THE INFLUENCE OF RECYCLE ON MULTI-PASS LAMINAR COUNTERFLOW HEATERS OR COOLERS

A multi-pass laminar counterflow cooler or heater is an open duct divided into four subchannels with uniform wall temperature by inserting three impermeable sheets. Only the temperature of the flow stream varies along the subchannels. Improvements in heat transfer efficiency were investigated analytically with the use of eigenfunction expansions in the power series. The enhancement results in heat-transfer efficiency for two multi-pass devices (flow pattern A and flow pattern B) are represented graphically and compared with those in a single-pass device (without three impermeable sheets inserted) and those in a double-pass device (only one impermeable sheet inserted). Analytical results show that suitable impermeable-sheet position adjustments can effectively enhance heat transfer efficiencies for two multi-pass devices (flow pattern A and flow pattern B) compared with the efficiencies of single and double-pass devices.     

The effects of recycle on laminar counterflow double-pass mass exchangers

A device of mass exchangers with inserting an impermeable sheet or a permeable barrier to divide an open duct into two channels with uniform wall concentration and external refluxes at the ends, resulting in substantially improving the mass transfer, has been designed and investigated theoretically. Considerable improvement in mass transfer is obtainable by employing such double-pass devices with inserting an impermeable sheet and a permeable barrier, instead of using an open conduit with single-pass operations. The effects of reflux ratio and permeable-barrier (or impermeable-sheet) location on the enhancement of transfer e ciency as well as on the increment of power consumption, has been also discussed. The results are represented graphically and compared with those in an open duct (without a permeable barrier or an impermeable sheet inserted and thus with single-flow operations).     

THE EFFECTS OF RECYCLE ON LAMINAR COUNTERFLOW DOUBLE-PASS MASS EXCHANGERS

A device of mass exchangers with inserting an impermeable sheet or a permeable barrier to divide an open duct into two channels with uniform wall concentration and external refluxes at the ends, resulting in substantially improving the mass transfer, has been designed and investigated theoretically. Considerable improvement in mass transfer is obtainable by employing such double-pass devices with inserting an impermeable sheet and a permeable barrier, instead of using an open conduit with single-pass operations. The effects of reflux ratio and permeable-barrier (or impermeable-sheet) location on the enhancement of transfer e ciency as well as on the increment of power consumption, has been also discussed. The results are represented graphically and compared with those in an open duct (without a permeable barrier or an impermeable sheet inserted and thus with single-flow operations).     

MASS-TRANSFER FLOW IN A PARALLEL-PLATE CHANNEL WITH PERMEABLE BARRIERS INSERTED FOR COUNTERCURRENT MULTI-PASS OPERATIONS

The mass-transfer flow of a multi-pass counterflow laminar mass exchanger by inserting three permeable barriers with external refluxes was investigated theoretically, and the mathematical formulation was developed as well. With the use of an orthogonal expansion technique and the eigenfunction expanding in power series, the analytical solutions were obtained for finding the outlet concentration and mass transfer efficiency. The influences of the design parameters, the channel thickness ratio (β) and barrier characteristics (γ), and the operating parameters, the mass-transfer Graetz number (Gz _m ) and recycle ratio (R), are examined. Theoretical predictions of the new multi-pass operations are compared with those in the single- (without the permeable barrier inserted) and double-pass operations under the same working dimensions and represented graphically. The results show that the influences of the recycle ratio and channel thickness ratio in the present device with external refluxes are dominant in low and high mass-transfer Graetz number regions, respectively. Therefore, an optimal economic feasibility of multi-pass mass exchangers was found when the recycle ratio and channel thickness ratio are suitably selected under the operating conditions of interest.     

