Effect of SBS Content on Low Temperature Impact Strength,Morphology and Rheology of PP-cp/SBS Blends

Izod impact strength of PP impact copolymer/Styrene-Butadiene-Styrene blends were evaluated at varied sub-zero temperatures and demonstrated 12 times enhancement in impact strength of 40% SBS containing blend over pure PP-cp at ?40°C. SBS content played a vital role in morphology development as it changes from droplet morphology to elongated ellipsoid to a seemingly networked structure leading towards different fracture mechanisms. Rheological properties of blends evaluated on capillary rheometer showed pseudoplastic behavior at varied shear rates (50 ? 10⁴ s^?1) at 220°C and good agreement between experimental shear viscosity and theoretical values as per log additivity principle at high shear rates.     

Melt Rheology and Morphology of Nitrile Rubber and Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate Copolymer Blends

The melt Theological behavior of nitrile rubber (NBR)/ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymer blends was studied with special reference to the effect of the blend ratio, cross-linking systems, and shear rate using a capillary rheometer. At a given shear stress at 90°C, the viscosities of the blends vary slightly with composition. The effect of cross-linking systems [viz., sulfur (S), peroxide (DCP) and mixed (S+DCP) systems] on the viscosity of NBR/EVA blends is negligible. The melt viscosity of the blends decreases with increasing shear rate, showing pseudoplastic behavior. The flow behavior index values also support the pseudoplastic nature of these blends. Various theoretical models were used to predict the melt viscosity of the blends. Parameters such as die swell, principal normal stress difference, recoverable shear strain, and shear modulus were calculated to characterize the melt elasticity of these blends. The melt elasticity of the system was increased by the addition of NBR to EVA. The extrudate deformation at different shear rates was also studied. It was observed that as the shear rate increases, the extrudate surface exhibits a higher degree of deformation. The morphology of the extrudates of the blends at different shear rates has been examined by a scanning electron microscope. The morphology was found to be dependent on the blend ratio and shear rate.     

Jet Dispersion of Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes and Correlation with Suspension Rheology

A novel jet dispersion technique was developed and investigated which enabled excellent carbon nanotube (CNT) dispersion by high exfoliation at even very low pressure drops. Suitable procedures were developed for the characterization of agglomerate size and fraction of individual CNTs. The appropriate characterization enabled the definition of a dimensionless dispersing parameter and the development of a kinetic model that describes CNT dispersion in dependence of the volumetric energy input. The rheological behavior of CNT suspensions in steady-shear flows was investigated and demonstrated how the agglomerate fracture and CNT individualization influence the suspension viscosity.     

EVA／PP共混体系相容性,相态及结晶形态的考察

讨论了ＥＶＡ／ＰＰ共混体系的相容性,相态及结晶形态。实验发现：ＥＶＡ／ＰＰ共混物具有一定程度的相容性;ＥＶＡ／ＰＰ共混呈“海岛”结构;晶区分别结晶而未形成混晶,本工作对研究丙纶芳香纤维有一定的指导意义。     

Effects of Additives on ε‐HNIW Crystal Morphology and Impact Sensitivity

Crystals of γ‐HNIW were transformed into crystals of ε‐HNIW by application of a drowning‐out process in the presence of different additives, namely ethylene glycol, triacetin, and aminoacetic acid. They show different effects on the crystal morphology of ε‐HNIW and cause less angular and more regular structures. Investigation of the sensitivities of the different ε‐HNIW crystals shows that their angles and regularity have an influence on the impact sensitivity. Aminoacetic acid selectively inhibits the growth of individual ε‐HNIW crystal faces to modify the morphology into spherical shape, these ε‐HNIW crystals are of much lower sensitivity, even compared with general RDX and HMX explosives.     

PPS/TLCP共混体系结构与流变研究

采用热致液晶聚合物（TLCP）与聚苯硫醚（PPS）熔融共混的方式制备了PPS／TLCP复合材料,研究了PPS／TLCP共混体系的形貌、流变性能以及加工参数对微纤形成的影响。结果表明：TLCP可明显改善体系的加工特性,并能原位生成微纤化复合材料,TLCP对体系黏度有较大影响,在低剪切速率区黏度下降幅度较大,在高剪切速率区,黏度降低幅度小。PPS／TLCP复合材料存在皮芯结构,工艺参数对TLCP微纤的形成起着重要作用,通过提高注塑速度,对TLCP微纤的形成特别有利。     

Molecular Modeling in Crystal Engineering for Processing of Energetic Materials

Nowadays molecular modeling is available to explain molecular phenomena. This approach helps to compute crystal surface property effects that can be used both for morphology studies and optimal design of “bonding agents” to prevent filler‐binder detachment. The principles of crystal growth and of interaction energy computing have been applied to Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (HNIW). Crystallization experiments validate our calculations. Three families of additives of crystal growth are distinguished: the retarding (and inhibitor) agents, the promoters and finally the “tailor‐mades”. Retarding and inhibitor agents are the most interesting one to find bonding agents. HNIW is used to present our methodology, but engineering using molecular modeling could be generalized to other fillers.     

