改进自适应CEEMD方法在心电信号去噪中的应用

针对传统经验模式分解(EMD)方法存在的模式混淆问题,以及总体平均经验模式分解(EEMD)不具备完备性和计算量太大的缺陷,提出一种改进的自适应互补集合经验模式分解(CEEMD)方法。该方法在分析加噪准则的基础上,引入峰值误差(PE)作为加噪评价指标,来自适应确定最佳加噪幅值;然后利用原始信号的幅值标准差以及加入噪声的幅值标准差的比值系数,对不同信号自适应获取总体平均次数;最后将该方法运用到由美国麻省理工学院建立的MIT-BIH心电数据库中,很好地实现了对目标信号的去噪。实验表明,所提方法的平均信噪比(SNR)达到了19.249 7、均方根误差(RMSE)仅为0.047 3,平均平滑度指标R只有0.030 5。算法有效地去除了原始心电信号噪声,改善了信号的平滑度,提高了运算效率。     

红外探测器低频噪声长时间监测系统设计

针对锰钴镍氧化物薄膜型红外探测器的结构特点,提出了一种红外探测器低频噪声长时间监测系统设计方案,并进行了测试验证。监测系统采用低噪声偏置电源激发红外探测器的低频噪声,然后将该低频噪声信号通过设计的高性能前置放大器放大,利用基于PC的硬件平台采集放大后的噪声信号,最后通过编写的算法提取噪声信号的各种参量。实际测试结果表明,该监测系统能在10 k Hz的采样率下连续30 d不间断采集探测器的低频噪声,并实时计算噪声信号的峰峰值、均方值、功率谱密度等参数,频率分辨率可达到0.05 Hz。     

Numerical approach to field fluctuations and spectral lineshape in InGaAsP laser diodes

This paper reports on a numerical approach to model the field fluctuations, spectral lineshape and linewidth in semiconductor lasers. The approach is based on numerical solution of the laser rate equations augmented by Langevin noise sources that account for fluctuations in the lasing field. The paper newly examines contributions of intensity and frequency noises to the spectral characteristics of the lineshape and its linewidth over a wide range of injection current. The model is applied to InGaAsP lasers emitting in a wavelength of 1.5 μm as the most representative light sources in optical communication systems. Accuracy of approximated models of calculating linewidth from low‐frequency components of the frequency noise is checked. Effect of non‐linear gain suppression on the lineshape is also explored. The spectral lineshape promotes and the linewidth decreases as the laser is injected far from the near‐threshold region. The lineshape changes mainly with changes in the frequency noise spectrum while the linewidth is sensitive to variation in the low‐frequency levels of both intensity and frequency noises. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

具有自动抗噪功能的心电信号分类算法

心电图(electrocardiogram,ECG)检测是心脏疾病最常用的诊断方法。但是在心电信号采集过程中往往会受到噪声干扰,从而使心电信号分类诊断的正确率受到很大影响。为提高分类诊断的准确率和抗噪能力,改进设计了一种用深度残差收缩网络(deep residual shrinkage network,DRSN)实现自动抗噪、全局平均池化(global average pooling,GAP)整合空间信息的ECG分类诊断模型。在MIT-BIH心律失常数据集上验证了模型的分类性能,并将其与普通的卷积神经网络(convolutional neural network,CNN)模型进行了抗噪性能分析比较。实验结果表明：设计的DRSN+GAP诊断模型基于AAMI标准的分类正确率高达99.3%,对不同强度的工频及高斯两种噪声其抗噪性能均优于普通的CNN模型。     

Design and performance analysis of LMS algorithm based adaptive filter embedded with CFAR detector under non‐homogeneous clutter scenarios

The paper presents performance analysis of least‐mean‐square algorithm based adaptive filter embedded with constant false alarm rate (CFAR) detector for the purpose of better detection of target under non‐homogeneous clutter environment in radar application. The objective of this paper is to develop a method by redesigning the radar detector in such a way to emphasize the target response and de‐emphasize the clutter response. The hardware implementation using pipeline technique for the adaptive filter reveals its capability to support high sampling frequency, which is an ardent necessity for high performance radar. The moderate area‐delay‐product and low power consumption have made it suitable for hardware realization for such application. The extensive MATLAB simulation of proposed design shows remarkable improvement of detection performance in terms of signal‐to‐noise ratio of 17 dB considering probability of detection at 0.8 over the generic cell averaging CFAR (CA‐CFAR). Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Modeling of noise and distortion associated with ultra‐high‐speed modulation of VCSEL with slow‐light feedback

