Research Progress and Development Tendency of Nitrogen-alloyed Austenitic Stainless Steels

Research progress on nitrogen-alloyed austenitic stainless steels was expounded through the development of steel grades.In addition,hot topics in the research of nitrogen-alloyed austenitic stainless steels were discussed,including the solubility of nitrogen,brittle-ductile transition,and welding.On this basis,it was proposed that the future development tendency of nitrogen-alloyed austenitic stainless steels lied in the three fields of high-performance steels,resource-saving steels,and biologically friendly steels.The problems encountered during the research of nitrogen-alloyed austenitic stainless steels were discussed.     

Development of nitrogen-alloyed stainless steel sheet products in Baosteel

Nitrogen plays a vitally important role for improving properties for stainless steels in many aspects.In this paper,the physical metallurgy behavior and the beneficial effects of nitrogen on corrosion resistance and other mechanical properties of stainless steels were summarised.Based on nitrogen alloying,various stainless steel products,such as austenitic,duplex and martensitic staniless steels were developed with enhanced properties,such as corrosion resistance,mechanical strength and weldability,among other things.     

B443超低碳氮铁素体不锈钢的研究

为开发价格昂贵的SUS304奥氏体不锈钢的替代产品,试验研究了不同含量C N和Nb,Ti稳定化对B443系列铁素体不锈钢再结晶组织、力学性能、点蚀电位的影响.试验结果表明,Nb,Ti双稳定化提高了B443铁素体不锈钢的再结晶温度和点蚀电位.在试验室研究基础上,宝钢不锈钢分公司试制了B443NT超低碳氮铁素体不锈钢.该产品不仅具有与SUS304相当的耐腐蚀性能,而且具有优良的深拉伸性能和满意的焊接性能,可用于运输、建筑、厨具等众多行业.     

超级奥氏体不锈钢的发展

日益增长的工业需求推动着超级奥氏体不锈钢的研发,以研发时间为序阐述超级奥氏体不锈钢3个发展阶段。第1个阶段主要是为解决硫酸介质环境的耐腐蚀性而开发的不锈钢;第2个阶段是在第1阶段研发钢的基础上添加质量分数约为0.2%的N元素、并将Mo元素质量分数增加到约6%而研发的几种耐腐蚀性能良好的超级奥氏体不锈钢;第3个阶段是在6%Mo钢的基础上将Cr、Mo、N含量都进行较大幅度的提高,其中Mo元素质量分数增加到约7%,N元素质量分数控制在0.5%左右,并加入适量Mn元素而研发出耐腐蚀性优异的超级奥氏体不锈钢。阐述了超级奥氏体不锈钢研发过程中的2个重要技术,即炉外精炼与氮合金化技术,并展望了超级奥氏体不锈钢的未来发展及推广应用。     

Recent developments in stainless steels:austenitic,ferritic,duplex

A review is given concerning some of the recent industrial developments of stainless steels. In austenitic stainless steels,two different directions of alloy development are noticeable:low nickel austenitic stainless steels and high nitrogen stainless steels.In these two cases the aims are different,particularly in terms of strength,but the philosophy of alloy development and the scientific approaches are very similar and they all revolve about the role of nitrogen as an alloying element and how this affects strength,ductility and corrosion resistance. There is now a broad and useful basis of information as to how nitrogen affects solid solution hardening,grain boundary hardening and work hardening and how to make use of these effects in developing materials required by the world market. In the field of corrosion resistance,ferritic,duplex and austenitic stainless steels compete with each other and now there is a growing body of information concerning the relative corrosion resistance based on laboratory data. However,for practical applications and for alloy selection,more than just laboratory data are needed,and thus,the first results are presented here of a many years comparison of the corrosion resistance of 24 commercial stainless steels exposed to corrosion in outdoors marine atmosphere.Hope is expressed to involve in the near future even more steels from a wider range of manufacturers in such corrosion studies.This might help consumers in appropriate alloy selection.It might also help steel makers in developing appropriate stainless steel grades.     