Monitoring the Evolution of Morphology of Polymer Blends Upon Manufacturing of Microfibrillar Reinforced Composites

Abstract

Microfibrillar reinforced composites (MFC) based on HDPE/PET blends were prepared under conditions relevant for direct scale-up to an industrial process. The evolution of the morphology and of the linear viscoelastic response of the blend along the axis of a co-rotating twin screw extruder and at several locations along the extrusion line was monitored. Major changes in the average particle size and size distribution of the disperse phase occurred upon melting of the components, whilst a much slower evolution rate was evident downstream in the extruder. Simultaneously, G′ and G″ increased along the extruder. Pellets showing well oriented PET fibrils embedded in a HDPE matrix with poor adhesion between both were obtained. This MFC showed the typical improvement expected in mechanical performance when compared with the matrix.     

VDC-VC悬浮共聚树脂的颗粒特性研究

合成了偏氯乙烯(VDC)-氯乙烯(VC)悬浮共聚树脂，研究了聚合时间分散剂用量和搅拌器转速等对共聚树脂颗粒特性的影响。结果表明：树脂粒径随聚合时间延长而增大，并趋于定值；增加分散剂用量，粒径先减小后增大，当分散剂用量为0．12％时，平均粒径最小；平均粒径随搅拌器转速提高呈马鞍形变化，在130r／min时粒径最小，树脂颗粒形态规整。     

PC／PET／催化剂（或抑制剂）共混体系的结晶性及相形态的研究

本文采用ＤＳＣ、ＰＬＭ和ＳＥＭ研究了共混比、共混时间及酯交换反应的催化剂、抑制剂对ＰＣ／ＰＥＴ共混体系的结构、形态的影响。结果表明：ＰＣ／ＰＥＴ是一个部分相容体系；在同等条件下，适当延长共混时间，可使ＰＣ、ＰＥＴ间的相容性变好，但同时严重阻碍ＰＥＴ的结晶；催化剂和抑制剂的加入可以改善ＰＥＴ的结晶性能，提高ＰＥＴ的结晶速率，并且改变体系的相形态，形成结构、性能相异的共混物。这些影响有些是由于它们对酯交换反应的影响而造成，有些则与它们本身的性质有关。     

Morphology control of ZnO crystalline particles in aqueous solution

We developed an aqueous solution process to synthesize crystalline ZnO particles and control their morphology. ZnO crystals were prepared in an aqueous solution containing zinc acetate and ammonia at 50 °C with no additional phase. ZnO particles having long hexagonal cylinder, short hexagonal cylinder, rounded hexagonal cylinder, rounded ellipse, pointed ellipse or multi-needle shapes were homogeneously nucleated and precipitated in solution. Crystal growth and preferential growth faces were controlled by solution conditions. Morphological control techniques in this system will contribute to the development of solution chemistry for inorganic materials and future oxide devices.     

Crystal Morphology Controlling of TATB by High Temperature Anti‐Solvent Recrystallization

The spheroidizing of TATB (1,3,5‐triamino‐2,4,6‐trinitrobenzene) can help to control preferred orientation and anisotropic expansion of TATB based PBXs, as well as to improve crystal quality, desensitizing efficiency, packing density, and even explosive energy. In this paper, TATB crystals with different morphology were obtained by high temperature recrystallization from anti‐solvents. TATB was dispersed into DMSO and heated to dissolve. Water as an anti‐solvent was added to the solution with different conrol parameters. We designed additional experiments to study the particular influence of these parameters. It was shown that the crystal morphology is strongly affected by the stirring rate and the amount of water added. The recrystallized TATB samples have similar thermal stability as starting TATB, but higher densities and purities, which indicates that the quality of TATB crystals was improved. By slowly adding an appropriate amount of water and cooling, regular crystals of TATB were obtained, which proves that water is a good morphology modifier for TATB.     

