the prestressing steel force after an initial calibration. In this contribution first the state of the art of prestress measurement techniques for steel tension members is presented. Afterwards, the ME‐measuring method with the basics and merits of magneto‐elastic prestressing force identification is shown. Further recent research results as well as several building applications will be discussed.     

Relational competence in complex temporary organizations: The case of a French hospital construction project network

Large and complex project networks are characterized by the collaboration of heterogeneous organizations and individuals. In addition to project management techniques and complementary skills, relational competence, i.e. the ability to actively create and develop collaborative relationships is an essential asset for managing project networks. Networks represent structured role systems which may be a substitute for stable organizational structures and routines. This study investigates relational competence in the network of a large construction project of a French hospital. Based on network data and qualitative interviews, we compare the formal roles and positions of actors in the network to their actual roles and positions and analyze how relational competence promotes the coordination of project work. We find several actors whose network position and relational competence correspond to the formal organization and several actors with a mismatch between the formal organization and the actual role and position. In the latter cases, other network members step in and contribute to an effective coordination. The concept of relational competence in combination with network analysis contributes to a better understanding of the functioning of project networks. In particular, it reveals dysfunctions in the project network and allows for identifying the reasons for failure.     

Nonlinear analysis of integral infilled frames

The nonlinear behaviour of integral infilled frames, in which the infill and the frame are bonded or connected together, is studied both experimentally and analytically. In the theoretical study, a finite-element method is used and the nonlinearities of the materials and the structural interface are taken into account. The entire range of load-deflection behaviour is investigated. Besides stiffness and strength, the stress distribution, crack patterns and collapse modes are also studied. Particular attention is directed towards the stress redistribution before collapse. The effects of the connectors are investigated in relation to the stiffness and strength of the infilled frames. Theoretical stiffness and strength predictions are compared with experimental results.     

Displacements of column-supported embankments over soft clay after widening considering soil consolidation and column layout: Numerical analysis

The common challenges for constructing embankments on soft clay include low bearing capacity, large total and differential settlements, and slope instability. Different techniques have been adopted to improve soft clay, such as the use of foundation columns including stone columns, deep mixed columns, and vibro-concrete columns, etc. Due to increased traffic volume, column-supported embankments may be widened to accommodate the traffic capacity need. Adding a new embankment to an existing embankment generates additional stresses and deformations under not only the widened portion but also the existing embankment. Differential settlements between and within the existing embankment and the widened portion may cause pavement distresses. Limited research has been conducted so far to investigate widening of column-supported embankments. In this study, a two-dimensional finite difference numerical method was adopted. This numerical method was first verified against field data and then used for the analysis of widened column-supported embankments over soft clay. The modified Cam-Clay model was used to model the soil under the existing embankment and the widened portion. Mechanically and hydraulically coupled numerical models were created to consider the consolidation of the foundation soil under the existing embankment and the widened portion. Different layouts of foundation columns under the existing embankment and the widened portion were investigated. The numerical results presented in this paper include the vertical and horizontal displacements, the maximum settlements, the transverse gradient changes, and the stress concentration ratios, which depended on column spacing. The columns installed under the connection side slope were most effective in reducing the total and differential settlements, horizontal displacement, and transverse gradient change of the widened embankment.     

增加，改造，修正：不断成长的博物馆

在２０世纪末期．欧美的博物得变成了一种“加法动物”不断进行着改建、扩建和加建．从而涌现出大量风格方式不间的建筑实例其中既有失败．也有成功。本文选择了部分典型案例如以分析，特别肯定了托马斯·毕比和西萨·佩里的设计概念和方法，并提出了未来的改．扩建将面向未来不断发展的观点。     

冻融环境中饱和岩石的热量传递与温度平衡规律

 冻融环境中温度是岩石性态变化的关键影响指标之一,而冻融试验中岩石的热量传递和温度变化规律国内和国际都未形成统一认识。为探究岩石在冻融环境中的热量传递和温度变化规律,利用室内试验和数值计算方法分别研究冻结和融化过程中试样温度平衡的过程和时程规律。利用3种岩石进行饱和态的冻融循环试验,试样中心温度监测表明,冻结和融化过程的试样温度均存在显著的3段式变化特征,其中相变过程是一个较为特殊和重要的阶段,相变温度均在0 ℃～－1 ℃范围。随着试验温度区间增大,冻结和融化各阶段时长显现出不同规律,冻结过程总时间逐渐降低,而融化过程总时间先降低后升高。基于第3类热传导边界条件,利用Comsol Multiphysics有限元数值计算平台,分析考虑相变阶段的冻结和融化过程,数值计算结果与试验结果吻合较好。数值计算结果显示,试样不同位置的冻结与融化特征主要体现在相变阶段差异,而试样孔隙率对该阶段的影响最大,剩余温度势造成对称温度区间和非对称温度区间的冻结、融化特征的显著差异。     

堆土加卸载与基坑开挖叠加对既有隧道变形的影响研究

针对堆土加卸载与基坑开挖叠加效应导致既有地铁隧道变形较大的问题,建立考虑加卸载叠加效应影响的三维空间分析模型,研究不同堆土加卸载叠加基坑开挖卸载模式对邻近地铁隧道变形规律的影响,探讨隧道在堆土加载、移土卸载再叠加基坑开挖下的变形规律。结果表明:正上方堆土加卸载对隧道的竖向位移影响较大,是侧向堆土加卸载的3倍～5倍; 在经历堆土加卸载后,隧道会残留不可忽视的变形,其残留竖向位移约为加载后位移的62%; 堆土加卸载叠加侧方基坑开挖时,隧道变形受基坑开挖深度的影响较大,大于隧道埋深的开挖阶段会加剧隧道变形; 4种叠加模式中,正上方堆土加卸载-侧方基坑开挖卸载隧道最终竖向位移最大,约17 mm,侧方堆土加卸载-异侧基坑开挖卸载隧道最终水平位移最大,约8 mm,邻近隧道施工时应充分考虑叠加效应的影响,尽量避免这两种情况。     

基于合作博弈的BIM-IPD项目参与方利益分配研究

BIM与IPD的协同管理能为合作项目带来更多利益,为了解决合作参与方的超额利益分配问题,分析了BIM技术与IPD协同管理概念,构建依据贡献度来计算参与方最佳利益分配的合作博弈模型,考虑各参与方资源投入和风险分担两大因素,得出修正后的Shapley分配值.并通过算例分析各参与方的利益分配,结果表明业主、设计方、施工方、B...