Adsorption of reactive yellow 145 onto chitosan coated magnetite nanoparticles

Removal of dyes from the industrial discharge water is an important issue for safety of the environment. In this study, magnetic (magnetite, Fe₃O₄) nanoparticles were coated with chitosan (CS) and the efficiency of these chitosan coated magnetic nanoparticles (Fe₃O₄‐CS) for the adsorption of a reactive textile dye (Reactive Yellow 145, RY145) was examined first time in literature. TEM, XRD, and EPR results revealed that the thickness of the coat was about 2–5 nm, no phase change in the spinel structure of magnetic particles existed after coating, and particles had paramagnetic property, respectively. Adsorption of RY145 on Fe₃O₄‐CS nanoparticles occurs according to Langmuir model in the temperature range 25°C–45°C with a maximum adsorption capacity of 47.62 mg g^?1 at 25°C, in aqueous media. Thermodynamic parameters demonstrated that the adsorption process was endothermic and spontaneous, and the maximum desorption of the dye was 80% over a single adsorption/desorption cycle. In this study, the high efficiency of the CS coated magnetic nanoparticles in the adsorption and removal of reactive dyes from water was shown on model RY145. This type of nanoparticles can be good candidates in industrial applications for the decolorization of waste waters. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012     

三种阴离子聚合物分散剂在吡虫啉颗粒表面的吸附热力学和动力学

通过振荡吸附实验研究了三种阴离子聚合物分散剂Morwet D-425、GYD-1252和LG-3在农药吡虫啉颗粒表面的吸附热力学和动力学,对比分析了三种分散剂吸附性能的差异。吸附等温线符合Langmuir和Freundlich吸附等温方程,前者拟合程度较高。由ΔG<0、ΔH<0、ΔS>0可知该吸附为自发、放热、熵增过程,高温不利于吸附进行,|ΔH|<40 kJ·mol^-1表明该吸附为物理吸附。通过对比可知Morwet D-425吸附稳定性最高,受温度影响最小;LG-3吸附稳定性最低,受温度影响最大;GYD-1252吸附稳定性介于两者之间。吸附动力学曲线最符合伪二级动力学方程,吸附过程包括颗粒外传质扩散和表面吸附两个步骤,不包括颗粒内微孔扩散。吸附速率由大到小的顺序为Morwet D-425、GYD-1252、LG-3.通过XPS测定不同温度下分散剂吸附层厚度可知Morwet D-425在吡虫啉颗粒表面的吸附致密,吸附层厚度较低但随温度升高变化很小;GYD-1252和LG-3在吡虫啉颗粒表面吸附疏松,低温下吸附层厚度较高但随温度升高明显降低。     

Adsorption kinetics and thermodynamics of azo-dye Orange II onto highly porous titania aerogel

We report herein a kinetic and thermodynamic study of the adsorption of azo-dye Orange II from aqueous solutions onto titania aerogels. Aerogels structure was confirmed by FTIR and N₂ adsorption revealed their specific surface area (500 m²/g), pore volume (2.86 cm³/g) and pore size (mean 13.9 nm). Adsorption tests were conducted in batch reactors under various conditions where the effect of pH, temperature, contact time, dye concentration, and adsorbent dose were studied. Experiments performed at pH 2 show the optimal adsorption due to the best surface charge interactions. The temperature shows a weak influence with a decrease in the adsorption uptake as the temperature increases. Adsorption kinetics is shown to be very fast and follows a pseudo second-order indicating the coexistence of chemisorption and physisorption with the intra-particle diffusion being the rate controlling step. The experimental data fit perfectly with Sips isotherms and reveal the ability of titania aerogel to adsorb 420 mg of Orange II per gram of adsorbent at the optimal conditions. The thermodynamic study reveals the activation energy (42.1 kJ mol⁻¹) and the changes in Gibbs free energy (1.2 kJ mol⁻¹), enthalpy (−16.4 kJ mol⁻¹), and entropy (−58 J mol⁻¹ K⁻¹). The entire regeneration of the titania aerogel adsorption sites at pH 11 and 30 °C shows a total recovery of the dye and the efficient reusability and the economic interest of these adsorbing materials for environmental purposes.     