尼龙-6的拉伸多次屈服行为及球晶形态的研究

研究了不同拉伸速度下尼龙-6的多次屈服成颈行为,并采用生物显微镜研究了尼龙-6的球晶形貌。结果表明：在拉伸速率低于50m／min的条件下,可观察到尼龙-6明显的多次屈服成颈行为,这应与拉伸条件下球晶演变形成的微纤维的缺陷有关：采用生物显微镜,可观察到尼龙-6球晶中的发射状微纤、球晶形貌和晶界。     

Investigation on the Isothermal Crystallization of Poly(phenlene sulfide) by Rheology and Polarized Light Microscopy

Multiwave frequency experiments were used to determine the critical gel behavior of the crystallizing melt of poly(phenylene sulfide) (PPS), which allowed for the simultaneous measurement of the viscoelastic properties at different oscillation frequencies. Therefore it was possible to determine the apparent critical gel point because of the shorter measuring time. The resulting critical gel time was related to the crystallization kinetics during the early stages. The isothermal crystallization kinetic of PPS was calculated by rheometer and hot stage-polarized light microscopy (PLM) experiments. The Avrami exponent n from PLM and rheological techniques was 2.9 and 2.7, therefore the two methods were around 3. The half crystallization time was 2025s for optical microscopy and 2112s for the rheological techniques, and were in good agreement with each other.     

Morphology and thermo-mechanical properties of new hybrid coatings based on polyester/melamine resin and pyrogenic silica

Polyester/melamine (PM)-based formulations used in coil-coating applications were modified with pyrogenic silicas of different types. The influence of the chemical modification of the silica surface on various properties was investigated. The viscosity of filled PM formulations was measured. Transmission electron microscopy and dynamic mechanical measurements were used to characterize nanocomposite films. Roughness and gloss measurements were done on nanocomposite coatings. The results show that the viscosity and morphology observed are directly linked to the balance and nature of the interactions developed between the silica surface and the organic medium. Both hydrophilic and hydrophobic silica lead to too high viscosity of the filled formulation, to different silica dispersion and, as a consequence, to low gloss coatings. However with an adequate organo-modification of the silica, formulations compatible with the process and having a high gloss can be obtained. Additionally, the surface modification of silica has no obvious influence on the dynamic mechanical properties.     

聚氧乙烯超薄膜晶体形貌研究

利用原子力显微镜(AFM)研究了3种分子量的聚氧乙烯(PEO)超薄膜的等温结晶晶体的形貌。结果表明:随着分子量的增大,在云母基底上生长的晶体从Flat-on晶体转变为Edge-on晶体,且晶体生长过程逐渐由表面成核机制(NL)控制转变为由熔体扩散机制(DL)控制;片晶厚度随着等温结晶温度(Tc)的升高而逐渐增大;在Tc为20-35℃之间时,等温结晶初期片晶生长由NL控制,结晶后期由DL控制,而在35℃以上,片晶生长则由NL控制。     

Chemorheology and properties of epoxy/layered silicate nanocomposites

The effect of the organoclay nanoparticles on the rheology and development of the morphology and properties for epoxy/organoclay nanocomposites has been studied. The interlayer spacing increases with the temperature of cure resulting in intercalated morphologies with varying degrees of interlayer expansion, depending on the cure temperature used. Rheological studies of the curing process indicate that intergallery diffusion before curing is essential for exfoliation, before the morphology is frozen in by gelation and vitrification. The maximum increase in modulus was observed for the 2 wt% clay loading. Viscoelastic behavior and mechanical properties of the cured samples were correlated with the morphological and rheological study.     

成核剂对LLDPE晶体形态及结晶行为的影响

借助原子力显微镜、偏光显微镜和差示扫描量热仪,研究了山梨糖醇类成核剂对线型低密度聚乙烯(LLDPE)晶体形态及结晶行为的影响。结果表明:随着成核剂用量的增加,LLDPE的晶体形态呈均一化,球晶尺寸逐渐减小;成核剂的加入导致了LLDPE结晶温度和结晶度的提高。     

Relationship Between RDX Properties and Sensitivity

An interlaboratory comparison of seven lots of commercially available RDX was conducted to determine what properties of the nitramine particles can be used to assess whether the RDX has relatively high or relatively low sensitivity. The materials chosen for the study were selected to give a range of HMX content, manufacturing process and reported shock sensitivity. The results of two different shock sensitivity tests conducted on a PBX made with the RDX lots in the study showed that there are measurable differences in the shock sensitivity of the PBXs, but the impact sensitivity for all of the lots is essentially the same. Impact sensitivity is not a good predictor of shock sensitivity for these types of RDX. Although most RDX that exhibits RS has low HMX content, that characteristic alone is not sufficient to guarantee low sensitivity. A range of additional analytical chemistry tests were conducted on the material; two of these (HPLC and DSC) are discussed within.