Highly Birefringent Photonic Crystal Fibers With Ultralow Chromatic Dispersion and Low Confinement Losses

Highly birefringent photonic crystal fibers (PCFs) with low confinement loss with ultralow and ultraflattened chromatic dispersions at wide wavelength band are presented. The transverse electric field vector distributions of two linearly polarized fundamental modes, their effective indices, modal birefringence, confinement losses and chromatic dispersion of the proposed PCFs are reported by using full-vector finite-element method (FEM). Significant improvements of PCFs in terms of the birefringence, chromatic dispersion and confinement losses are demonstrated by careful investigation of all air holes in each ring, air holes diameters and hole-to-hole spacing. In addition to this, the polarization beat length results of the proposed PCFs are also reported and discussed thoroughly.     

Ultrahigh-Birefringent Bending-Insensitive Nonlinear Photonic Crystal Fiber With Low Losses

An ultrahigh-birefringent nonlinear photonic crystal fiber (PCF) that exhibits low losses and small effective mode area across a wide wavelength range has been presented. The effects of angular orientation on bending losses of the proposed PCFs have been thoroughly investigated by employing a full vectorial finite-element method (FEM). It has been demonstrated that it is possible to design a bending-insensitive nonlinear PCF with a birefringence $9times 10^{ - 3}$ at a 1.55-$mu$m wavelength. Significant improvements on key propagation characteristics of the proposed PCFs have been demonstrated by carefully altering the desired air hole diameters and the hole-to-hole spacing.      

Highly birefringent photonic crystal fibers with flattened dispersion and low confinement loss

A highly birefringent index-guiding photonic crystal fiber (PCF) with flattened dispersion and low confinement loss is proposed by introducing two small air holes with the same diameter in the core area. The fundamental mode field, birefringence, confinement loss, effective mode area and dispersion characteristic of the fibers are studied by the full-vector finite element method (FEM). Simulation results show that a high birefringence with the order of 10 -3 and a low confinement loss of 0.001 dB/km are obtained at 1550 nm. Furthermore, flattened chromatic dispersion from 1450 nm to 1590 nm is obtained.     

新型大模场光子晶体光纤传输系统及其传输特性分析

通过在多模光子晶体光纤的两端分别连接一根单模光子晶体光纤,对其选择合适的参数,形成一种可以实现低弯曲损耗、大模场单模传输的光纤传输系统。运用数值仿真,分析了该传输系统在模场面积、弯曲损耗、连接损耗等方面的特性。研究结果表明,多模光子晶体光纤与单模光子晶体光纤所组成的系统可实现有效的单模传输;工作波长为1064nm时,多模光子晶体光纤在直波导状态时的基模模场面积可达1593μm2;在弯曲半径低至10cm时,多模光子晶体光纤仍然可以保持低损耗传输。经过对多模光子晶体光纤结构参数的优化,其与单模光子晶体光纤的连接损耗降低至0.085dB。     

光子晶体光纤的现状和发展

光子晶体光纤(PCFs)具有很多在传统光纤中无法实现的特性,成为近些年光学和光电子学的研究热点.对光子晶体光纤十几年的发展历史进行了简要的回顾,介绍了光子晶体光纤领域中的一些基本概念,光子晶体光纤的分类及光子晶体光纤的制备工艺.重点论述了光子晶体光纤的无限截止单模传输特性,可调节的色散特性,大模面积特性,高双折射特性和高非线性特性及其在非线性光学和光子晶体光纤激光器等方面的应用,并对发展前景进行了展望.     

Modal Properties of an Index Guiding Nematic Liquid Crystal Based Photonic Crystal Fiber

This paper presents the results of the modal analysis of an index guiding soft glass photonic crystal fiber infiltrated with a nematic liquid crystal (NLC-PCF). The modal analysis is carried out using the full vectorial finite difference method which is capable of dealing accurately with anisotropic waveguide problems. The analyzed parameters are the effective index, birefringence, dispersion, effective mode area, and confinement losses for the two fundamental polarized modes. The effects of the structure geometrical parameters, rotation angle of the director of the NLC and temperature on the modal properties are investigated. The numerical results reveal that the proposed design offers high birefringence of 0.012 at the operating wavelength 1.55 mum with low losses for the two polarized modes. In addition, the structure is tailored to obtain a flat dispersion over a wide range of wavelengths with high birefringence.     

