车轮踏面不圆顺对高速列车轮轨界面黏着与车轮表面损伤的影响

在JD-DRCF/M型滚动接触疲劳/磨损试验台上开展了有/无偏心车轮配副的轮轨滚滑接触摩擦学试验,对比分析了一阶不圆顺车轮和正常圆顺车轮对轮轨界面黏着、车轮表面损伤与滚动接触疲劳特性的影响。结果表明：车轮不圆顺会显著减小轮轨间黏着系数,湿态下不圆顺车轮的轮轨黏着系数不足0.2,影响列车安全运行和牵引效果;车轮不圆顺明显加剧了钢轨磨耗,同时导致车轮沿周向的表面损伤表现出显著差异。具体来说,凸起侧附近疲劳剥落和撕裂断口特征最为明显;迎向凸起侧较背向凸起侧表面剥落更严重、疲劳裂纹扩展角更大;迎向凸起侧表面点蚀现象相对明显,背向凸起侧车轮表面黏着层堆积严重;此外,随着车轮滚动半径r_θ由最小值到最大值再到最小值循环变化,不圆顺车轮沿周向的表面粗糙度、表面硬度和塑性变形层厚度大致均呈先逐渐增加、经过凸起侧附近后又逐渐下降的趋势。     

不同介质作用下轮轨粘着特性研究

利用MMS-2A型微机控制摩擦磨损试验机开展介质工况下的轮轨粘着特性试验,研究干态、水、油、砂、树叶等介质对轮轨粘着系数的影响。结果表明:不同介质工况下的轮轨粘着系数明显不同,干态下轮轨粘着系数最大,油水介质下粘着系数最小,加水和油将显著降低轮轨粘着系数,且油介质下的轮轨粘着系数明显小于水介质下的粘着系数;随环境湿度增加轮轨粘着系数明显降低,当湿度从20%增加到100%时,粘着系数将降低约17%;干态和油水介质下,随轴重增加轮轨粘着系数呈明显增加趋势;轮轨接触面间加入新鲜树叶后粘着系数将降低,树叶与水共同作用下的轮轨粘着系数最小;通过撒砂能提高水油介质工况下的轮轨粘着系数,但会加剧轮轨试样表面损伤,导致剥落损伤出现。     

Numerical analysis of rolling-sliding contact with the frictional heat in rail

Thermal damage caused by frictional heat of rolling-sliding contact is one of the most important failure forms of wheel and rail. Many studies of wheel-rail frictional heating have been devoted to the temperature field, but few literatures focus on wheel-rail thermal stress caused by frictional heating. However, the wheel-rail creepage is one of important influencing factors of the thermal stress In this paper, a thermo-mechanical coupling model of wheel-rail rolling-sliding contact is developed using thermo-elasto-plastic finite element method. The effect of the wheel-rail elastic creepage on the distribution of heat flux is investigated using the numerical model in which the temperature-dependent material properties are taken into consideration. The moving wheel-rail contact force and the frictional heating are used to simulate the wheel rolling on the rail. The effect of the creepage on the temperature rise, thermal strain, residual stress and residual strain under wheel-rail sliding-rolling contact are investigated. The investigation results show that the thermally affected zone exists mainly in a very thin layer of material near the rail contact surface during the rolling-sliding contact. Both the temperature and thermal strain of rail increase with increasing creepage. The residual stresses induced by the frictional heat in the surface layer of rail appear to be tensile. When the creepage is large, the frictional heat has a significant influence on the residual stresses and residual strains of rail. This paper develops a thermo-meehanical coupling model of wheel-rail rolling-sliding contact, and the obtained results can help to understand the mechanism of wheel/rail frictional thermal fatigue.     

Effect of Wheel Load on Wheel Vibration and Sound Radiation

The current researches of wheel vibration and sound radiation mainly focus on the low noise damped wheel. Compared with the traditional research, the relationship between the sound and wheel/rail contact is difficulty and worth studying. However, there are few studies on the effect of wheel load on wheel vibration and sound radiation. In this paper, laboratory test carried out in a semi-anechoic room investigates the effect of wheel load on wheel natural frequencies, damping ratios, wheel vibration and its sound radiation. The laboratory test results show that the vibration of the wheel and total sound radiation decrease significantly with the increase of the wheel load from 0 t to 1 t. The sound energy level of the wheel decreases by 3.7 d B. When the wheel load exceeds 1 t, the attenuation trend of the vibration and sound radiation of the wheel becomes slow. And the increase of the wheel load causes the growth of the wheel natural frequencies and the mode damping ratios. Based on the finite element method(FEM) and boundary element method(BEM), a rolling noise prediction model is developed to calculate the influence of wheel load on the wheel vibration and sound radiation. In the calculation, the used wheel/rail excitation is the measured wheel/rail roughness. The calculated results show that the sound power level of the wheel decreases by about 0.4 dB when the wheel load increases by 0.5 t. The sound radiation of the wheel decreases slowly with wheel load increase, and this conclusion is verified by the field test. This research systematically studies the effect of wheel load on wheel vibration and sound radiation, gives the relationship between the sound and wheel/rail contact and analyzes the reasons, therefore, it provides a reference for further research.     

