厚板铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头的冲击性能

采用搅拌摩擦焊对厚度为30 mm的2A12铝合金板材进行对焊连接,分析了接头不同厚度处的微观组织与冲击性能。结果表明:随着热输入量的减少,接头上层的晶粒相比于下层出现了粗化现象,导致接头上层区域的冲击韧性低于下层。焊核区晶粒最为细小,热机影响区次之,热影响区晶粒最为粗大;焊核区的冲击韧性高于热影响区,热机影响区由于存在微型裂纹,所以冲击韧性最低。焊核区上层的晶粒尺寸小于热机影响区下层的晶粒尺寸,但焊核区上层的冲击韧性低于热机影响区下层的冲击韧性,这是由于焊核区所含的Al₂CuMg脆性第二相的数量较多。焊接接头冲击韧性的变化不仅与焊缝不同区域的微观组织变化有关,还与该区域的第二相数量有关。     

铝合金搅拌摩擦对接焊接头组织与性能研究

研究了5083铝合金搅拌摩擦焊(FSW)焊接接头组织与性能,采用金相显微镜观察焊接接头各区域的微观组织,并对接头显微硬度和力学性能进行了测定。结果表明,5083铝合金搅拌摩擦焊焊核组织为动态再结晶生成的细小组织,强化相均匀分布;热机影响区由于动态再结晶和焊接热循环的双重作用,组织变化较大,晶粒有一定程度的长大,强化相有所细化;热影响区仅仅受到热循环作用,使得晶粒粗化和强化相出现聚集现象。搅拌摩擦焊接接头中心硬度与母材基本相当,热机影响区和热影响区由于焊接热输入的原因,使得硬度有所降低。搅拌摩擦焊室温拉伸性能和冲击性能不低于母材的,其中拉伸试样均断裂于母材,焊核室温冲击值达到母材的1.5倍以上,热影响区冲击值与母材的相当。     

LC52厚板搅拌摩擦焊组织性能分析

采用搅拌摩擦焊方法对厚度为15mm的LC52铝合金板进行了单道焊接试验,并对焊缝的微观组织与力学性能进行了分析.试验结果表明,在旋转速度为1500r/min,且焊接速度为60mm/min时,可以获得较好的焊缝组织,其抗拉强度达到了338MPa.焊核区内是细小均匀的等轴晶,平均晶粒大小在4μm左右.焊缝两侧热机影响区的组织存在较大差异,前进侧热机影响区为塑性变形角较小的窄条形组织,后退侧热机影响区为塑性变形角较大的扁平块状组织.热影响区的组织发生了粗化.焊缝中的部分强化相η'相因过时效转变为η相是焊缝强度低于基材强度的主要原因.     

6061 铝基碳化硅复合材料搅拌摩擦焊工艺研究

目的研究搅拌道次对6061铝基碳化硅复合材料的影响。方法对6061铝基碳化硅复合材料进行了搅拌摩擦焊实验。结果获得了型面良好,表面光滑的焊接截面,焊核区组织为细小的等轴晶,热机影响区为弯曲变形的晶粒,热影响区组织发生了明显的粗化。结论搅拌次数越多,Si C颗粒分布越均匀,热机影响区与热影响区附近硬度最低,热影响区硬度较低,焊核区硬度比母材稍高。     

静轴肩搅拌摩擦焊2A14-T4铝合金T形接头的组织和性能

采用静轴肩搅拌摩擦焊技术实现了8.5 mm厚2A14-T4铝合金T形接头的焊接,研究了接头的宏观成型、显微组织及力学性能.结果表明:焊缝表面呈现光滑无弧纹特征,焊缝外部和内部未发现焊接缺陷;SSFSW T形接头截面焊接区域形貌整体呈现两头宽、中间窄的"开口哑铃"状,焊核区晶粒表现为取向随机的等轴晶,焊核区平均晶粒尺寸表现为第二次焊核区最大,焊接重合区次之,第一次焊核区最小.焊核区再结晶机制以几何动态再结晶为主并伴随有部分连续动态再结晶;热机影响区较窄且晶粒被拉长变形,热影响区组织晶粒长大粗化;焊接过程中第二相粒子的析出粗化造成焊核区硬度降低,硬度最低点出现在第一道焊缝热影响区与热机影响区的交界处;接头的硬度较低区域和结构尺寸引起的应力集中导致T形接头底板与筋板容易萌生裂纹、发生断裂;断口中存在较多的撕裂棱以及大小不一的韧窝,在韧窝中存在尺寸不均匀的第二相颗粒,断口呈现韧性断裂特征.     