Adsorption of Cr(VI) onto a low-cost ceramsite: Preparation,kinetics, and thermodynamics

A novel composite ceramsite derived from bamboo powders and bentonite was developed as adsorbents for waste water treatment. The microstructure, morphology, and thermal properties of ceramsite were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence, and differential thermal analysis. The effect of compositions, sintering temperatures, sintering time, pH, and adsorption time on the adsorption performance of the ceramsites were studied. The results revealed that the maximum Cr(VI) removal rate of 99% can be obtained in the ceramsite with weight ratio bamboo to bentonite of 6:4, the annealing temperature of 1000°C, the solution pH 1 and contact time of 12 h. The adsorption kinetics and adsorption isotherm analysis revealed that the adsorption process best followed pseudo-second-order reaction kinetics and the Freundlich adsorption isotherm. The adsorption mechanism was discussed and both chemisorption and physiosorption were proposed as adsorption mechanism of Cr(VI). Moreover, the thermodynamic parameters, including changes in Gibbs free energy, entropy, and enthalpy, were studied in detail. The bamboo powder/bentonite composite ceramsite developed in this work is a promising candidate as an effective and economical adsorbent for Cr(VI) ions removal.     

Surface treatment of cotton fabrics with chitosan

Antibacterial activities of cotton and polyester/cotton fabrics treated with chitosan or chitosan/DMDHEU have been investigated. The washing durability properties of the aforementioned fabrics were also studied. Another group of fabric samples produced from mature and immature cotton fibres were dyed with reactive dyes and the colour yields and colour differences of the dyed fabrics assessed. The surfaces of the treated and untreated cotton fabrics were observed by scanning electron microscopy to compare the morphology.     

Characteristics of cotton fabrics treated with epichlorohydrin and chitosan

Cotton fabrics treated with a crosslinking agent, epicholorohydrin, in the presence of chitosan (CEC) provide many possible reactive sites for reactive dyes and antimicrobial properties of the grafted chitosan to the cellulose structure. This process was applied by means of the conventional mercerizing process. The chitosan finishing and durable press finishing of the cotton fabrics occurred simultaneously in the mercerization bath. ECH is expected to react with hydroxyl groups in cellulose and chitosan or with amino groups in chitosan to form alcohol crosslinking by the Belfast process. The fixed chitosan content in the CEC was calculated by the nitrogen percentage of an Elemental Analyzer. The color strength (K/S) of the reactive dyes of the treated cotton fabrics did not significantly change with an increase of chitosan; however, the degree of swelling of the treated cotton fabrics decreased with an increase of chitosan and ECH. These performances were retained through 20 washing and tumble drying cycles. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010     

Adsorption of humic acid onto chitin and chitosan

The adsorption of humic acid onto chitin and chitosan has been investigated. The uptake of humic acid from aqueous solution was determined from changes in concentration, as measured by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy. The decrease in humic acid removal was observed with the increase in pH. A significant uptake of humic acid on both chitin and chitosan was observed. The uptake of humid acid on chitosan was greater than that on chitin. Adsorption isothermal data could be interpreted by the Langmuir and Freundlich equation. Langmuir and Freundlich constants have been determined. The experimental data of the adsorption equilibrium from humic acid solutions correlate well with the Langmuir isotherm equation, as compared to the Freundlich isotherm equation. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 69: 2305–2310, 1998     

Adsorption equilibrium,thermodynamics, kinetics,mechanism and process design of zinc(II) ions onto cashew nut shell