用于光子晶体光纤研究的超格子构造法

提出应用“超格子构造法”研究光子晶体光纤(PCF)的传输特性。电场用正交完备的厄米-高斯(Hermite-Gauss)函数展开,有中心缺陷的周期性分布的介电常数用两组不同周期的介电常数分布迭加构成超格子，每组介电常数都用余弦函数展开,然后利用波动方程及厄米-高斯函数的正交性。得到光子晶体光纤的传输特性(模场分布、双折射、色散)。模式双折射的大小可用以衡量该算法的精度。     

Photonic Crystal Fibers With a General Bravais Lattice

We present a systematic and comprehensive analysis of photonic crystal fibers with a general Bravais lattice and one hole per unit cell. We show how the lack of a proper separation of lattice shape effects from volume rescaling can lead to an incorrect assessment of the impact of lattice shape. We study and compare the endlessly single-mode, waveguide dispersion, and birefringence properties of the fundamental mode across all lattice shapes. For example, we show that the triangular and square lattice shapes offer the largest critical air-hole radius for the endlessly single-mode operation. We identify a general class of PCFs with large birefringence and show that the total birefringence of the fundamental mode is the result of the competition between two opposing effects: the cladding lattice shape and the asymmetry of the core and can vanish for some PCFs with even very nonsymmetric lattices. We show designs for which the birefringence vanishes even with nonsymmetric lattices and cores.     

Confinement losses and optimization in rectangular-lattice photonic-crystal fibers

Confinement losses in highly birefringent rectangular-lattice photonic-crystal fibers (RLPCFs) are investigated by the multipole method. The losses are strongly polarization dependent, which is due to the anisotropic properties of the cladding. The feature is applied to construct a new kind of single-polarization single-mode photonic-crystal fibers (PCFs), which is based on large differential loss between the two polarizations of the fundamental mode. Furthermore, it is found that the birefringence of RLPCFs is determined mainly by the air holes near the defect core. Consequently, a sandwiching (between triangular structures) rectangular configuration that has the property of reducing leakage loss while simultaneously retaining the birefringence of RLPCF is proposed.     

大模面积色散平坦光子晶体光纤的优化设计

设计了一种正八边形空气孔排列的大模面积色散平坦光子晶体光纤,借助多极法对这种结构的光子晶体光纤的模场面积、有效折射率、色散系数和限制损耗进行了数值模拟.结果表明,正八边形空气孔排列的光子晶体光纤的模场面积较相同空气孔间距和空气填充率的正六边形空气孔光子晶体光纤大,且其色散曲线可以在很宽的波长范围内保持色散平坦并具有较低的色散值.主要分析了当这种光纤的结构参数发生改变时,光纤的限制损耗、有效模面积以及色散特性的变化规律,最终通过选择适当的参数,设计了在1 300～1 650 nm波长范围内色散平坦的大模面积光子晶体光纤.     

高双折射高非线性低损耗八边形光子晶体光纤特性

为了同时实现高双折射高非线性并得到低损耗,设计一种在光纤纤芯附近引入椭圆形空气孔和圆形空气孔组成的新型优化的八边形光子晶体光纤。采用全矢量有限元法结合各向异性完美匹配层,对该光纤的有效面积、非线性、双折射和损耗特性进行了模拟分析。数值模拟结果表明,通过选择适当的结构参数,在波长1.55 m处,该光纤具有高双折射高达B=1.6810-2,比普通光纤高两个数量级,高非线性系数为=60 W-1km-1和低损为0.6 dB/km。这种具有高双折射高非线性系数的光纤可用于光通信、偏振敏感的各种设备和产生超连续普等领域。     

Large Negative Dispersion in Dual-Core Photonic Crystal Fibers Based on Optional Mode Coupling

Chromatic dispersion of dual-concentric-core photonic crystal fibers (PCFs), which have an inner low-index core and an outer high-index core, is investigated based on a full vector finite-element method. Large negative dispersion can be obtained by introducing avoided crossing between modes of the two asymmetric cores. While increasing the negative dispersion, larger effective mode area is also possible by choosing a higher order mode in the outer core to couple with the fundamental inner core mode. During the analysis, a dual-core PCF with a dispersion peak value of -36 000 ps/(nmldrkm) and effective mode area of 34.8 mum² is presented.     