MASS-TRANSFER FLOW IN A PARALLEL-PLATE CHANNEL WITH PERMEABLE BARRIERS INSERTED FOR COUNTERCURRENT MULTI-PASS OPERATIONS

The mass-transfer flow of a multi-pass counterflow laminar mass exchanger by inserting three permeable barriers with external refluxes was investigated theoretically, and the mathematical formulation was developed as well. With the use of an orthogonal expansion technique and the eigenfunction expanding in power series, the analytical solutions were obtained for finding the outlet concentration and mass transfer efficiency. The influences of the design parameters, the channel thickness ratio (β) and barrier characteristics (γ), and the operating parameters, the mass-transfer Graetz number (Gz_m) and recycle ratio (R), are examined. Theoretical predictions of the new multi-pass operations are compared with those in the single- (without the permeable barrier inserted) and double-pass operations under the same working dimensions and represented graphically. The results show that the influences of the recycle ratio and channel thickness ratio in the present device with external refluxes are dominant in low and high mass-transfer Graetz number regions, respectively. Therefore, an optimal economic feasibility of multi-pass mass exchangers was found when the recycle ratio and channel thickness ratio are suitably selected under the operating conditions of interest.     

A Theoretical Study of the Recycle Effect on Multi‐Pass Mass Exchangers with Three Idealized Membranes Inserted

A new device of multi‐pass mass exchanger was developed by inserting three idealized membranes to divide an open conduit into four subchannels. The mathematical formulations of the device with external recycle, as referred to a well‐known conjugated Graetz problem, were conducted to improve the mass transfer efficiency. The eigenfunction expansion technique with the eigenfunction expanding in terms of an extended power series was used to solve such a conjugated Graetz problem analytically. The theoretical predictions were presented graphically and compared with those in the single‐pass operations (without any idealized membrane inserted and external recycle) of the same working dimensions.     

EXTERNAL RECYCLE ON UPWARD-TYPE DOUBLE-PASS SOLAR AIR HEATERS

The external recycle effect on collector efficiency in an upward-type double-pass flat-plate solar air heater is investigated theoretically. Application of recycle to a solar air heater has two conflicting effects: the desirable effect of increasing the heat transfer coefficient and the undesirable effect of decreasing the heat transfer driving force (temperature difference). The theoretical predictions show that more than 150% improvement in collector efficiency is obtainable if external recycling is carried out in a way that the advantage effect compensates for the disadvantage effect. The collector performance improvement increases with increasing recycling ratio, especially when operating at a lower airflow rate with higher inlet air temperature. The collector efficiency obtained with a double-pass device with recycling improves the efficiency obtained with a single-pass device of the same size with recycling.     

Effect of External Recycle and Double-Pass Barrier Location on Membrane Extraction in Cross-Flow Modules

Abstract

The dispersion free membrane extraction through a cross-flow rectangular membrane module with arbitrary location of an impermeable plate placed for double-pass and external-recycle operations in raffinate phase, has been investigated. Theoretical treatment was analogous to the heat transfer in heat exchangers for the mass transfer in mass exchangers. An experiment was carried out in a cross-flow conduit of stainless steel inserted with a membrane sheet made of microporous polypropylene to extract acetic acid from aqueous solution by methyl iso-butyl ketone. Theoretical predictions are in agreement with the experimental results. Considerable improvement in mass-transfer performance is obtainable if the width of the first-pass subchannel, ΔB decreases, as well as the width of the second-pass subchannel, (1?Δ)B increases. The mass-transfer rate increases also when the reflux ratio increases. Based on the economic point of view, the suitable value of Δ (B is the width of a membrane sheet) may be 0.2.     

On the examination of recycle on heat (and mass) transfer in concentric tubes

The effect of recycle on heat (and mass) transfer in concentric circular tubes has been investigated by finite difference methods. Theoretical results show that recycle can enhance the heat transfer rate for large Graetz numbers compared with that in an open tube (without an inner tube inserted and without recycle). Competition between a preheating effect and a residence-time effect can be used to explain the heat transfer behavior. The heat transfer rate can be further augmented, with nearly no increase in total pressure drop, by employing flow pattern B instead of flow pattern A.     

Mass Transfer Enhancement in Double‐Pass,Parallel‐Plate Mass Exchangers under Asymmetric Wall Fluxes

A device involving mass exchangers with a permeable membrane inserted to divide the open duct into two subchannels for conducting double‐pass laminar countercurrent operations under asymmetric wall mass fluxes, which results in a substantial improvement of the mass transfer, has been developed and investigated theoretically. The resultant partial differential equations for such a double‐pass forced‐convection mass transfer problem are referred to as conjugated Graetz problems and solved analytically in this work by using an eigenfunction expansion in terms of power series for the homogeneous part and an asymptotic solution for the inhomogeneous part. The theoretical predictions of mass transfer efficiency improvement in double‐pass, parallel‐plate mass exchangers are obtained by suitably adjusting the permeable membrane location. They are represented graphically and compared with the results from an open duct of a single‐pass operation (without a permeable membrane inserted). The increment of power consumption is also discussed.     

