桩承式加筋路堤三维动力流固耦合分析

为了研究交通荷载作用下桩承式加筋路堤的动力特性,采用FLAC 3D软件建立了路堤的三维动力流固耦合分析模型,对无筋无桩、有筋无桩、无筋有桩、有筋有桩4种情况的路堤在动荷载作用下的竖向位移、水平位移、桩土应力比、超孔隙水压力、加速度等进行了计算分析,对比研究了4种情况下各自的特点,揭示了桩承式加筋路堤的作用机制.数值分析...     

中低压缩性土地区桩承式加筋路堤现场试验研究

将桩承式加筋路堤技术应用于中低压缩性土地区高速铁路桥台和涵洞之间填方路基的处理,通过逐渐改变CFG桩桩长形成刚度均匀变化的地基加固区,严格控制线路纵向差异沉降。通过现场试验对桥台、涵顶和路基中心地基沉降进行了长期观测,同时对桩承式加筋路堤桩间土沉降、孔隙水压力、格栅上下表面土压力和格栅变形进行了长期监测分析。研究结果表明:桩承式加筋路堤可有效减小中低压缩性土地基沉降,总沉降小且很快趋于稳定;桩承式加筋路堤通过土拱效应和张拉膜效应将路堤荷载向桩帽传递,格栅下桩土应力比明显高于格栅上,张拉膜效应明显,格栅上桩土应力比接近1.0,土拱效应较弱;格栅在路肩处发挥的作用强于线路中心处。     

路桥过渡段桩承式加筋路堤现场试验研究

桩承式加筋路堤与路堤填土加筋技术联合应用于黄土地区路桥过渡段,减小路桥过渡段差异沉降和桥头跳车现象。通过 现场试验 对桩承式加筋路堤中心轴和路肩对应位置处格栅上、下表面桩顶和桩间土土压力、桩间格栅变形以及加筋路堤各断面格栅上、下表面土压力和格栅变形进行监测分析,研究结果表明：桩承式加筋 路堤通过土拱效应和张拉膜效应将路堤荷载向桩顶转移,从而可有效减小桩间土荷载;桩承式加筋路堤中心轴处路堤荷载转移主要以土拱效应为主,以张拉膜效应为辅,而路肩处格栅张拉膜效应较显著,路堤荷载传递由土拱效应和张拉膜效应共同完成,格栅在路肩处发挥作用效果大于路堤中心轴处;路堤加筋技术在桥台附近减载作用明显,随着距桥台距离的增加,减载作用逐渐减弱。     

桩承式加筋路堤土拱效应试验研究

桩承式加筋路堤中存在土拱效应,它影响着路堤的荷载传递和沉降变形性状,桩土应力比是反应土拱效应的重要参数。本文通过模型试验,研究了桩土相对位移、路堤高度、桩梁净间距、桩梁宽度及水平加筋体等因素对桩土应力比及路堤沉降的影响。结果表明:①桩土应力比随桩土相对位移的发展而变化,存在上限值和下限值;②路堤高度与桩梁净间距之比越大,桩土应力比越大;桩梁宽度与桩梁净间距之比越大,桩土应力比也越大;③使用水平加筋体能提高桩土应力比,提高的幅度与水平加筋体拉伸强度有关;④当路堤高度与桩梁净间距之比小于1.4时,无论是否使用水平加筋体,路堤顶面均会出现明显的差异沉降;当路堤高度与桩梁净间距之比大于1.6时,路堤顶面不会出现明显的差异沉降。该研究成果可为桩承式加筋路堤设计提供有益的参考。     

加筋形式对桩承式路堤工作性状影响的试验研究

对无加筋和采用不同加筋材料、加筋层数下桩承式路堤的工作性状进行了三维模型试验研究,侧重分析了桩土应力比、应力折减系数、填土中竖向应力分布、地基沉降等内容。结果表明加筋材料的设置有利于荷载向桩顶的转移,可有效减小沉降,但不同加筋形式下桩承式路堤的工作性状有所不同。使用单层或双层土工布时,路堤的荷载传递机理主要是填土的土拱效应和加筋材料的拉膜效应,但拉膜效应发挥相对较晚。使用双层格栅时,加筋材料与周围砂土形成半刚性平台。单层格栅的作用介于两者之间。试验结果与常规拉膜效应设计方法的对比表明,若假设荷载只由相邻桩间的加筋材料条带承担,计算的拉力将偏大,过于保守。     