基于FDTD方法的光子晶体光纤色散特性分析

基于电磁场时域有限差分法(FDTD)计算光子晶体光纤(PCF)的方法, 分析了运用该方法时需要注意的一些问题, 特别是关于晶格位置、晶格上各个电磁场分量的分布以及完全匹配层(PML)中在边界处的电磁场的处理。以此为理论依据分析了一种纯石英材料双层芯PCF, 对这种光纤的传输特性进行了详细的数值模拟。通过调整光纤的结构参数, 设计出大负色散值的宽带色散补偿光子晶体光纤(DCPCF)。数值模拟结果显示在1530～1565 nm波长范围内其色散值在-400和-600 ps/(km·nm)之间变化, 达到了具有相同有效模面积的普通色散补偿光纤(DCF)的5倍。在整个C波段可以有效补偿长度25倍以上的标准单模光纤(SMF), 其色散剩余量在±1.0 ps/nm·km以内。该种结构的PCF对于制作高增益和宽带色散补偿于一体的集中式光纤放大器具有十分重要的意义。     

A kind of photonic crystal fiber with high birefringence and low cofinement loss

The triangular-lattice highly birefringent photonic crystal fibers（PCFs） with gradually increasing diameter of the air holes along radial axis are put forward. The modal birefringence, dispersion and confinement loss of the fundamental mode are simulated by full vector Galerkin finite element method（FEM） with a perfectly matched layer（PML）. The results show that this PCF can keep low confinement loss when the rings of air holes are few. When the wavelength is 1.55 μm, the birefringence, the confinement loss of quick-axis and slow-axis are 1.365×10^-3, 0.017 dB/m and 0.051 dB/m, respectively. A new way is proposed to fabricate polarization-mainting fibers with high performance.     

全固高非线性低色散斜率光子晶体光纤设计

提出了利用掺氟同心圆环的光纤结构来提高光子晶体光纤(PCF)的非线性,所需控制的参量仅有两个。设计了三种具有高非线性、低色散斜率和低限制损耗的全固光子晶体光纤。这三种光纤分别具有正常色散、双零色散点和零色散点恰好在1.55 μm波长处的色散曲线特性。所设计的零色散点恰好在1.55 μm波长处的光子晶体光纤色散斜率值为5.12×10-4 ps/(km·nm2),这比传统的高非线性光纤的色散斜率小了2个数量级。同时,该光纤在1.55 μm波长处的非线性系数为31.5 W-1·km-1,限制损耗为9.62×10-5 dB/km。     

椭圆芯扁六角聚合物光子晶体光纤的偏振特性

采用全矢量定域基函数模型,以聚合物PMMA为基材,研究了椭圆芯三角点阵扁六角结构光子晶体光纤(Photonic crystal fibers,PCFs)的偏振特性,分析了其相位模双折射和群模双折射与相对孔间隔比的依赖关系,并与椭圆芯三角点阵正六角结构PCFs的研究结论进行比较;研究发现,椭圆芯扁六角结构PCF的偏振特性强烈的依赖于光纤的结构参数,由于色度色散的存在,在短波长段,群双折射远远高于相位模双折射,通过适当调节光纤的相对孔径和相对孔间隔比,有望在给定波长实现高双折射和零偏振模色散单模运行.该研究为高双折射聚合物光子晶体保偏光纤的制备提供了理论依据.     

Numerical modeling of photonic crystal fibers

Recent progress on numerical modeling methods for photonic crystal fibers (PCFs) such as the effective index approach, basis-function expansion approach, and numerical approach is described. An index-guiding PCF with an array of air holes surrounding the silica core region has special characteristics compared with conventional single-mode fibers (SMFs). Using a full modal vector model, the fundamental characteristics of PCFs such as cutoff wavelength, confinement loss, modal birefringence, and chromatic dispersion are numerically investigated.     

六角芯高双折射光子晶体光纤

提出了几种六角芯高双折射光子晶体光纤的新型结构,在这些结构中,包层不对称和纤芯不对称都能形成双折射,所有的空气孔都是圆形的,只需调整空气孔的大小、位置就能得到高双折射,这种光纤比椭圆形或矩形空气孔光纤更容易制作.最后,用半矢量平面波法计算模式双折射和波长的关系以及截止波长特性.与全矢量解相比,其带给有效折射率的误差仅约10-5.     

Design of low-confinement-loss and highly birefringent index-guiding photonic crystal fibers

We present a systematic scheme to achieve both high birefringence and low confinement loss in index-guiding photonic crystal fibers （PCFs）, using a structurally-simple PCF with finite number of air holes in the cladding region. By increasing the size of the outermost-ring air holes in the cladding region, highly birefringent PCFs with low confinement loss can be successfully achieved. The design strategy is based on the fact that the modal birefringence of PCFs is dominated by the inner-ring air holes in PCF, which is verified by a full-vector finite element method with anisotropic perfectly matched layers. Numerical results show that modal birefringence in the order of 10-3 and confinement loss less than 0.1 dB/km can be easily realized in the proposed PCF with only four rings of air holes in the cladding region. We expect that such fibers will be much easier to be fabvicated than those with more air holes in the cladding region.