膨胀阻燃聚丙烯复合体系的研究

采用聚磷酸铵（APP）和Deflam（敌火龙）分别对聚丙烯（PP）进行了填充改性，研究了两者对PP力学性能、阻燃性能、结晶性能的影响。结果表明：在PP中分别加入APP和Deflam，都可改善PP的阻燃性能，并且添加后者比添加前者对PP的阻燃效果要好。在阻燃性能改善的同时，复合体系的弯曲模量和弹性模量明显提高，但拉伸强度和冲击强度降低。APP和Deflam在PP中都具有成核剂作用，可使PP的结晶过程在较高温度下进行，但Deflam对PP的成核效果不如APP。     

聚磷酸铵对聚乳酸/麦秸秆复合材料阻燃和力学性能的影响

用聚磷酸铵(APP)对聚乳酸(PLA)/秸秆粉复合材料进行阻燃处理,对复合材料的阻燃性能、力学性能和热降解行为进行了分析。结果表明,APP添加量达到20份时,极限氧指数提高了33 %,成炭率提高了330 %,而且达到UL 94 V-0级,表现出显著的阻燃作用;APP的加入降低了复合材料的冲击性能,但能改善其刚性,对弯曲强度和密度影响不大;此外APP的添加还改变了复合材料的热降解行为,使其分解温度提前,稳定了PLA基体;材料燃烧后膨胀成多孔炭层,起到了隔热和阻氧的作用。     

聚丙烯的协效阻燃研究

采用熔融共混法制备出了聚丙烯（PP）/纳米氢氧化铝（nano-ATH）/有机改性蒙脱土（OMMT）纳米复合材料,研究了OMMT的加入量对PP/nano-ATH复合材料力学性能和阻燃性能的影响。结果表明,OMMT的加入,可以改善PP/nano-ATH复合材料的拉伸性能、弯曲性能和阻燃性能,但会严重损害PP/nano-ATH复合材料的冲击强度。     

有机硅阻燃木塑复合材料的性能研究

利用甲基苯基聚硼硅氧烷(PB)及其与纳米Si O2或APP的复合阻燃剂制备了阻燃木塑复合材料,研究了阻燃剂对木塑复合材料(WPC)阻燃性能和力学性能的影响。结果表明,在热降解过程中,聚硼硅氧烷显著提高了木塑复合材料的800℃残炭率,促进了残炭的形成,PB与纳米Si O2或APP复配使用可使木塑复合材料的热降解残炭进一步提高。PB及其复合阻燃剂使木塑复合材料的热、CO2释放速率及质量损失率降低,PB与APP复配对木塑复合材料的阻燃效果最好。PB及其复合阻燃剂使木塑复合材料的弯曲强度明显提高,对拉伸强度影响不大,但使冲击强度下降。     

几种无卤膨胀型阻燃剂对聚丙烯性能的影响

聚丙烯(PP)为基体树脂,分别加入无卤膨胀型阻燃剂FR-1420、FP2200和HS20制备了阻燃PP复合材料,考察了三种阻燃剂及其含量对材料的阻燃性能、力学性能、熔体质量流动速率及加工性的影响,通过热重分析(TG)研究了材料的热分解行为。结果表明,三种阻燃剂均能提高PP的阻燃性能,当阻燃剂质量分数达到20%时,阻燃PP复合材料垂直燃烧等级均可达到V-0级;随阻燃剂含量的增加,阻燃PP复合材料的阻燃性不断提高,拉伸强度、冲击强度、熔体质量流动速率下降;阻燃剂对阻燃PP复合材料的力学性能、熔体流动速率及加工性有较大影响,阻燃剂FR-1420和FP2200效果较好,且其加工温度可达250℃,阻燃剂HS20效果较差,其加工温度仅为200℃;TG分析表明,加入阻燃剂使阻燃PP复合材料初始分解温度提前,残炭率增加,有利于提高PP材料的阻燃性能。     