桩承式加筋路堤的三维有限元分析方法

桩承加筋路堤可以提高地基的承载力、减小沉降和不均匀沉降,减小路基和路堤的侧向变形,提高桩土荷载分担比,降低工程成本,应用越来越广泛。本文使用非线性有限元软件ABAQUS进行了几何建模,对在路面荷载作用下的桩承式加筋路堤中加筋体拉应力、加筋体变形、路堤沉降、路堤侧向位移、桩身内力及桩身侧向位移的变化规律进行了分析。结果表明,桩承式加筋路堤的沉降区域主要集中在路堤正下方的加固区附近。加筋体的最大变形和最大拉力发生在桩帽边缘处;桩间条带区域是加筋体的主要受力区域。路堤最大侧向位移发生在坡脚处和其下方的地基土附近,容易使边桩承受很大的弯矩和剪力从而造成桩身的破坏。     

交通荷载作用下桩承式加筋路堤性能分析

为了研究交通荷载作用下桩承式加筋路堤的性能,采用FLAC3D软件建立桩承式加筋路堤的三维动力流固耦合分析模型,对比分析桩间距、路堤高度、格栅模量、桩体模量等对路面沉降及路基中孔隙水压力的影响。结果表明:随着格栅模量、桩体模量的增加或桩间距、路堤高度的逐渐减小,桩承式加筋路堤路面的工后沉降逐渐增大;随着桩间距、路堤高度、格栅模量的增加或桩体模量的逐渐减小,路基中累积的超孔隙水压力最大值逐渐减小。     

筒桩桩承式加筋路堤现场试验研究

为了进一步明确筒桩桩承式加筋路堤的工作机制,在广州绕城高速公路九江—小塘段进行现场试验。试验结果证明,筒桩单桩竖向承载力大,均以刺入方式破坏,并且筒桩单桩复合地基承载力大,沉降小。筒桩桩承式加筋路堤荷载传递机制主要受"土拱效应"和"拉膜效应"控制,桩土应力比随路堤荷载以及桩顶与桩间土之间沉降差的变化而变化。路堤荷载下筒桩复合地基,总沉降小,桩帽上和桩间土上的土体存在沉降差,沉降差的发展可以反映土拱效应的发挥程度。另外,路堤荷载在地基土中产生的超孔隙水压力很小,且随深度迅速减小,地下6.0m处超孔压已接近0。路堤侧向变形小且随深度迅速减小,最大侧向变形发生在地下3.0～4.5m处。     

桩承式加筋路堤中土拱形态及荷载传递机理的数值分析

通过建立平面应变条件下桩承式加筋路堤土拱形态分析的弹塑性有限元模型,对桩承式加筋路堤中的土拱形态进行有限元数值模拟,并分析加筋对桩帽-土荷载分担特性的影响。计算结果表明:平面应变条件下桩承式加筋路堤中的土拱形态为半椭圆,土拱高度小于无筋桩承式路堤。土拱高度随路堤高度的增大先增高后稳定不变。加筋刚度对土拱高度的影响较小。加筋将桩间土承担的路堤荷载向桩帽上转移。由加筋传递到桩帽上的竖向应力随桩间距和加筋刚度的增大而增大,随桩帽宽度的增大而减小。     

桩承式加筋路堤桩体荷载分担比计算

为反映多层加筋材料分布层位和应变差异对桩承式加筋路堤的影响,基于土拱形态和筋材应变分布的假设,推导桩土荷载分担比的计算公式。首先根据极限平衡理论和同心圆二维土拱模型假设,推导筋上桩体荷载分担比的计算公式;再假设帽间格栅变形为圆弧曲线,考虑帽上格栅变形对帽间格栅应变的贡献,推导更符合常用大桩帽疏桩结构特点的格栅应变计算公式;进一步以筋下填土产生的土压力和桩间土应力为附加应力计算底层格栅挠度,提出以底层格栅挠度为自变量的任意层格栅挠度表达式;最终依据格栅应变计算格栅拉力及其竖向分量,得到考虑格栅拉膜传荷作用的筋下桩体荷载分担比计算公式。该方法可适用于单层以及非单层加筋的桩承式加筋路堤,经工程实例验证,计算值与实测值吻合较好。     

Centrifuge tests to investigate global performance of geosynthetic-reinforced pile-supported embankments with side slopes