镁合金搅拌摩擦焊接组织特征研究

通过对镁合金AZ31进行搅拌摩擦焊获得了成型良好的焊缝,采用金相显微镜对焊缝组织进行了分析,并采用透射电镜和X射线能谱仪对晶粒形貌和晶界析出的第二相进行了观测分析。结果表明,镁合金搅拌摩擦焊可以获得组织致密的焊缝,焊缝区域根据组织特点可以分为焊核区、热机影响区和热影响区;焊核区"洋葱环"之间呈现层片状结构,晶界强化相数量减少且尺寸变小;热机影响区在前进侧和焊核区有明显的分界,晶粒呈细长条状,后退侧和焊核区分界相对不明显,晶粒变形较小;热影响区在前进侧较窄,组织与母材组织相比变化较小,而后退侧热影响区较宽,晶粒尺寸有所增长,这与搅拌摩擦过程中金属切削迁移的堆积过程有关。     

厚板Cu-Cr-Zr合金搅拌摩擦焊接接头沿厚度方向组织和力学性能的变化

本试验采用搅拌摩擦焊对板厚为15 mm的Cu-Cr-Zr合金进行了焊接,得到了外部成形良好、内部无缺陷的良好接头,并分析了其微观组织与力学性能沿焊缝厚度方向的变化规律。结果表明:焊核区微观组织均为细小等轴晶,在厚度方向上晶粒尺寸差异较小;而热机影响区晶粒在剪切力的作用下被明显拉长,且在厚度方向上晶粒尺寸差异较大,自顶部到底部逐渐减小。焊缝顶部和中部的硬度呈"W"形分布,底部呈"U"形分布;沿厚度方向,在焊核中心区硬度分布差异不大,但在前进侧热机影响区差异最大,差值达到45HV,焊缝硬度自顶部到底部逐渐增大;焊缝抗拉强度自顶部到底部逐渐增强,延伸率变化趋势相反,底部抗拉强度最大达303 MPa,为母材的80%。     

高强度贝氏体钢板不同焊接方法接头的组织和性能

利用二氧化碳保护焊、埋弧焊、手工电弧焊研究了高强度贝氏体钢板焊接接头的组织和力学性能.结果表明:二氧化碳保护焊焊后不热处理接头焊缝组织为贝氏体、少量铁素体和珠光体,热影响区为新型贝氏体组织;手工焊焊后不热处理焊缝组织主要为块状铁素体和少量珠光体,热影响区组织为新型贝氏体组织;埋弧焊焊后不热处理焊缝部分组织为针状铁素体,熔合线结合良好,组织分布均匀,晶粒细小,热影响区组织为新型贝氏体.各种焊接方法焊接接头具有良好的强韧性.     

5A01铝合金厚板搅拌摩擦焊组织性能研究

采用搅拌摩擦焊方法对厚度为30 mm的5A01铝合金进行了单面对接焊,分析了焊缝的金相组织及力学性能。结果表明,5A01铝合金厚板的搅拌摩擦焊接成形良好;焊缝接头从组织上可分为焊核区、热机影响区和热影响区;根据受到热量影响程度的不同,焊核区可分为上部焊核和下部焊核,焊核区出现了"洋葱环"结构,可能与搅拌针表面加工的三个平面有关;热机影响区沿厚度方向受到不同程度的热机械和热循环作用,因此其上部、中部和下部表现出了不同的组织特点;焊接接头具有较好的力学性能,抗拉强度达到了母材的90%以上,拉伸断裂位置位于焊缝区。     

2060搅拌摩擦焊对接接头显微组织与析出相分析

选用Al-Li-Cu-Mg系铝锂合金2060,开展搅拌摩擦焊对接接头显微组织与析出相演变规律研究.搅拌摩擦焊对接接头,呈现典型的母材、热影响区、热机影响区和焊核区四区分布特点.母材为双向板条组织,在α板条中有大量三角形AlCu2Mn化合物析出,但在其它相区,当受到热影响时,该相消失;热影响区组织粗大,热机影响区晶粒受到机械力作用,前进侧拉长,后退侧破碎;焊核区为等轴晶组织,出现了高温析出相AlxCuxMn,均布于整个焊核区域.接头显微硬度在母材区最高,热影响区最低,焊核区低于母材,稳定在115 HV.     

Microstructure and mechanical properties of friction stir welded copper

The main objective of this investigation was to apply friction stir welding technique (FSW) for joining of 2 mm thick copper sheet. The defect free weld was obtained at a tool rotational and travel speed of 1,000 rpm and 30 mm/min, respectively. Mechanical and microstructural analysis has been performed to evaluate the characteristics of friction stir welded copper. The microstructure of the weld nugget (WN) consists of fine equiaxed grains. Similarly, the elongated grains in the thermomechanically affected zone (TMAZ) and coarse grains in the heat-affected zone (HAZ) were observed. The hardness values in the WN were higher than the base material. Eventually HAZ shows lowest hardness values because of few coarse grains presence. Friction stir welded copper joints passes 85% weld efficiency as compared to the parent metal.     