The 80-year history of duplex stainless steel

80 years has passed since duplex stainless steels were first produced and now they have developed into an integral series with the efforts on R & D and development of technology.In the recent decade, duplex stainless steels have been accepted by more and more customers and increasingly used. The first duplex grade produced in Sweden was 453E(26Cr-5Ni) in the 1930s,and then developed into 329.These two grades were characterized by high carbon content and called the first generation of duplex stainless steels.At that time,it was very difficult to add nitrogen into the steels and maintain the phase equilibrium,thus influencing the application properties,for example,intergranular corrosion post welding. One method to solve this problem is to alter the chemical composition,like adding nitrogen,etc.And that came to reality with the development of AOD and metallurgical theory of stainless steels.New series of duplex grades,called the second and third generations duplex,have successively emerged since the 1980s. These grades are characterized by high amounts of alloying elements,like chromium,molybdenum and nitrogen.Furthermore,super duplex stainless grades,like S32750,S32760 and S32707,were developed for various harsh service environments with their outstanding corrosion resistance and workability.These grades possess corrosion resistance corresponding to super austenitic grades,or close to nickel-base alloys, and are used in ocean-engineering,sea water desalination and oil industries,etc. And the application of duplex stainless steel is expending into other industries.For instance,453E is used in the pulp & paper industry.2205(S32205),a medium-alloyed grade,has become the most typical one in the duplex stainless steel family and widely used in many industries like pulp & paper,chemical and oil.New applications are emerging with better understanding of the duplex grades. Modern duplex stainless steels features most the corrosion resistance and strength,making them most cost-efficient in more and more projects. In this paper,the history of duplex stainless steels is recalled and reviewed from R&D,production to application,and latest grades like S82441 are also introduced.     

载荷对高氮不锈钢和304不锈钢磨损行为的影响

以高氮不锈钢(18.8%Cr-12.6%Mn-4.5%Ni-0.55%N)和304不锈钢为研究对象,利用沙盘磨损试验机在不同载荷下进行干摩擦磨损试验,通过场发射扫描电镜(SEM)分别对试样磨损表面进行观察。结果表明,在低、中和高载荷下,高氮不锈钢的耐磨性均优于同条件下的304不锈钢,高氮不锈钢的耐磨性分别为0.48、0.30和0.22 h/g,而304不锈钢的耐磨性分别为0.44、0.25和0.18 h/g。在低载荷下,304不锈钢的磨损机制主要为犁削和凿削,随着载荷的增加,磨损机制变为塑性变形和微切削;对于高氮不锈钢,在低载荷下磨损机制为犁削和微切削,随着载荷的增加,磨损机制为微切削。在高载荷(100 N)下,304不锈钢和高氮不锈钢的XRD图谱显示基体组织仍为单相奥氏体,说明未发生明显的马氏体转变。     

Progress in the study of high-nitrogen corrosion-resistant aging nonmagnetic vanadium steels

Studies of the structure and properties of high-nitrogen corrosion-resistant aging nonmagnetic vanadium steels have been analyzed. The hardening of these steels by fine vanadium nitride and carbonitride particles is considered. The mechanisms of the discontinuous decomposition of austenite supersaturated by nitrogen upon heat treatment are described. Methods for the removal of the negative effect of the discontinuous decomposition on the mechanical properties of high-nitrogen steels have been found. Steels with an overequilibrium nitrogen content are shown to exhibit superplasticity. The dependences of the microstructure and properties of high-nitrogen vanadium austenitic steels on their alloying and the conditions of thermal and thermoplastic treatments are considered.     

Phase Stability and Deformation Modes in Functionally Graded Metastable Austenitic Stainless Steel; A Novel Approach to Evaluate the Role of Nitrogen

Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A - An austenitic stainless steel AISI 304 plate was functionally graded by interstitial alloying with nitrogen by high-temperature solution nitriding,...     

三步法和二步法不锈钢冶炼工艺的分析和生产实践

分析了HM DEP-KOBMS-VOD三步法(铁水脱硅和脱磷预处理-KOBMS转炉脱碳、合金化-真空吹氧脱碳)和EAF/BOF-AOD二步法(电弧炉炼300系不锈钢母液/400系钢转炉脱磷-氩氧脱碳和合金化)生产不锈钢的生产效率和成本。三步法工艺生产铬不锈钢和超低碳氮不锈钢具有生产效率高、氩气消耗低、P-Cu-Pb有害杂质含量低的优势,而EAF-AOD二步法工艺生产304、316L等铬镍不锈钢有可使用含镍生铁、不锈钢废钢、生产成本低,效率高的优势。文中介绍了太钢用三步法和二步法工艺生产的不锈钢品种结构和工艺实践。     