无卤阻燃PP／APP／PTP／PER复合材料的力学性能

采用多聚磷酸铵/含磷三嗪环聚合物/季戊四醇(APP/PTP/PER)体系制备了阻燃聚丙烯(PP)材料,考察了PTP及其阻燃系统的用量对阻燃PP力学性能的影响。结果表明,APP/PER使PP的缺口冲击强度和弯曲模量提高,拉伸强度有所降低,断裂伸长率下降。PTP对PP的缺口冲击强度和弯曲模量影响不大,拉伸强度有所降低,断裂伸长率下降。当加入29%APP/PER/PTP时,缺口冲击强度和弯曲模量分别比纯PP提高了62.0%和14.3%,拉伸强度和断裂伸长率分别下降了13.9%和91.0%。     

改性碳纤维含量对聚丙烯的阻燃性能影响研究

利用聚二甲氧基硅氧烷对碳纤维（CF）进行改性，在聚丙烯（PP）中填充硅烷改性碳纤维（MCF）制备PP/MCF复合材料，并对其力学性能、阻燃性能以及抑烟性能进行研究。结果表明：PP/MCF复合材料相较于PP/CF具有更优异的力学性能以及阻燃性能。PP/MCF-3的力学性能达到最佳，其拉伸强度和弯曲强度分别达到27.8 MPa和28.3 MPa，缺口冲击强度相较纯PP提高15.5%。MCF的加入有效提高复合材料的LOI值，PP/MCF-3的LOI达到31.3%，并且具有较低的热释放速率以及产烟量。PP/MCF复合材料具有优异的力学性能以及阻燃性能，可以用于建筑阻燃管材领域。     

PP-g-MAH对膨胀阻燃聚丙烯性能的影响

利用双螺杆挤出机制备阻燃聚丙烯材料.研究聚丙烯接枝马来酸酐(PP-g-MAH)对阻燃聚丙烯的力学性能、流变性能和微观形貌的影响.结果表明:PP-g-MAH作为相客剂,改善阻燃剂与基体PP分子之间的亲和性,提高了界面作用力,随着阻燃复合体系中PP-g-MAH含量的增大,体系拉伸强度和弯曲强度逐渐增大,而冲击强度逐渐减小,而阻燃性能变化不大.复合体系的非牛顿性逐渐增强,并且在低剪切速率下,体系表观黏度逐渐上升;而在高剪切速率时,体系表观黏度随着PP-g-MAH含量的增大而逐渐下降,且PP-g-MAH含量达到3%之后,体系表观黏度变化不大.     

PP复合材料的制备及其阻燃性能研究

将碳微球(CMSs)及聚磷酸铵(APP)添加至聚丙烯(PP)中,制备了PP复合材料。采用极限氧指数(LOI)、热重分析仪(TGA)、锥形量热仪(CONE)及电子万能试验机(EUT)等表征手段对PP复合材料的阻燃性能、热稳定性能以及力学性能进行了测试分析,考察了APP与CMSs的质量比以及添加量对PP阻燃体系性能的影响。结果表明:在APP与CMSs质量比为4:1,总添加量为30%时,PP/CMSs/APP复合材料的LOI为28.7%,较纯PP提高了59.4%;火灾性能指数(FPI)值较纯PP提高了约5倍;热释放速率峰值(PHRR)、总热释放量(THR)、平均热释放速率(MHRR)和平均有效燃烧热(MEHC)分别较纯PP降低了31.11%、14.2%、24.5%和32.1%;火灾蔓延指数(FGI)值较纯PP降低了55.3%,且复合材料的热稳定性有所提高,成炭能力显著提升,PP的阻燃性能得到明显改善。     

煤矸石填充聚酰胺6复合材料的结构与性能研究

采用熔融共混法制备了聚酰胺6／煤矸石复合材料，研究了复合材料的力学性能、微观结构、结晶行为和流变性能。结果表明：煤矸石的加入使聚酰胺6的的拉伸强度、弹性模量、弯曲强度和弯曲模量分别增加了约53．8％、66．1％、37．1％和63．4％，而冲击韧性基本保持，煤矸石最佳填充量为25％；煤矸石在聚酰胺6基体中分散均匀，复合材料具有韧性断裂特征；煤矸石使聚酰胺6的结晶温度由187．0℃升高到191．3℃，过冷度由33．6℃降至18．9℃，结晶温度范围变窄，即煤矸石提高了聚酰胺6的结晶速率，对聚酰胺6具有异相成核作用；在所研究的剪切速率范围内，聚酰胺6及其复合材料的流变行为表现为假塑性，煤矸石的加入使非牛顿指数减小，聚酰胺6对剪切敏感性下降。     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.