Three centrifuge model tests were conducted to investigate the influence of the number of geosynthetic layers and the pile clear spacing on the global performance of Geosynthetic-Reinforced Pile-Supported (GRPS) embankments with side slopes constructed on soft soil foundations. This study found that the change of the geogrid number from one to two did not significantly affect the foundation settlement, the geogrid deflection, and the vertical stress at the embankment base. For the GRPS embankment with a single geogrid layer, the geogrid strain distribution at the embankment base showed an “M” shape along the transverse direction with the maximum strain near the embankment shoulder. When two geogrid layers with sand in between were used, the upper and lower layers showed different strain distributions with the maximum strains happening near the embankment shoulder and at the center of the embankment for the upper and lower layers respectively. The strains of the upper geogrid were smaller than those of the lower geogrid. Smaller pile clear spacing reduced the geogrid deflection and the foundation settlement. Despite the change of the pile clear spacing, the progressive development of soil arching with the normalized displacement at the embankment base followed a similar trend without an obvious stress recovery stage.     

桩承式加筋路堤的改进设计方法研究

具有深厚软土层的路堤若采用桩承加筋式复合地基,可提高地基承载力,减少路堤不均匀沉降,也可布置成疏桩,降低工程成本,在国内外得到越来越广泛的应用,但还没有可靠实用的设计计算方法,且现有的设计均忽略了桩间土的承载作用,这与工程实际有很大差别。基于三维土拱效应,改进Hewlett土拱效应算法,得到桩承式路堤的桩土荷载分担比,进而考虑加筋体影响以及桩间土承载作用,推导桩土应力比计算式,并将此式应用于路堤的设计。     

土工格栅加筋土地基载荷试验的数值模拟

采用FALC^3D对土工格栅加筋土地基载荷试验进行了进一步的数值模拟分析。根据计算结果,针对原型试验中难以量测的试坑变形及筋土界面摩阻力分布特征进行了讨论。利用数值模拟技术的优势,求解加筋地基的应变场,研究了加筋地基的破坏模式。结果表明:在竖向荷载作用下,试坑会发生侧向位移,通过加筋能有效减小试坑的侧向位移;筋土界面摩阻力的分布与筋土之间的相对位移直接相关;加筋地基的破坏机构因筋材的存在而发生改变,“深基础”效应以及“扩散层”效应都是加筋地基的增强机理,但地基的破坏模式随筋材的布置形式改变而有所不同。     

Three-dimensional physical modeling of load transfer in basal reinforced embankments under differential settlement

This study developed a large-scale laboratory apparatus to evaluate the load transfer behavior of basal reinforced embankment fill because of soil arching and geogrid tensile force. A 3D trapdoor-like test system performed five scaled model tests using analogical soil. The instrumentation system involved multiple earth pressure cells, dial gauges, multipoint settlement gauges, and geogrid strainmeters. Comprehensive measurements were performed to investigate the evolution of soil stress and displacement at specific fill elevations with variations in the area replacement ratio and geogrid stiffness. The critical height of the soil arching was determined to be ～1.1–1.94 times the clear pile spacing based on the soil stress and displacement profiles. The distribution of the geogrid tensile strain between and above the adjacent caps demonstrated that the maximum geogrid strains occur on top of the caps, and the tensioned geogrid effect on the load transfer efficiency was evaluated. The cap size and center-to-center pile spacing affect the pile efficacy more significantly than the stiffness of the geogrid. The measured critical heights of arching, stress concentration ratios, and geogrid strain matched those calculated by several well-recognized analytical methods. This experimental program facilitates the development of arching models that account for differential settlement impact.     

Visualisation and quantification of geogrid reinforcing effects under strip footing loads using discrete element method

Geogrids have been commonly used in reinforced soil structures to improve their performance. To investigate the geogrid reinforcement mechanisms, discrete element modelling of unreinforced and geogrid reinforced soil foundations and slopes was conducted under surface strip footing loads in this study. For unreinforced and reinforced soil foundations, the numerically obtained footing pressure-settlement relationships were validated by experimental results from the literature. In the numerical modelling of unreinforced and reinforced soil slopes, identical models and micro input parameters to those used in the numerical modelling of unreinforced and reinforced soil foundations were used. The geogrid reinforcing effects under strip footing loads were visualised by the qualitative contact force distributions in the soil structures, as well as the qualitative and quantitative tensile force distributions along the geogrids. In addition, the qualitative displacement distributions of soil particles in the soil structures and the quantitative vertical displacement distributions along soil layers/geogrids also indicated the geogrid reinforcing effects in such practical reinforced soil structures. The discrete element modelling results visualise and quantify the load transfer and spreading behavior in geogrid reinforced soil structures, and it provides researchers with an improved understanding of geogrid reinforcing effects at microscopic scale under strip footing loads.     

