The metabolic cost of backpack and shoulder load carriage.

Eleven healthy male volunteer soldiers (mean [SD] age 24.0 [2.8] years, stature 174.1 [5.2] cm, body weight 73.2 [10.8] kg, body fat 14.2 [5.0]% and maximal oxygen uptake 4.1 [0.4] 1 min-1) walked at 4.8 km h-1 on a motor driven treadmill for 5 min at each of three gradients (0, 2.5 and 5%) whilst carrying a two-part 26 kg load either on each shoulder or strapped to a backpack frame. The load was made up of two cylinders, one weighing 18.4 kg and the other weighing 7.6 kg. For all treadmill gradients the mean (SD) backpacking heart rates and oxygen uptakes (0% gradient, 122 [10] beats min-1, 1.51 [0.11] 1 min-1; 2.5% gradient, 135 [10] beats min-1, 1.81 [0.13] 1 min-1; 5% gradient, 155 [7] beats min-1, 2.21 [0.11] 1 min-1) were significantly (p less than 0.001) lower than for shoulder load carriage (0% gradient, 130 [9] beats min-1, 1.70 [0.12] 1 min-1, 2.5% gradient, 147 [8] beats min-1; 2.01 [0.10] 1 min-1; 5% gradient 164 [9] beats min-1, 2.39 [0.11] 1 min-1). The relative oxygen cost of backpacking was 4.3-4.7% VO2 max lower than for shoulder load carriage. It is concluded that the metabolic cost of backpacking an asymmetric two part 26 kg load was significantly less than for shoulder load carriage when walking at 4.8 km h-1 on a treadmill over gradients of 0-5%.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Low voltage electroosmotic pump for high density integration into microfabricated fluidic systems

A low voltage electroosmotic (eo) pump suitable for high density integration into microfabricated fluidic systems has been developed. The high density integration of the eo pump required a small footprint as well as a specific on-chip design to ventilate the electrolyzed gases emerging at the platinum (Pt) electrodes. For this purpose, a novel liquid–gas (lg) separator was invented. This lg-separator separated the gas bubbles from the liquid and guided them away from the eo pump. Its operational principle was solely based on the geometry of tapered sidewalls. An eo pump sandwiched by two lg separators (microchannels in the range of 10 μm, footprint of 100 μm × 15 μm) was experimentally investigated. The lg-separator was able to reliably separate and ventilate an emerging gas flow of 2 pl s⁻¹. The eo pump achieved flow rates of 50 pl s⁻¹ at actuation voltages of 5 V.     

多噪声环境下双微阵列语音增强算法

为提高双微阵列语音增强系统在多噪声环境下的消噪性能，提出一种适用于双微阵列的改进广义旁瓣抵消器语音增强算法。根据双微麦克风阵列的结构特点，首先，用基于噪声互功率谱估计的改进相干滤波算法消除距离较远麦克风之间产生的弱相关噪声；然后，利用广义旁瓣抵消算法消除距离较近麦克风之间产生的强相关噪声；最后，通过基于最小值控制递归平均的子带谱减法有针对性地消除不同频带上的残留噪声。仿真实验表明，在多噪声环境下所提算法较现有的双微阵列语音增强算法取得了更好的感知语音质量评价得分，一定程度上改善了双微阵列语音增强系统对复杂噪声的抑制效果。     

Electroactive polymer based microfluidic pump

A planar, valveless, microfluidic pump using electrostrictive poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene) [P(VDF-TrFE)] based polymer as the actuator material is presented. P(VDF-TrFE) thick films having a large electrostrictive strain ∼5–7% and high elastic energy density of 1 J/cm³ have been used in a unimorph diaphragm actuator configuration. The microfluidic pump was realized by integrating a nozzle/diffuser type fluidic mechanical-diode structure with the polymer microactuator. The P(VDF-TrFE) unimorph diaphragm actuator, 80 μm thick and 2.2 mm × 2.2 mm in lateral dimensions, showed an actuation deflection of 80 μm for an applied electric field of 90 MV/m. The microfluidic pump could pump methanol at a flow rate of 25 μl/min at 63 Hz with a backpressure of 350 Pa. The flow rate of this pump could be easily controlled by external electrical field. Two different sizes of nozzle/diffuser elements were studied and the pumping efficiency of these structures is 11 and 16%, respectively.     