This paper presents numerical modeling on the noise properties and signal distortion associated with millimeter‐frequency modulation of vertical‐cavity surface‐emitting laser (VCSEL) under with a transverse‐coupled cavity. The study is based on a time‐delay rate equation model that takes into account the multiple round trips in the feedback cavity and the optical loss and phase delay in each round trip. Strong slow‐light feedback is found to boost the modulation bandwidth to frequencies approaching 70 GHz and induce resonance modulation due to photon–photon resonance (PPR) over passbands centered on frequencies reaching 90 GHz. We show that the relative intensity noise of the VCSEL with resonance modulation is enhanced when the noise frequency approaches the corresponding PPR frequency VCSEL. The same effect applies for the VCSEL with extended carrier‐photon resonance (CPR) at the CPR frequency. The low‐frequency part is characterized by flat (white) noise of level nearly equal to −140 dB/Hz. The second‐harmonic distortion (2HD) values are smaller than −10 dB under small‐signal modulation and increase to lower than −5 dB when the modulation index becomes 0.3. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于电流取样调制的电阻低频噪声测试方法

针对现有电阻低频噪声测试技术的不足,提出了基于直流偏置和电流取样调制的噪声测试新方法。采用跨阻前置放大器对被测电阻噪声电流取样,采用交叉开关对取样的噪声电流进行调制。前置放大器的低频噪声电流和噪声电压不会受到调制,被测电阻低频噪声被调制到较高频率处。采用高通滤波有效抑制放大电路的低频噪声,以便提高放大电路的增益。采用同步相敏检测和低通滤波,进一步抑制放大电路的低频噪声,从而准确地检测被测电阻低频噪声。理论和实验结果表明:所提出的方法能够获得较高的电阻低频噪声测试分辨率,并准确地反映直流偏置下的电阻噪声特性。     

Integrated deterministic and stochastic simulation of electronic circuits: Application to large signal–noise analysis

The ability to model the effect of non‐negligible levels of white noise superimposed on a carrier is investigated when this signal–noise combination is fed to the input of an MMIC power amplifier. Transient simulation using stochastic differential equations is introduced here to handle large levels of noise of arbitrary frequency characteristics. The effectiveness of the modelling is ascertained by looking at measured gain‐compression plots at the output of the amplifier and comparing these with simulated results. It is found that increasing levels of noise introduce increased compression of the output power characteristic. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于ICEEMDAN与小波包分解的脉搏信号联合去噪

针对脉搏信号非线性、非平稳,且难以去噪的问题,提出了一种基于改进的自适应噪声集合经验模态分解(ICEEMDAN)与小波包分解(WPD)相结合的联合去噪方法,对采集的脉搏信号进行去噪处理。首先对噪声信号进行ICEEMDAN模态分解,产生一系列的固有模态函数(IMF),再将这些IMF分量分别与原信号进行相关系数的计算,比较相关系数的值,然后进行信号的重组,最后对重组后的信号进行小波包分解,提取得到降噪后的脉搏信号。利用仿真数据、实际采集的脉搏信号进行实验分析,将该方法与集合经验模态分解(EEMD)进行了对比,并比较了这两种方法的信噪比(SNR)和均方根误差(RMSE)。实验结果表明：基于ICEEMDAN-WPD的联合去噪方法能更有效地去除噪声,并更好地保留脉搏信号的特征。     

Thermal noise analysis of switched‐capacitor integrators with correlated double sampling

Correlated double‐sampling (CDS) is widely used to suppress the effect of flicker noise in switched‐capacitor (SC) circuits. Once the flicker noise is suppressed by CDS, the noise of the SC circuits is ultimately determined by the thermal noise. In this work, we develop a method to calculate the thermal noise in SC integrators as functions of a variety of circuit parameters such as capacitor size and switch resistance; this methodology is then applied to a CDS integrator as well as a conventional integrator. We found that for the CDS integration scheme, in order to avoid significantly increasing the noise power of the integrator, the size of the CDS capacitor should be comparable to that of the sampling capacitor. We also found that if the CDS capacitor is sufficiently large, the noise power of a CDS integrator is almost the same as that of a conventional integrator with the same sampling capacitor size. These findings are explained based on the bandwidth of the transfer functions. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