平面激光诱导荧光技术用于快速液-液混合过程温度场测量

利用平面激光诱导荧光技术(Planar Laser Induced Fluorescence,PLIF)研究了毫米尺度流道内,两股不同温度液膜的错流混合过程. 根据激光诱导作用下荧光强度的温度依赖特性,可视化地揭示了液-液错流混合区的二维温度场分布. 采用温度离析度(Intensity of Segregation,IOS)的概念定量描述了液-液混合的发展过程,分析了不同射流动量比对混合过程的影响. 计算了该过程混合区水的总传热系数,与纯湍流作用的总传热系数比较发现,两液膜撞击射流对传热有强化作用,射流动量比是影响其总传热系数的重要因素.     

Numerical Simulation of Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer in Thermoplates

A thermoplate is a heat transfer device consisting of two metallic sheets that are spot‐welded according to an appropriate pattern over the whole surface area whereas the edges – except for connecting tubes – are continuously seam‐welded. By applying a hydro‐form technique, a channel having a complex geometry is established between the sheets. Such heat transfer devices are encountered in several areas of cooling and heating techniques and process technology, e.g. as condensers or evaporators. The objective of the described investigations was to numerically obtain the optimal geometry of the thermoplate with respect to heat transfer of the inside fluid that passes through the channel as a single phase. The numerical experiments show that the heat transfer potential of the thermoplate having a staggered arrangement of welding spots is markedly higher than that of a common flat channel, particularly at larger Reynolds numbers. The variations of the geometrical parameters show the potential for the heat transfer improvement in comparison to a corresponding parallel plate channel.     

Heat Transfer Phenomena of Power Law Fluids in Double‐Pass Heat Exchangers with Isoflux Conditions

A new design of conjugated heat transfer in double‐pass parallel‐plate laminar countercurrent operations of power law fluids under wall isoflux was investigated experimentally and theoretically. The analytical solutions were obtained with a superposition model by introducing an eigenfunction expansion in terms of a power series for the homogeneous part and an asymptotic solution for the inhomogeneous part. The influence of the power law index on the average Nusselt numbers with the various design and operating parameters is also delineated. The theoretical predictions of the experimental results are represented graphically. The heat transfer performance was considerably improved when compared with a single‐pass parallel‐plate heat exchanger (without inserting a solid separator sheet). Suitable adjustments of the solid separator sheet position can effectively enhance the heat transfer efficiencies for such a recycling double‐pass device, as compared with the efficiencies of single‐ and double‐pass devices.     

Thermal and hydrodynamic characteristics of constructal tree‐shaped minichannel heat sink

A three‐dimensional thermal and hydrodynamic model for constructal tree‐shaped minichannel heat sink is developed. The heat and fluid flow in the constructal heat sink with an inlet hydraulic diameter of 4 mm are numerically analyzed, taking into consideration conjugate heat transfer in the channel walls. The pressure drop, temperature uniformity, and coefficient of performance (COP) of the constructal tree‐shaped heat sink are evaluated and compared with those of the corresponding traditional serpentine flow pattern. The results indicate that the constructal tree‐shaped minichannel heat sinks have considerable advantages over the traditional serpentine flow patterns in both heat transfer and pressure drop. The strong and weak heat flow can be effectively allocated in tree‐shaped flow structures; hence, the inherent advantage of uniform temperature on the heating surface in the constructal tree‐shaped heat sink is demonstrated. And in tree‐shaped flow structures, the local pressure loss due to confluence flow is found to be larger than that due to diffluence flow. In addition, an aluminum constructal tree‐shaped minichannel heat sink is fabricated to conduct the verification experiment. The experimentally measured temperature distribution and pressure drop are in agreement with the numerical simulation, which verifies that the present model is reasonable. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2010     