Cashew nut shell (CNS) is an agricultural waste was investigated as a new adsorbent for the removal of zinc(II) from aqueous environment. Effects of solution pH, CNS dose, contact time, initial zinc(II) concentration and temperature on removal efficiency were tested and optimum conditions were evaluated. The equilibrium data were fitted well with Langmuir isotherm model and pseudo‐second‐order kinetic model. Langmuir monolayer adsorption capacity of CNS was examined as 24.98 mg/g. Changes in standard Gibbs free energy (?G°), standard enthalpy (?H°) and standard entropy (?S°) showed that the sorption of zinc(II) ions onto CNS are spontaneous and exothermic at 303–333 K. Sorption process was found to be controlled by both surface and pore diffusion. A batch adsorber was designed for different CNS dose to effluent volume ratios using Langmuir equation. Effective diffusivity values were found to be 1.927 × 10^?11 (10 mg/L), 2.135 × 10^?11 (20 mg/L), 2.267 × 10^?11 (30 mg/L), 2.305 × 10^?11 (40 mg/L) and 2.362 × 10^?11 (50 mg/L) m²/s. © 2011 Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering     

Extraction,characterization, and application of seaweed nanoparticles on cotton fabrics

The seaweed Turbinaria conoides was collected from the east seashore of the south India. The dried seaweeds were converted into fine powder, mixed with acetone, and their antibacterial substance was extracted. The extracted substance was characterized by the use of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy for functional group identification. The presence of bromine, amine, and phenolic groups was confirmed. Nanosized particles were confirmed by transmission electron microscopy studies. The extract was applied on the enzyme scoured and dyed cotton fabric for bioantibacterial finish. The antibacterial activity of extract on the finished fabric was confirmed by the test results. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009     

The electroless plating of Cu-Ni-P alloy onto cotton fabrics

The objective of this study is to apply the electroless plating of Cu-Ni-P alloy on cotton fabrics to the preparation of conductive fabrics. The alloy composed of infinit small amount of nickel and phosphorus particle originated from sodium hypophosphite and nickel sulphate respectively as reducing agent and hypophosphite oxidation accelerator. Electroless plating of Cu-Ni-P alloy on cotton fabrics and effect of plating on the physical and mechanical properties of alloy coated fabrics as well as electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding effectiveness were reported in detail. In this research highly washing and abrasion durable conductive fabrics obtained with supreme shielding effectiveness.     

Adsorption of FFA in crude catfish oil onto chitosan,activated carbon,and activated earth: A kinetics study

The feasibility of using chitosan, activated carbon, and activated earth to remove FFA from crude catfish visceral oil, and the adsorption kinetics of the procedure were evaluated. The effect of adsorbents on water activity and the 18∶3 and 22∶6 content of crude catfish visceral oil was also studied. The initial adsorption kinetic coefficients of FFA (mL g⁻¹ min⁻¹) were 0.1, 0.07, and 0.03 for chitosan, activated carbon, and activated earth, respectively. The external film mass-transfer coefficient (0.001 mL s⁻¹) was similar for the three adsorbents. The adsorption capacity of FFA at saturation (mg g⁻¹) was 71.2 for chitosan, 65.5 for activated carbon, and 57.0 for activated earth. The intraparticular diffusion coefficients (mg mL⁻¹ min^−0.05) were 0.14, 0.12, and 0.09 for chitosan, activated carbon, and activated earth, respectively. Water activity of the crude oil decreased with increased contact time of the adsorbents. Results indicated that chitosan was a better adsorbent than activated carbon and activated earth for FFA removal from crude catfish visceral oil.     