Thermal function of a clothing ensemble during work: dependency on inner clothing layer fit

A tight-fitting crewneck undergarment (U) and a loose-fitting shirt (S) were studied as part of a commonly used clothing ensemble (Itot = 0.22 m2 K W-1). Ten clothed male subjects performed standardized packing work (VO2 = 0.761 min-1) at three climatic conditions, 20 degrees C and Va = 0.45 m s-1 (0-30 min), at 5 degrees C and Va = 0.39 m s-1 (30-60 min) and at 5 degrees C and Va = 1.23 m s-1 (76-90 min). From 60-75 min the subjects rested at 20 degrees C. The physiological and subjective responses varied with the environment from slightly warm to cool. U resulted in warmer responses than S: torso and upper arm skin temperatures were higher at both 5 degrees C and 20 degrees C, evaporation rate was higher at 20 degrees C, mean skin temperature was higher during work at 20 degrees C, sweating tended to begin earlier and skin wettedness to be higher with U than with S. No differences were observed in core temperature, heart rates, and subjective thermal evaluations. It was concluded that a tight-fitting inner layer (U) compared to a loose-fitting one (S) allows for less cooling of the skin in both a cool and a slightly warm environment.     

Summary and difference frequency radiation generation in the field of few-cycle laser pulse propagating in GaSe

The results of numerical study of the generation process of summary and difference frequency radiations (SFR and DFR) arising via interaction of linearly polarized a few cycle laser pulses propagating in a GaSe crystal is present. The interaction of pulse having the central wavelengths of 1.98 μm, duration of 30 fs with the electric field amplitude 100 MV/m, propagating along the optical axis is considered. The thickness of GaSe crystal in numerical simulations is 198 μm. For study the pulse dynamic spectrum evolution the smoothed pseudo Wigner distribution (SPWVD) transformation was applied. In order to increase the time and frequency resolution of the pulse dynamic spectrum the Mexican-hat wavelet based continuous wavelet transform (CWT) was applied. The dependences of SFR and DFR generation efficiency versus propagation distance inside of crystal at fixed values of initial pump pulse amplitude 10, 50 and 100 MV/m are obtained. The SFR and DFR generation efficiency dependences versus initial pump pulse amplitude are obtained. It’s shown that the maximum values of SFR and DFR generation efficiencies at initial pump pulse amplitude 100 MV/m are 4.8 × 10^?3% and 2.7 × 10^?3% respectively.     

Effect of toeclip use during cycle ergometry on ventilatory threshold and VO2 max in trained cyclists and runners

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of the use of toeclips on the ventilatory threshold (VT) of cyclists and runners during cycle ergometry. Ten competitive cyclists and ten well-trained runners performed two continuous maximal cycle ergometer tests, once with toeclips and once without toeclips. Respiratory data were collected every 20 s and used to determine VT and VO2 max. For cyclists, the mean (congruent to SEM) oxygen uptake at VT (VO2, VT) was greater during the trial with toeclips (48.8 +/- 1.9 ml kg-1 min-1 and 46.9 +/- 1.9 ml kg-1 min-1 during cycle ergometry with and without toeclips, respectively; p less than 0.05). No significant difference in VO2, VT was noted between trials for runners. The cyclists also demonstrated a higher VO2 max during the trial with toeclips (58.8 +/- 3.0 ml kg-1 min-1) compared to the trial without toeclips (54.4 +/- 2.0 ml kg-1 min-1; p less than 0.05). When expressed relative to VO2 max (%VO2 max) the VT during the toeclip trial for cyclists was significantly decreased (p less than 0.05). These data suggest that the cyclists in this study developed specific adaptations related to the use of toeclips, and the use of toeclips during cycle ergometry is therefore recommended. We recommend that future studies report results with VT expressed in both absolute (VO2) and relative (%VO2 max) terms.     

Proximal object and hazard detection for autonomous underwater vehicle with optical fibre sensors

This paper describes short range and tactile optical fibre sensors for marine applications. The sensors are designed for obstacle avoidance on unmanned underwater vehicles (UUVs) operating in confined spaces, but have other possible applications. The fibre sensors augment the sensory abilities derived from ultrasonic and other sensors employed for marine proximity measurement. Of particular interest is proximity detection in the “near” (less than 1 m) and tactile areas. The paper describes the basic principle of operation and alternative sensor configurations. Results are given based on laboratory tests and deployment on a mini autonomous submersible in a test pool.     