GIS局部放电检测中的小波包变换提取信号

在介绍小波包变换算法的基础上，将小波包变换用于白噪声干扰下的气体绝缘组合电器(GIS)局部放电信号提取。对模拟的局部放电信号进行了小波包分解与重构的计算机仿真研究，分析了不同的局部放电波形、噪声水平及采样率对去噪结果的影响，最后对GIS内置传感器实测波形进行了小波包变换去噪。     

Monte Carlo analysis of dynamic characteristics and high‐frequency noise performances of nanoscale double‐gate MOSFETs

In this paper, a full‐band Monte Carlo simulator is employed to study the dynamic characteristics and high‐frequency noise performances of a double‐gate (DG) metal–oxide–semiconductor field‐effect transistor (MOSFET) with 30 nm gate length. Admittance parameters (Y parameters) are calculated to characterize the dynamic response of the device. The noise behaviors of the simulated structure are studied on the basis of the spectral densities of the instantaneous current fluctuations at the drain and gate terminals, together with their cross‐correlation. Then the normalized noise parameters (P, R, and C), minimum noise figure (NF_min), and so on are employed to evaluate the noise performances. To show the outstanding radio‐frequency performances of the DG MOSFET, a single‐gate silicon‐on‐insulator MOSFET with the same gate length is also studied for comparison. The results show that the DG structure provides better dynamic characteristics and superior high‐frequency noise performances, owing to its inherent short‐channel effect immunity, better gate control ability, and lower channel noise. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

含确定性分量和随机噪声分量的宽频带信号分解方法

可再生能源发电、储能、电动汽车等基于电力电子变流器的并网设备快速增加导致配电网信号日趋复杂。将电力系统宽频带信号分为确定性分量和随机噪声分量,建立了电力系统宽频带信号模型,并基于此模型提出了一种宽频带信号分解方案。首先,应用鲁棒局部回归平滑滤波方法提取并过滤随机噪声分量;提出了基于均值和标准差估计的自适应阈值确定方法,用于分解随机噪声分量。然后,提出了基于间谐波子群频谱的自适应阈值确定方法,用于提取间谐波分量。最后,用无限脉冲响应滤波器组将确定性分量分解为独立的子信号,并基于泰勒傅里叶变换估计确定性分量的频率和相量,实现确定性信号的分解。仿真验证了所提方案能在低信噪比、系统频率动态变化等情况下实现间谐波分量的自适应捕获和宽频带信号的高精度分解并应用所提分解方案分析了实测电压信号。     

混合并行交替最优采样技术研究

时间交替采样(TIADC)与量化交替采样技术(QIADC)分别是提升采集系统采样率与分辨率的有效方案。基于TIADC与QIADC的混合并行采集系统可以提供不同采样率与分辨率的组合,但由于采集系统的高采样率与高分辨率不能兼顾,因此本文首先研究该系统的最佳采集性能。通过分析系统采样率与分辨率对输入噪声及量化噪声的影响,得出在系统可用ADC数量一定的情况下,存在最优的采样率和分辨率,使得系统达到最佳采集精度。另外,本文对偏移量不匹配导致QIADC系统精度降低的影响进行了分析,建立了量化偏移误差与采集系统量化提升位数之间的关系模型。理论分析与实验结果均表明,当输入噪声能量与量化噪声能量相等时,采样率与分辨率的组合是最优的,且此时系统的输出信噪比取得最大值,说明系统具有最佳的采集性能。     

Auto‐detection of partial discharges in power cables by discrete wavelet transform

One of the serious problems that can occur in power XLPE cables is destruction of insulator. The best and conventional way to prevent this is ascertaining partial corona discharges occurring at small voids in organic insulators. However, there are some difficulties in detecting those partial discharges due to the existence of external noise in detected data, whose patterns are hardly identified at a glance. For this reason, there have been a number of researches into detecting partial discharges by employing a neural network (NN) system, which is widely known as a system for pattern recognition. We have been developing an NN system for auto‐detection of partial discharges, and have input numerical data of the waveform itself and obtained appropriate performance. In this paper, we employed the discrete wavelet transform (DWT) to acquire more detailed transformed data in order to use them in the NN system. Employing the DWT, we were able to express the waveform data in time–frequency space, and achieved effective detection of partial discharges by the NN system. We present herein the results using DWT analysis for partial discharges and noise signals which we obtained. Moreover, we present results out of the NN system which dealt with those transformed data. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 152(1): 24–30, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.10315     