原花青素在HZ818树脂上的吸附热力学和动力学

通过在不同温度下的静态吸附实验,研究了葡萄籽原花青素在大孔树脂HZ818上的吸附热力学及动力学特性。分别采用Langmuir、Freundlich等温式对不同温度下的等温吸附数据进行拟合,采用Largergren拟一级动力学模型、拟二级动力学模型和颗粒内扩散动力学模型对吸附动力学数据进行分析。结果表明:原花青素在HZ818树脂上的吸附量随着温度的升高而增大,等温吸附数据更符合Langmuir等温吸附方程,吸附焓变大于0,吉布斯自由能变小于0,HZ818树脂对原花青素的吸附过程为自发进行的吸热过程;吸附动力学更符合拟二级动力学模型,过程受主要包括颗粒内扩散在内的多因素共同影响。     

Adsorption of indomethacin onto chemically modified chitosan beads

Macroporous chitosan beads used for the immobilization of an anti-inflammatory drug were prepared by the wet phase-inversion method. There are two stages of phase-inversion observed from the cast of chitosan droplet in tripolyphosphate (TPP) aqueous solution. The first stage of phase-inversion is dominated by liquid-liquid demixing and the morphology of the freeze-dried chitosan bead shows a bundle-like porous structure. The following stage of phase-inversion is attributed to the solid-liquid demixing and the morphology of the freeze-dried chitosan bead changes to an interconnected porous structure comprising particulates around the pores. The pore size and porosity of the bead can be varied by altering synthesis conditions, such as initial polymer concentration, and the pH value and concentration of the casting agent (TPP aqueous solution). Quaternary ammonium, and aliphatic and aromatic acyl groups were introduced into the porous chitosan beads to interact with an anti-inflammatory drug, indomethacin, through the electrostatic interaction and hydrophobic interaction. The results indicated that chemical modification of the porous chitosan beads have obvious effect on the adsorption of indomethacin.     

The sorption of acid dye onto chitosan nanoparticles

The behavior of chitosan nanoparticles as an adsorbent to remove Acid Green 27 (AG27), an acid dye, from an aqueous solution has been investigated with nanochitosan (particle size = 180 nm; degree of deacetylation = 74%). The dye concentration at equilibrium (Q_e, mg/g) was calculated using the weight of the nanoparticles in the mixed solution (Q_es) and the weight of chitosan in the nanoparticles (Q_ep). The experimental isotherm data were analyzed using the Langmuir equation for each chitosan sample; the Langmuir monolayer adsorption capacity (Q₀) was calculated with Q_es and Q_ep and the results were 1051.8 mg/g and 2103.6 mg/g, respectively, which were significantly higher than that of the micron-sized chitosan.     

The effect of chitosan nanoparticles onto Lactobacillus cells

Chitosan (CS) and trimethyl chitosan (TMC) solutions, as well as nanoparticles synthesized by ionic gelation method are studied. Their characterization is focused on determining the charge and antimicrobial properties against common pathogenic microorganisms and Lactobacillus spp., usually found in resident microbiota of vaginal and gastrointestinal tract. Special emphasis is given to the evaluation of antimicrobial activity in relation to the available cationic charge and the presence of nano-sized chitosan in comparison with chitosan macromolecules. In order to investigate the chitosan's antimicrobial mode of action diffusion nuclear magnetic resonance (D-NMR) is used as a novel approach. This technique enables the monitoring of chitosan nanoparticles (CSNP) effects onto healthy Lactobacillus cells. D-NMR results indicate that CSNP interact with the membrane of Lactobacillus cells, causing the perturbation of the membrane wall and lead to the death of the cells, suggesting the mechanism of Lactobacillus inhibition caused by CSNP. Lactobacillus inhibition is also reflected in low minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC).     

小麦秸秆对硝基苯的吸附动力学及热力学研究

采用批量吸附实验考察了小麦秸秆对硝基苯的吸附动力学及热力学行为。吸附平衡时间约为60 min,且在前20 min是吸附急剧增加的第一阶段。吸附动力学行为符合拟二级动力学方程,拟二级动力学方程拟合曲线的决定系数均大于0.99,说明拟合程度很好。Langmuir和Freundlich吸附等温线都能较好地拟合吸附过程。吸附热力学结果表明,该反应是自发、吸热并且熵变增加的过程,温度升高有利于吸附反应的进行。     

Molecular weight effect on antimicrobial activity of chitosan treated cotton fabrics