A new roughness parameter to evaluate the near-surface deformation in dry rolling/sliding contact

Within this work, a two-dimensional finite element model for rolling contact of a wheel on a rail is presented that accounts for the roughness of the contact surfaces. The rail material is modeled with elastic–plastic behavior. The maximum of the plastic shear strain is concentrated close to the surface of the rail and is mainly influenced by the surface roughness. A concept is proposed that demonstrates one crucial parameter of the roughness determines surface deformation (based on results of a sinusoidal roughness model). This roughness parameter depicts the ratio between asperity height and width. Numerical validation is achieved for predicting plastic shear strains in rough surfaces. The plastic shear strain is associated with surface damage, such as cracks and wear.     

接触刚度对高速列车轮轨接触动力学时变特性的影响及其机制

以CRH3型高速列车头车与标准CHN60型轨道为研究对象,利用动力学软件RecurDyn建立车辆-轨道耦合动力学模型;采用弹簧阻尼模型定义轮轨接触关系,跟踪检测服役列车不同运行里程下的车轮粗糙度,根据相关文献的轮轨接触刚度计算结果,对高速轮轨滚动接触动力学性能进行研究,并取该头车的后转向架二位轮对处结果进行数据分析。计算结果表明:随着高速列车运行里程的增加,车轮表面粗糙度减小,使得轮轨接触刚度增大;轮轨横向力随着运行里程的增加先减小后增大,其频率主要分布在10 Hz以下的低频段;轮轨垂向力随着运行里程的增加而增加,并在5、10、28 Hz附近有比较明显的主频率段;轮轨纵向力主要由切向蠕滑力的纵向分量构成,与轮轨垂向力在时域分布和频域分布上均非常相似。     

Wheel/rail adhesion: its relation to rail contamination on british railways

An investigation has been made how wheel/rail adhesion varies and how this may be related to railhead contamination. Experiments with oils and water deposited on rails have been carried out. In dry weather adhesion depends on the quantity of oil present, which normally is so small it affects friction by a boundary lubrication mechanism. Evidence suggests that water reduces adhesion from two causes. On debris free rails it acts as an additional boundary lubricant. With debris present it forms a low shear strength mixture which, in minimally wet conditions, remains on the wear band where wheels contact the rail. In steady rain the debris mixture is squeezed aside and adhesion is possibly improved. In dry weather, debris particles have apparently little influence on the overall adhesion coefficient.     

基于不同微观固体接触模型的轮轨表面变形特性分析

针对轮轨表面接触变形问题,采用不同的统计型微观固体接触模型,即Greenwood-Williamson （GW）模型,Chang-Etsion-Bogy （CEB）模型和Zhao-Maietta-Chang （ZMC）模型,研究轮轨接触表面变形特性。利用Newton-Raphson方法对微观固体接触模型公式进行求解,并同时求解间隙方程和载荷平衡方程。考虑不同粗糙度和不同塑性指数下各微观固体接触模型的压力分布情况,以及接触半径随载荷的变化情况。并将不同微观固体接触模型的结果和Hertz模型结果对比,结果表明弹塑性微观接触模型（CEB,ZMC）比弹性模型（GW）有着更小的接触压力以及更宽的接触半径,最大压力均小于最大Hertz接触压力,接触半径均大于Hertz接触半径。     

轮轨接触界面摩擦管理研究进展

列车向着高速与重载方向迅速发展,显著加剧了轮轨接触界面间的损伤。通过在轮轨接触界面进行摩擦管理能够有效地降低轮轨之间的磨损、显著提高列车的运行安全性以及降低运营成本。对轮轨接触界面摩擦管理研究现状进行综述,并介绍轮轨界面摩擦控制对轮轨作用力、黏着、磨耗、滚动接触疲劳以及振动与噪声影响的研究进展;展望了轮轨接触界面摩擦管理未来研究方向,即应针对不同应用环境和接触部位,研发合理的摩擦控制材料,以克服摩擦管理过程中对轮轨损伤及使用局限性等问题;应探究车轮踏面/轨顶面和轮缘/轨距面摩擦控制方式,严格控制摩擦材料喷涂量使两接触面不相互干扰,优化改进轮轨接触界面摩擦管理的最佳应用参数;应研发环境友好型的轮缘/轨距面润滑剂与车轮踏面/轨顶面摩擦控制剂,稳定调控轮轨接触界面的黏着特性。     