MATHEMATICAL MODELLING OF A ROTARY SWIRL CYCLONE SCRUBBER

A Rotary Swirl Cyclone Scrubber (RSCS) is a device designed to remove SO₂ and ash from the combustion products of an entrained-flow gasifier. It uses a combination of highly swirling flow and water sprays to produce high heat and mass transfer rates. In order to develop a better understanding of the operation of this device, modelling has been performed using an extended version of CFX-F3D. Simulations have been performed to examine the flowfield in the device and to determine SO₂ and ash capture efficiencies. The simulations show that the water jets used to remove the SO₂ from the gas completely change the direction or swirl in the device, resulting in a highly turbulent flow. The experimental SO₂ capture efficiency and the outlet temperature are well reproduced using a water droplet size of 60 μm, with this value being determined via fitting to a particular experiment. Predictions of ash particle capture are found to be in good agreement with the experimental data.     

Effect of External Recycle on Mass Transfer in Countercurrent Double-Pass Cross-Flow Rectangular Dialyzers

A study on mass transfer in countercurrent cross-flow rectangular dialyzers with external recycle was investigated. Theoretical analysis of mass transfer in cross-flow dialyzers is analogous to heat transfer in cross-flow heat exchangers. In contrast to a single-pass cross-flow device without recycle, improvement in mass transfer of about 30% is achievable if a double-pass device of the same size with external recycle is employed, which provides the increase of fluid velocity, resulting in increase of mass-transfer coefficient. Higher effectiveness may be expected when dialysis is operated for the system in which the mass-transfer resistances in the liquid films are comparable with that in the membrane.     

An analytical study of heat-transfer efficiency in laminar counterflow concentric circular tubes with external refluxes

The mathematical formulation of a new device of counterflow heaters or coolers in concentric circular tubes with uniform wall temperature and external refluxes is developed and the analytical solution has been investigated with the use of an orthogonal expansion technique by expanding eigenfunctions in terms of power series.Comparisons of enhancement in heat-transfer efficiency are made with single-pass operations of the same size (without an inner tube inserted). Considerable improvement in the heat-transfer efficiency for large Graetz numbers is obtainable by introducing the recycle-effect concept in designing such double-pass operations. Analytical results show that suitable adjustment of impermeable-sheet location could have a substantially improving the heat-transfer efficiency. The increment of power consumption has been also discussed.     

泵驱动回路热管能量回收装置性能的影响因素

提出一种泵驱动回路热管能量回收装置,用于回收公共建筑空调系统排风的能量,降低处理新风的能耗,并搭建实验平台,测试该装置在两种工况下的性能,分析工质质量流量、换热器换热面积和换热器迎面风速3种因素对装置换热量、温度效率和性能系数的影响,得出质量流量、换热面积和迎面风速的最优值。结果表明,夏季工况下,质量流量250 kg·h^-1,换热面积58.0 m²,迎面风速1.8 m·s^-1时,装置的换热量为4.09 kW,性能系数为9.26;冬季工况下,质量流量300 kg·h^-1,换热面积58.0 m²,迎面风速1.8 m·s^-1时,装置的换热量为6.63 kW,性能系数为14.20。     

Distillate flux enhancement in the air gap membrane distillation with inserting carbon-fiber spacers

A new design of air gap membrane distillation (AGMD) with inserting carbon-fiber spacers with various hydrodynamic angles in flow channels for eddy promoting under concurrent-flow operations was developed theoretically and experimentally. Attempts to enlarge eddy flow in aiming to reduce the temperature polarization were achieved with the inserted carbon-fiber spacers that enhance the heat and mass transfer in the AGMD system. A mathematical model considering heat and mass transfer mechanisms has been developed, and the Nusselt number was correlated with the experimental data. The effects of various operation parameters on the distillate flux enhancement were studied as compared to the modules without inserting carbon-fiber spacers (empty channels).     

管内层流强化传热的数值模拟

通过数值模拟,研究了85%甘油在含旋流片缩放管管内的传热与流阻特性,并与光滑管、缩放管的传热与流阻特性进行了对比。研究结果表明,层流时含旋流片缩放管的综合因子大于缩放管,且缩放管内插入6个小角度旋流片具有更好的传热性能。在有旋流片段可以通过减薄边界层厚度与增加有效传热温差的双重途径提高传热速率,而在旋流片下游段则可以利用有效传热温差的缓变特性继续维持较大的传热速率,从而能避免过多的流体置换次数,极大幅度的降低流体的输送功耗。