TTS443高铬铁素体不锈钢的开发

针对304(Crl8-Ni8型)奥氏体不锈钢和430(Cr17型)铁素体不锈钢的特性,通过试验和分析Cr、Cu、Nb、Ti等合金元素对铁基合金材料性能的影响,开发出一种高铬铁素体不锈钢-TTS443(/%:O.010C、21Cr、0.40Cu、0.25Nb、0.20Ti、O.012N) 。该钢种的耐蚀性能与304奥氏体不锈钢相当,具有良好的成形性与焊接性能,TTS443铁素体不锈钢是304奥氏体不锈钢理想代替材料。     

氮含量对无镍奥氏体不锈钢理化性能的影响

高氮无镍奥氏体不锈钢在多个领域有着广泛的应用前景,然而氮质量分数对其物理性能和化学性能的影响规律尚不十分清晰。设计并冶炼了氮质量分数为0.02%~1.20%的无镍奥氏体不锈钢,对不同氮质量分数钢的晶格常数、线膨胀系数、电阻率、耐汗液腐蚀性能、自腐蚀电位进行了检测和分析。结果表明,氮质量分数的增加使材料的晶格常数随着线性增大,获得了氮质量分数与晶格常数的定量关系。氮质量分数越高,材料的膨胀系数和电阻率越大。不同氮质量分数试验钢经720 h人工汗液腐蚀后,氮质量分数最低(0.02%)和最高(1.20%)时,试验钢严重腐蚀,而其他钢未被腐蚀。试验钢的自腐蚀电位首先随着氮质量分数的增加而升高,峰值出现在氮质量分数为1.05%时,氮质量分数为1.20%的钢其自腐蚀电位下降至低于氮质量分数为0.60%钢的水平。     

304与301B奥氏体不锈钢在线固溶热处理工艺研究

通过双道次热压缩和热轧试验研究了在线固溶热处理工艺对304和301B奥氏体不锈钢组织和性能的影响,提高终了压缩温度、冷却速度,降低卷取温度,可以改善奥氏体不锈钢微观组织,减少碳化物析出,提高抗晶间腐蚀能力和力学性能.将该工艺应用于工业生产的304奥氏体不锈钢热轧卷板,测试结果表明304各项性能得到改善,冷轧前退火工序可被在线固溶取代.     

Sensitization Behaviour of Manganese‐Alloyed Austenitic Stainless Steels

Manganese is an essential alloying element in advanced austenitic stainless steels with specific properties such as high resistance to harsh corrosive environments, high strength or low material costs. These materials are often used for welded constructions which have to be highly corrosion resistant. Hence it has to be ensured that the heat input during welding does not initiate the precipitation of chromium carbide resulting in a susceptibility to intergranular corrosion. This leads to the question whether the sensitization behaviour of manganese‐alloyed austenitic stainless steels is comparable to that of the well‐known conventional chromium nickel austenites. In the present work the effect of heat‐input on the susceptibility of the CrNi‐steel 1.4301 and the CrNiMn‐steel 1.4376 to intergranular corrosion (IGC) was considered. Investigations were carried out by corrosion testing in the so‐called Strauss‐Test to elucidate the effect of the annealing temperatures on the microstructure. Furthermore, the influence of heat treatment on the mechanical properties was evaluated by tensile testing. As a result, it could be demonstrated that manganese‐alloyed austenitic stainless steels like grade 1.4376 exhibit a sensitization behaviour very similar to the conventional austenitic steel grades. The same kinds of tests on intergranular corrosion resistance can be applied for both types of materials.     

超级高氮奥氏体不锈钢的耐腐蚀性能及氮的影响

用电化学测试、化学浸泡等方法研究了超级奥氏体不锈钢00Cr24Ni22Mo7Mn3CuN(654SMO)的耐点腐蚀和耐缝隙腐蚀的性能。通过改变氮含量,研究了氮对奥氏体不锈钢的耐点腐蚀和耐缝隙腐蚀性能的影响,结果表明,氮和适量的铬、钼结合,能显提高奥氏体不锈钢的耐点腐蚀和缝隙腐蚀的能力,并且随着氮含量的增国,砥体不锈钢的耐点腐蚀和耐缝隙腐蚀的能力也增强,对比实验表明,超级奥氏体不锈钢在耐点腐蚀,缝隙腐蚀等局部腐蚀性能方面可以和镍基合金C－276媲美,甚至优于镍基合金。     

Effect of nitrogen alloying and the electroslag refining process on the properties of AISI M41 steel