The effect of the molecular weight of chitosan on antimicrobial activity was investigated using three chitosans of different molecular weights [1800 (water soluble), 100,000, and 210,000] and similar degrees of deacetylation (86–89%). Cotton fabrics were treated with chitosan by the pad–dry–cure method. The molecular weight dependence of the antimicrobial activity of chitosan was more pronounced at a low treatment concentration. Chitosans with molecular weight of 100,000 and 210,000 effectively inhibited Staphylococcus aureus at a 0.5% treatment concentration. Chitosan with a molecular weight of 1800 was effective against S. aureus at a 1.0% treatment concentration. Escherichia coli was effectively inhibited by chitosan with a molecular weight of 210,000 at a 0.3% treatment concentration and by chitosans with a molecular weight of 1800 and 100,000 at a 1.0% treatment concentration. Proteus vulgaris was effectively inhibited by chitosans with molecular weight of 100,000 and 210,000 at a 0.3% treatment concentration and by chitosan with a molecular weight of 1800 at a 0.5% treatment concentration. None of the chitosans significantly inhibited Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa below a 1.0% treatment concentration. Chitosans with high molecular weights were more effective in inhibiting bacterial growth than chitosans with low molecular weights. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 80: 2495–2501, 2001     

Adsorption for metal ions of chitosan coated cotton fiber

A kind of adsorbent for metal ions, cotton fiber coated by high loading of chitosan (SCCH) was prepared. Its structure was characterized by elemental analysis, scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectrum (FTIR), and wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction (WAXD). The adsorption properties of SCCH for Cu²⁺, Ni²⁺, Pb²⁺, Cd²⁺, such as saturated adsorption capacities, static kinetics, and isotherm were investigated. The adsorption for Ni²⁺, Pb²⁺, and Cd²⁺ was controlled by liquid film diffusion, but by particle diffusion for Cu²⁺. The adsorption process for Cu²⁺, Ni²⁺, Cd²⁺ could be described with Langmuir or Freundlich equation, but only with Freundlich equation for Pb²⁺. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008     

Influence of pregrafting cotton fabrics on kinetics of DMEU finishing

Cotton fabrics were pregrafted with a mixture of N-methylolacrylamide and methacrylic acid at mixing molar ratio of 4/6. The influence of pregrafting on the kinetics of finishing with 1,3-dimethylolethylene urea was studied. The results shows that pregrafting can increase the rate constants. Values of E_a ΔH^*, ΔS^*, and ΔG^* suggest that the pregrafting of cotton fabric not only affects the reaction action state, but also is beneficial for the reaction between cellulose and the finishing agent. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Adsorption and desorption characteristics of arsenic onto ceria nanoparticles

The rapid increase in the use of engineered nanoparticles [ENPs] has resulted in an increasing concern over the potential impacts of ENPs on the environmental and human health. ENPs tend to adsorb a large variety of toxic chemicals when they are emitted into the environment, which may enhance the toxicity of ENPs and/or adsorbed chemicals. The study was aimed to investigate the adsorption and desorption behaviors of arsenic on ceria NPs in aqueous solution using batch technique. Results show that the adsorption behavior of arsenic on ceria NPs was strongly dependent on pH and independent of ionic strength, indicating that the electrostatic effect on the adsorption of these elements was relatively not important compared to surface chemical reactions. The adsorption isotherms fitted very well to both the Langmuir and Freundlich models. The thermodynamic parameters (ΔH ⁰ , ΔS ⁰ , and ΔG ⁰ ) for the adsorption of arsenic were determined at three different temperatures of 283, 303, and 323 K. The adsorption reaction was endothermic, and the process of adsorption was favored at high temperature. The desorption data showed that desorption hysteresis occurred at the initial concentration studied. High adsorption capacity of arsenic on ceria NPs suggests that the synergistic effects of ceria NPs and arsenic on the environmental systems may exist when they are released into the environment.