基于ADF4002的低相噪取样本振设计

本文设计并实现了一种微波锁相环中取样器的本振电路,取样本振以频率合成芯片ADF4002为鉴相器,反馈通道采用内插混频器的结构,避免了单环通过简单倍频产生的相位噪声恶化。详细阐述了取样本振电路的实现方案和工作原理,并使用仿真软件对环路滤波器进行设计。通过实验测试,输出频率为214．815MHz时锁相环的相位噪声为：-137dBc／Hz@10kHz、-140dBc／Hz@100kHz,最大输出频率间隔1MHz,满足了取样本振的低相位噪声和高频率分辨率的要求。     

磁悬浮陀螺转子信号的局部均值分解降噪研究

磁悬浮陀螺转子电流信号对环境变化高度敏感,信号采样过程中不可避免会引入噪声,针对该问题提出一种基于局部均值分解（local mean decomposition, LMD）,融合豪斯多夫（Hausdorff）距离与阈值降噪（threshold denoising, TD）的算法以减弱噪声干扰。首先对原始信号进行局部均值分解,得到若干乘积函数（PF）分量和一个余量,然后根据各PF分量与原始信号间的豪斯多夫距离判定噪声、信号分量,再对噪声分量进行阈值处理,最后将阈值处理后的噪声分量、信号分量及余量进行叠加得到重构信号,实现陀螺仪转子电流信号的降噪。仿真实验结果表明,重构信号的信噪比相对于原始信号平均提高了12.86 db,均方根误差平均降低了9.25×10^-6 A;实测信号降噪结果表明,该降噪算法对四条导线边的滤波增益分别为40.0%、93.5%、30.8%和50.0%。     

Noise performance and nonlinear distortion of semiconductor laser under two‐tone modulation for use in analog CATV systems

We introduce numerical modeling of noise performance and distortion of semiconductor lasers subject to two‐tone modulation according to the National Television Standards Committee NTSC plan for the cable television (CATV) signal transport. The waveform of the laser signal is simulated over wide ranges of the modulation index and placements of the modulation channel. The power and frequency spectra of the relative intensity noise (RIN) are characterized, and the associated second‐order harmonic distortion (2HD), and the second‐order (IMD2) and third‐order intermodulation distortions (IMD3) are calculated. The calculated data are used to predict the measures of the CATV system performance. The dynamic range of linearity of the laser is evaluated in terms of the spurious‐free dynamic range SFDR. We show that under weak modulation, the low‐frequency RIN is constant at −168 dB/Hz regardless the modulation frequency. Within this accepted noise level, IMD2 is 4 dBm higher than 2HD and 10 dBm higher than IMD3. When the modulation index exceeds 25%, the laser emits clipped signals associated with large values of signal distortions. Accepted values of the carrier to noise ratio and distortions correspond to lower modulation index and/or channel frequency. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Wide‐band aperture array using a four‐channel manifold‐type planar multiplexer and digital 2‐D IIR filterbank

Emerging wide‐band communications and spectrum‐sensing systems demand support for multiple electronically scanned beams while maintaining a frequency independent, constant far‐field beam width. Realizing existing phased‐array technology on a digital scale is computationally intensive. Moreover, digitizing wide‐band signals at Nyquist rate requires complex high‐speed analog‐to‐digital converters (ADCs), which is challenging for real developments driven by the current ADC technology. A low‐complexity alternative proposed in this paper is the use of radio‐frequency (RF) channelizers for spectrum division followed by sub‐sampling of the RF sub‐bands, which results in extensive reduction of the necessary ADC operative frequency. The RF‐channelized array signals are directionally filtered using 2‐D digital filterbanks. This mixed‐domain RF/digital aperture array allows sub‐sampling, without utilizing multi‐rate 2‐D systolic arrays, which are difficult to realize in practice. Simulated examples showing 14–19 dB of rejection of wide‐band interference and noise for a processed bandwidth of 1.6 GHz are demonstrated. The sampling rate is 400 MHz. The proposed VLSI hardware uses a single‐phase clock signal of 400 MHz. Prototype hardware realizations and measurement using 65‐nm Xilinx field‐programmable gate arrays, as well as Cadence RTL synthesis results including gate counts, area‐time complexity, and dynamic power consumption for a 45‐nm CMOS circuit operating at B _DC = 1.1 V, are presented. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.