ANALYSIS OF THERMAL-ELASTIC STRESS OF WHEEL-RAIL IN ROLLING-SLIDING CONTACT

A coupling thermo-mechanical model of wheel/rail in rolling-sliding contact is put forward using finite element method. The normal contact pressure is idealized as the Hertzian distribution, and the tangential force presented by Carter is used. In order to obtain thermal-elastic stress, the ther-mal-elastic plane stress problem is transformed to an elastic plane stress problem with equivalent fictitious thermal body force and fictitious boundary distributed force. The temperature rise and ther-mal-elastic stress of wheel and rail in rolling-sliding are analyzed. The non-steady state heat transfer between the contact surfaces of wheel and rail, heat-convection and radiation between the wheel/rail and the ambient are taken into consideration. The influences of the wheel rolling speed and wear rate on friction temperature and thermal-elastic stress are investigated. The results show the following: ① For rolling-sliding case, the thermal stress in the thin layer near the contact patch due to the friction temperature rise is severe. The higher rolling speed leads to the lower friction temperature rise and thermal stress in the wheel; ② For sliding case, the friction temperature and thermal stress of the wheel rise quickly in the initial sliding stage, and then get into a steady state gradually. The expansion of the contact patch, due to material wear, can affect the friction temperature rise and the thermal stress during wear process. The higher wear rate generates lower stress. The results can help under-stand the influence of friction temperature and thermal-elastic stress on wheel and rail damage.     

Translohr有轨电车导向轨轮接触模型研究*

基于调研上海张江Translohr有轨电车线路导向轨磨耗的基础上,推断出导向轮与导向轨的两种稳定的接触状态：两导向轮的踏面与倒V形导向轨的两个顶面接触,以及一侧导向轮轮缘与导向轨一侧轨腰接触状态。在忽略接触点位置变化的前提下,提出导向轮与导向轨之间的接触关系可简化为四点单边弹簧的等效力学模型。在Matlab/Simulink环境中建立Translohr有轨电车的动力学模型,其中动力走行部模型中引入Dummy体以简化空间四连杆的导向机构。仿真计算Translohr有轨电车在不同半径曲线上的轮轨接触状态,并实际测量了Translohr有轨电车在上海张江线路的轮轨导向力。仿真结果说明在40 m半径曲线上处于导向轮踏面与导向轨顶面接触接触状态,在25 m半径的曲线上出现一侧导向轮踏面和轮缘接触状态。仿真得到的轮轨导向力数值与实际测量结果具有较好的一致性。建立的导向轮轨模型可用来研究Translohr有轨电车导向轨侧磨产生的条件和影响因素。     

轮轨两点接触的有限元分析

在轮轨单点接触计算分析的基础上,建立锥形踏面车轮的轮缘贴靠钢轨形成两点接触的计算模型,应用有限元参数二次规划法分析这一弹塑性接触问题。对不同载荷作用下的轮轨两点接触模型分别进行计算,得出了大量的轮轨接触状态、接触力的分布及变化规律。这些计算结果将有助于找到缓解钢轨侧磨和轮缘磨耗的方法。     

轮轴弯曲刚度对轮轨垂向动态载荷影响分析

以国内某型地铁车辆为例,研究轮轴弯曲刚度对轮轨垂向动态载荷和轮对垂向振动的影响。在常规多刚体动力学模型的基础上,结合BM3000轮对和北京地铁轮对两种不同的弹性轮对模型,对比分别采用刚性轮对模型和弹性轮对模型时的轮对垂向振动加速度和轮轨垂向力。结果表明,对BM3000弹性轮对模型来说,由于其弯曲刚度相对较小,随着运行速度的增大,轮对垂向振动加速度和轮轨力与刚性轮对的差距不断加大,而对于轮轴弯曲刚度较大的北京地铁轮对来说,其弹性轮对模型和刚性轮对模型的结果比较接近,在计算的速度下轮对的振动峰值及频率均有明显的降低。因而,通过加大轮轴弯曲刚度可明显改善轮对的垂向振动和轮轨垂向力,实现改善轮轨动态接触状态的目的。     