Nitrogen produces very beneficial effects in high-speed steel and can therefore be regarded as a significant alloying element in ferrous materials. In order to attain the goal of this study, to investigate the effect of nitrogen alloying and the electroslag refining (ESR) process on the properties of AISI M41 steel, two high-speed steels were melted in an air induction furnace (IF). The first one is a standard AISI M41 high-speed steel. The second one is nitrogen-alloyed M41. The produced ingots were used as consumable electrodes in ESR under three different CaF₂-based fluxes. The steel produced from the IF and ESR was heat treated. Hardness, secondary hardness, and microstructure were also studied. It was concluded that both ESR and nitrogen alloying improve the hardness profile of the quenched-tempered high-speed steels. The highest secondary hardness and highest softening resistance were attained by ESR of high-nitrogen high-speed steel (M41N) under CaF₂/CaO/Al₂O₃: 55/30/15 slag. The ESR improves the shape, size, and distribution of precipitates in the produced ingot. Quenching and tempering treatment conditions the retained austenite that is present in the as-cast steel by precipitation of carbide and forming martensite on cooling to room temperature.     

不锈钢研发的最新进展——奥氏体、铁素体和双相不锈钢

评价了近期不锈钢的部分工业发展状况。对于奥氏体不锈钢而言,有两大引人注目的合金开发方向:低镍奥氏体不锈钢和高氮奥氏体不锈钢。这两类合金的设计目的不同,尤其是强度方面,但其合金开发原理和科研方法很相似,都围绕着氮这一合金元素对强度、塑性和耐蚀性的积极作用展开。现在人们已经相当了解氮对固溶强化、晶界强化和加工硬化的影响以及如何充分利用这些影响来开发全球市场所需的材料。在耐蚀性方面,铁素体、奥氏体和双相不锈钢彼此竞争,有关其耐蚀性比较的实验室数据也越来越多。但是,对于实际应用和合金选择而言,仅仅是实验室的数据是不够的,因此文章给出了多年来对24种工业生产的不锈钢暴露在室外海洋大气环境下的最新耐蚀性研究结果。希望在不久的将来能将更多制造商提供的钢种纳入到此项耐蚀性研究中来。这既能帮助消费者合理地选择合金,也可以帮助钢铁生产企业开发合适的钢种。     

Lowcycle fatigue behavior on duplex stainless steels

Stainless steels are used predominantly for their corrosion resistance in moderate to highly aggressive environments. For construction purposes, engineers normally select carbon steel due to low cost, long experience, applicable design rules and a large variety of strength classes. However, different stainless steel types can also provide a very wide range of mechanical properties and they have the advantage of not needing surface protection. Duplex Stainless Steels (DSSs) in particular, are austeno-ferritic steels with twice the mechanical strength of conventional austenitic and ferritic stainless steels and have a potential use in construction. In the early 1980’s, a ‘second generation’ of duplex steels was introduced with better weldability mainly through nitrogen alloying. The most common duplex grade today is the UNS S32205/S31803, which is used in a great number of applications in a wide variety of product forms. This grade was the basis for the development of a ‘third generation’ of duplex steels. These higher alloys are called super-duplex stainless steels and identified as UNS S32750/S32760. The cyclic hardening-softening response, the cyclic stress-strain curve and the microstructure evolution of a high nitrogen duplex stainless steel S32750 have been evaluated and the results compared with reference to low and medium nitrogen duplex stainless steels, S32205 and S32900 grades, respectively. The beneficial effects of nitrogen on the cyclic properties of most modern alloys have been analyzed in terms of the flow stress components, i.e. the back and the friction stress. A phenomenological model is proposed to explain the influence of nitrogen atoms on the cyclic behavior of these steels.     

冷轧变形量对304不锈钢力学性能的影响

 研究304奥氏体不锈钢薄板的硬度随冷轧变形量的变化规律,为奥氏体不锈钢薄板工业生产提供指导。同时,采用金相显微镜、维氏硬度测量、X-射线衍射仪和透射电镜研究了不同变形量冷轧对304不锈钢显微组织和机械性能的影响。在室温对0.5mm厚退火板材进行冷轧,使冷轧变形量从10%增加到52%。结果表明,形变诱发马氏体相变是导致304不锈钢冷轧时产生加工硬化的主要原因,冷轧可以显著提高钢的强度和硬度。当冷轧变形至40%时,304不锈钢的维氏硬度是未变形时的2.2倍,屈服强度、抗拉强度分别增大到未变形时的4.2倍（880MPa）和1.8倍（1312MPa）。