Micromachined flat-walled valveless diffuser pumps

The first valveless diffuser pump fabricated using the latest technology in deep reactive ion etching (DRIE) is presented. The pump was fabricated in a two-mask micromachining process in a silicon wafer polished on both sides, anodically bonded to a glass wafer. Pump chambers and diffuser elements were etched in the silicon wafer using DRIE, while inlet and outlet holes are etched using an anisotropic etch. The DRIE etch resulted in rectangular diffuser cross sections. Results are presented on pumps with different diffuser dimensions in terms of diffuser neck width, length, and angle. The maximum pump pressure is 7.6 m H₂O (74 kPa), and the maximum pump flow is 2.3 ml/min for water     

Heating performance of a ground source heat pump system installed in a school building

The heating performance of a water-to-refrigerant type ground source heat pump system is represented in this paper under the actual working conditions of the GSHP(ground source heat pump) system during the winter season of 2008.Ten heat pump equipments with the capacity of 10 HP each and a closed vertical typed-ground heat exchanger with 24 boreholes of 175 m in depth were constructed.We investigated a variety of working conditions,including the outdoor temperature,the ground temperature,and the water tempe...     

小型变电所监控软件的设计

小型变电站的监控软件功能是接收RTU的数据,图示变电站的各监控量数值,通过网络或使用RS232串行口控制调制解调器远程上传至监控中心,并可接收监控中心的指令操作变电站的电闸、预设值设定.从经济实用的角度,说明使用VB的控件数组和Excel表格,设计小型变电所监控程序的一些方法.     

Peristaltic micropump system with piezoelectric actuators

This work presents a driving system for a peristaltic micropump that is based on piezoelectric actuation. The effects of the actuation sequence on pump performance are also considered. A valveless peristaltic micropump based on piezoelectric actuation is designed and fabricated using microelectromechanical system technology. The pump has three parts––silicon, Pyrex glass and commercially available bulk PZT (lead zirconate titanate) chips. The peristaltic micropump actuated by PZT chips comprises three chambers that are in series. The driving system consists of an ATmega 8535 microprocessor, a high voltage power supply, three differential amplifiers, a phase controller, an A/D converter, a 555 oscillator and an LCD module. It is supplied via a 110 Vrms 60-Hz AC line and is programmable. The system can produce step-function signals with voltages of up to 100 V_pp and frequencies ranging from 10 Hz to 1 kHz, as the inputs for the pump. Fluid pumping with air is successfully demonstrated. Additionally, 3-, 4- and 6-phase actuation sequences for the pump are designed and used to study the effects on pump performance, as revealed by the flow rate and the displacement of a pump diaphragm. The experimental results show that the flow rate and the displacement of the diaphragm actuated by the 4-phase sequence exceed those actuated by the 3- and 6-phase sequences. A flow rate of 17.6 μl min⁻¹ and a displacement of 2.91 μm (peak-to-peak) in 4-phase peristaltic motion are achieved at 100 Hz and 100 V_pp. The results demonstrate that the pump actuated in the 4-phase sequence is the most efficient. Consequently, the actuation sequences can affect the pump performance.     

超高频RFID阅读器电荷泵锁相环设计

设计了一款应用于超高频RFID阅读器的整数型电荷泵锁相环。在SMIC工艺下进行设计,采用Cadence进行了后仿真和版图绘制。仿真得到系统中心频率为966 MHz,输出信号幅度为1.4 V,系统相位裕度为49.8°,建立时间为2μs,功耗为12 mW,芯片面积为880μm×750μm。     

A mini challenge: build a verifiable filesystem

We propose tackling a “mini challenge” problem: a nontrivial verification effort that can be completed in 2–3 years, and will help establish notational standards, common formats, and libraries of benchmarks that will be essential in order for the verification community to collaborate on meeting Hoare’s 15-year verification grand challenge. We believe that a suitable candidate for such a mini challenge is the development of a filesystem that is verifiably reliable and secure. The paper argues why we believe a filesystem is the right candidate for a mini challenge and describes a project in which we are building a small embedded filesystem for use with flash memory. The work described in this paper was carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.     