磁场作用下轮轨黏着特性研究

利用JD-1轮轨模拟试验机研究水和油介质工况下磁场对轮轨黏着特性的影响。结果表明:在水和油介质工况下,磁场作用下的轮轨黏着力大于无磁场作用的黏着力,其中加磁水介质黏着力相对增幅达20%,加磁油介质黏着力相对增幅达50%;水和油介质工况下,施加磁场时速度对轮轨黏着力影响不大。     

钢轨踏面斜裂纹模拟再现试验研究

根据钢轨踏面斜裂纹的损伤特点和轮轨力与斜裂纹关系分析设计试验方案,在西南交通大学JD-1轮轨模拟试验机上,对广深高速铁路铺设的PD3热轧钢轨材料进行了斜裂纹损伤再现试验。试验结果表明,轮轨接触方式是钢轨斜裂纹产生和扩展的重要影响因素;轴重增加会增大轮轨接触应力,增加磨损量,加速接触疲劳现象的产生。     

接触角和横向载荷对轮轨粘着的影响

应用多层多支子结构技术建立轮对与轨道的多体接触模型,采用参变量变分原理和数学二次规划法求解轮轨接触力,根据不同的接触角和横向载荷计算得出轮轨接触力分布,分析接触角和横向载荷对纵向摩擦力(牵引力)以及粘着系数的影响。计算结果表明,轮对承受横向载荷时,轮轨接触点对之间摩擦力的方向在粘着区和蠕滑区有明显的不同,在粘着区其方向与钢轨纵向夹角较小,而在蠕滑区其方向与钢轨纵向夹角较大;当接触角较小时,粘着系数随着横向载荷的增加而减小;当接触角较大时,随着横向载荷的增加,粘着系数先增加后减小;在直线段粘着系数随着轮对承受横向载荷的增加而减小,在曲线段选取适当的横向载荷能够提高粘着系数。     

基于ANSYS的轮轨摩擦滑动接触应力分析

以Hertz接触理论为依据,利用ANSYS建立2D有限元计算模型,模拟原地打滑、完全制动等轮轨滑动摩擦接触行为。分析了轮轨静接触和滑动接触时接触应力分布情况,研究了接触状态、轴重、滑动速度、载荷类型和钢轨轨顶圆半径对接触应力的影响。结合Hertz接触理论计算结果、剥离损伤理论和自激振动理论进行了轮轨损伤分析。     

高速轮轨黏着机制进展及模拟试验研究

列车的运行要借助于轮轨之间的黏着和制动,轮轨之间的最大黏着力受到接触斑上黏着系数的限制,因此轮轨关系中的黏着问题是与高速铁路运营密切关联的带有基础性的研究课题。综述国内外高速轮轨黏着的进展及现状,指出研究面临的主要问题。介绍轮轨模拟试验机开展的轮轨黏着试验,结果表明:油水砂介质下的轮轨黏着系数最大,油水介质下的轮轨黏着系数最小,利用此模拟试验机可开展轮轨黏着特性研究。     

车轮滚动接触疲劳与磨耗耦合关系数值模拟

滚动接触疲劳和磨耗是车轮失效的主要方式。通过三维弹性体非赫兹滚动接触理论得到接触斑内的法向、切向应力和材料上不同深度处的最大切应力分布,以CL60钢和贝氏体车轮钢为例,基于"layer"滚动接触疲劳失效模型和Zobory车轮磨耗模型,分析LM型车轮踏面和75 kg.m–1钢轨型面匹配时轮轨接触条件和车轮材质对车轮滚动接触疲劳和磨耗竞争关系的影响。计算结果表明,摩擦因数为0.3时,CL60钢在小蠕滑条件下会发生滚动接触疲劳损伤,在大蠕滑条件下只有轴重大于30 t时才会出现滚动接触疲劳损伤,而贝氏体车轮钢只有在大蠕滑条件且轴重为30 t时,载荷循环次数小于1×105的情况下才会出现滚动接触疲劳损伤;摩擦因数为0.6时,CL60钢和贝氏体车轮钢在各种工况下的滚动接触疲劳损伤速度都小于相同条件下的磨耗速度。     

应用蠕滑理论分析钢轨表面磨耗型波浪形磨损

从轮轨接触力的波动观点出发，应用动态蠕滑理论分析了轮轨接触表面摩擦功密度的变化，并讨论了轮轨表面产生磨耗形波浪形磨损的原因，分析得出波浪形磨损可能在任何轨面上萌生，但是要使波浪形磨损持续发展却需要满足一定的条件——轮轨振动的匹配条件，即初始波浪形磨损引发的轮轨激振频率与轨道或轮对的某阶振型相接近时，初始波浪形磨损就扩展，否则就逐渐消失。