路堤下粉喷桩复合地基现场试验研究

针对粉喷桩复合地基性状进行了现场试验研究,包括地基的沉降、深层水平位移、孔隙水压力、桩-土应力比、桩身应变等。试验结果表明:(1)粉喷桩复合地基工后沉降能满足设计要求:(2)采用桩长渐变的方法可完成从桥台到一般路基的沉降平滑过渡;(3)地基深层水平位移小,有利于地基的稳定和减小地基对桥台基础的影响;(4)超静孔压消散慢,但孔压值不大,对沉降稳定影响不大;(5)桩-土应力比较大;(6)桩身应变与桩顶土压力具有较好的线性关系。     

Reinforcement load in geosynthetic-reinforced pile-supported model embankments

The stress conditions of geosynthetic reinforcements (GRs) are crucial in achieving the accurate serviceability design of geosynthetic-reinforced pile-supported (GRPS) embankments. However, the sensitivity of load distribution to the settlement process has been reported in geosynthetic-reinforced embankment overlying cavities. In this study, a three-dimensional model embankment was used to perform experiments and evaluate the load acting on the GR. A flexible pressure-mapping sensor was introduced to investigate the pressure distribution for two types of supporting conditions: partitioned displacement by multiple movable trapdoors and even trapdoor settlement underneath different subsoil materials. The results showed that the load on the GR was concentrated on the strip areas between adjacent pile heads along with the settlement. The measured load on the GR strip area was related to the settlement process and finally exhibited a U-shaped distribution after detachment from the support underneath. The soil arch height in the subgrade continuously increased with the settlement; meanwhile, the pile head load increased rapidly at first and then decreased slightly or remained stable depending on the foundation support stiffness. For both types of settlement behaviours, soil arching exhibited stress history-related characteristics that influence the load transfer in GRPS embankments.     

Full-scale model tests of load transfer in geogrid-reinforced and floating pile-supported embankments

Well-designed field full-scale model tests were carried out to enhance the understanding of geogrid-reinforced and floating pile-supported (GRFPS) embankments constructed on medium compressibility soil (MCS). Two comparative test sections of GRFPS embankments with and without pile caps were built over silty clay with medium compressibility for field monitoring, over 25 months. The heavily instrumented embankments produced comprehensive high-quality data. Settlement, earth pressure, and geogrid strain measurements during embankment filling stages and the postconstruction placement stage were conducted. The influence of pile cap installation on the differential deformation and load transfer behaviour of the GRFPS embankment was evaluated. The results demonstrate the installation of pile caps can significantly improve the evolution characteristics of the stress increment ratio on the pile, facilitating a change in load sharing of the pile top from a “softening” feature to a “hardening” feature. The state of the “arching structure” heavily depends on the relative displacement. After the maximum arching is formed, although the subgrade load continuously increases, the arching enters the damage and recovery state, and the transfer of the overburden load increment is largely conducted by the tensioned membrane effect.     

Two-dimensional soil arching evolution in geosynthetic-reinforced pile-supported embankments over voids

Soil arching and tensioned membrane effects are two main load transfer mechanisms for geosynthetic-reinforced pile-supported (GRPS) embankments over soft soils or voids. Evidences show that the tensioned membrane effect interacts with the soil arching effect. To investigate the soil arching evolution under different geosynthetic reinforcement stiffness and embankment height, a series of discrete element method (DEM) simulations of GRPS embankments were carried out based on physical model tests. The results indicate that the deformation pattern in the GRPS embankments changed from a concentric ellipse arch pattern to an equal settlement pattern with the increase of the embankment height. High stiffness geosynthetic hindered the development of soil arching and required more subsoil settlement to enable the development of maximum soil arching. However, soil arching in the GRPS embankments with low stiffness reinforcement degraded after reaching maximum soil arching. Appropriate stiffness reinforcement ensured the development and stability of maximum soil arching. According to the stress states on the pile top, a concentric ellipse soil arch model is proposed in this paper to describe the soil arching behavior in the GRPS embankments over voids. The predicted heights of soil arches and load efficacies on the piles agreed well with the DEM simulations and the test results from the literature.