基于腰椎放大熔接的FBG热线式风力计

提出了一种基于腰椎放大熔接和光纤Bragg光栅（ FBG）的热线式风力计,传感结构由表面镀金属银膜的FBG和腰椎放大光纤熔接点构成。腰椎放大熔接点将高功率的泵浦激光由纤芯耦合到光纤包层,被镀银膜吸收产生热量,从而使FBG的温度升高。当气流经FBG时,部分热量会被带走,导致FBG的温度降低。FBG的中心波长随温度的变化而变化,因此,通过测量FBG波长的漂移即可以测得气流速度。实验结果表明：此FBG热线式风力计的测量范围为0～13.7 m/s,灵敏度和分辨率分别可达1.0 nm/（ m/s）和0.001 m/s。     

一种应用于CMOS电荷泵锁相环中的新型电荷泵

电荷泵是CMOS电荷泵锁相环中的一个重要模块,其性能直接决定了整个锁相环系统的工作稳定性和各项指标的好坏,但传统结构的电荷泵却存在电荷共享、电流失配、电荷注入以及时钟馈通等问题。本设计为一种利用可调节共源共栅结构的差分输入单端输出电荷泵,采用TSMC 0.18μm RF CMOS工艺,利用Agilent公司推出的系统分析软件ADS（Advanced Design System）完成对电路的仿真。仿真结果表明该CMOS电荷泵具有相位噪声小,输出电流平滑,输出电压谐波分量低,开关延迟小等优良特性,在电荷泵输出电压范围为0.7～2.4V内,充放电电流匹配良好。     

A new electro-osmotic pump based on silica monoliths

A high-pressure electro-osmotic (EO) micro-pump fabricated by a sol–gel process is shown to be potentially effective as a fluid-driving unit on chip-scale analytical systems. A silica monolithic matrix with a morphology of micron-scaled through pores was synthesized within the 100 μm inner diameter (i.d.) fused-silica capillary of the micro-pump. The monolith bonds directly with the capillary wall such that frits with large pressure loss are unnecessary. This pump uses electro-osmotic flow to propel liquid solution with no moving parts. The Nafion^® housing design in the cathode chamber prevents flow leakage into the electrode reservoir from the flow channel and hence maximizes the pressure build-up. It also eliminates electrolytic bubble interference from the flow channels and provides ionic channels for current penetration simultaneously. As the monolith is silica-based, this pump can be used for a variety of fluids, especially for organic solvents, such as acetonitrile and methanol, without swelling and shrinking problems. The maximum flow rate and maximum pressure generated by the 100 μm i.d. monolithic pump are 2.9 μL/min and 3 atm for deionized water at 6 kV applied voltage. These results indicate that the pump can provide sufficient pressure and flow for miniaturized HPLC and micro-total-analysis systems (μ-TAS). A simple universal pressure pump curve collapses the data for a variety of working fluids and voltage.     

液体管道小泄漏检测和定位

本文对德国著名学者Isermann提出的检测液体管道小泄漏的定位公式加以修正。修正后的方法考虑了液体管道发生泄漏后对泵后压力的影响。因此,它适用于各种特性的泵所组成的液体管道系统的泄漏检测和定位,扩大了 Ise-rmann 提出的液体管道小泄漏定位的应用范围,提高了估计泄漏位置的精度。文中应用互相关技术对量测到的信号进行处理,提高了泄漏检测灵敏度,同时采用递推算法进行在线检测和定位。对一条长91.6米,内径8毫米的液体(煤油)管道的泄漏实验表明,修正后的方法估计泄漏位置平均误差从原来的10%左右下降到3%。本方法能检测出1%的泄漏量。     

迷你翼梢小翼增升减阻效应

选取某窄体客机的翼梢小翼为研究对象,采用Spalart Allmaras模型对无翼梢小翼、全尺寸翼梢小翼和迷你翼梢小翼3种机翼构型进行数值模拟,通过流场分析和速度分解等手段,研究翼梢小翼的增升减阻机理。结果表明：迷你翼梢小翼有恢复涡核流速、减弱涡流掺混程度和梳理翼梢气流的作用;增升减阻的关键在于迷你翼梢小翼对气流方向的修正;翼梢小翼的局部流动差异会对整体机翼近场造成影响。由于尺寸较小,迷你翼梢小翼能在较大攻角范围内改善传统翼梢小翼的性能,具有一定的实践意义。     

基于mini2440平台的U-Boot移植方法

研究了以 ARM9系列的 S3C2440处理器为核心的 mini2440平台,来移植 U-Boot 的方法.首先根据mini2440平台的硬件资源,对U-Boot源代码进行修改,然后对修改后的源代码进行编译,将生成u-boot.bin文件下载到mini2440开发板上运行,并对U-Boot进行功能测试.测试结果表明, U-Boot成功地在开发板上运行,并能实现它的功能.此移植方法对使用S3C2440处理器进行嵌入式系统设计及U-Boot在其他处理器上的移植具有参考价值.