Correlation between microstructures and mechanical properties of high-speed friction stir welded aluminum hollow extrusions subjected to axial forces

The AA6005A-T6 aluminum hollow extrusions were friction stir welded at a high welding speed of 2000 mm/min and various axial forces. The results show that the nugget zone (NZ) is characterized by fine equiaxed grains, in which a low density of equilibrium phase β is observed. The grains in the thermo-mechanically affected zone (TMAZ) are elongated, and the highest density of dislocations and a low density of β' precipitates can be found in grains. The heat affected zone (HAZ) only experiences a low thermal cycle, and a high density of β” precipitates and a low density of β' precipitates remain in the coarsened grains. The microhardness evolutions in the NZ, TMAZ and HAZ are governed by the grain refinement and dislocation strengthening, the dislocation and precipitation strengthening, and the precipitation and solid solution strengthening, respectively. When increasing the axial force, the changing trend of one strengthening mechanism is contrary to the other in each zone, and the microhardness increases in different zones. As a result, the tensile strength roughly increases with raising the axial force, and all joints show good tensile properties as the high welding speed inhibits the coarsening and dissolution of strengthening precipitates significantly.     

Effect of self-support friction stir welding on microstructure and microhardness of 6082-T6 aluminum alloy joint

In this paper, 5-mm-thick 6082-T6 aluminum alloy was joined by means of self-support friction stir welding (SSFSW). Here we report the grain structure and second phase particles in various regions including the welding nugget zone (WNZ), thermo-mechanically affected zone (TMAZ), and heat affected zone (HAZ). In the upper part of the joint, microhardness in the TMAZ in proximity of the UWNZ was the highest (average 89.4 HV) due to the severe plastic deformation. The similar result was also found in the lower part of the SSFSW joint. The microstructural development in each region was a strong function of the local thermo-mechanical cycle experienced during welding. Some coarse equiaxed grains which were produced in incomplete dynamic recrystallization process and dissolution of some precipitates have been observed in TMAZ. The HAZ retained the same grain structure as the base material, however, the grain size decreased with increasing distance of the weld centerline.     

搅拌摩擦焊对Mg-Gd-Y-Zr合金组织与性能的影响

对一种Mg-Gd-Y-Zr合金cast-T6状态板片试样搅拌摩擦焊接后的组织与性能进行了研究。结果表明:Mg-Gd-Y-Zr合金的搅拌摩擦焊的焊核区发生动态再结晶,为等轴细晶,硬度值最高;热机影响区基体组织具有热变形特征,第二相会粗化、溶解,硬度值稍低;热影响区晶粒尺寸与母材相当,第二相粗化,硬度值低于母材。在本工作实验条件下,cast-T6铸件试样的焊接系数达0.91,且伸长率相对于母材有大幅度提高。断口形貌SEM分析显示,接头断裂模式为韧性断裂。     

铝合金厚板静止轴肩搅拌摩擦焊接头组织及性能

采用8.5 mm厚度2A14-T4铝合金和自主研制搅拌工具进行静止轴肩搅拌摩擦焊（stationary shoulder friction stir welding,SSFSW）实验,探讨焊接工艺参数对接头组织和力学性能的影响规律。结果表明：只有在低转速工艺参数范围内（转速ω=400~600 r/min与焊接速率v=60~120 mm/min）可获得焊缝表面光滑、无缺陷厚板铝合金SSFSW焊接接头。SSFSW焊缝区主要由焊核区（NZ）组成,周围热力影响区（TMAZ）及热影响区（HAZ）宽度明显减小,焊核区与搅拌针形状类似且由两种不同尺寸细小等轴晶构成,前进侧NZ晶粒比后退侧NZ更为细小。接头显微硬度呈"W"状分布,NZ硬度值可达到母材硬度80%~90%,TMAZ与HAZ交界处存在软化区,硬度最低为母材硬度72%左右。在给定ω=500 r/min,v=140 mm/min焊接参数下,SSFSW接头抗拉强度可达到母材的88%,断裂位置多位于后退侧TMAZ与HAZ交界处软化区,具有韧性断裂特征。     

The microstructure and mechanical properties of friction stir welded Al–Zn–Mg alloy in as welded and heat treated conditions

High strength aluminium alloys generally present low weldability because of the poor solidification microstructure, porosity in the fusion zone and loss in mechanical properties when welded by fusion welding processes which otherwise can be welded successfully by comparatively newly developed process called friction stir welding (FSW). This paper presents the effect of post weld heat treatment (T₆) on the microstructure and mechanical properties of friction stir welded 7039 aluminium alloy. It was observed that the thermo-mechanically affected zone (TMAZ) showed coarser grains than that of nugget zone but lower than that of heat affected zone (HAZ). The decrease in yield strength of welds is more serious than decrease in ultimate tensile strength. As welded joint has highest joint efficiency (92.1%). Post weld heat treatment lowers yield strength, ultimate tensile strength but improves percentage elongation.     

2219铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头组织和性能的不均匀性研究

目的 针对2219铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头受焊接热作用和机械搅拌作用的影响,极易产生组织和力学性能不均匀的情况,深入研究接头的局部力学性能,为焊接工艺优化提供理论指导.方法 采用显微组织分析与数字图像相关(DIC)技术测试相结合的方法,对2219铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头的组织和局部力学性能进行表征,并建立搅拌摩擦焊接头各区域的局部力学性能模型.结果 2219铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头的力学性能薄弱区为热机影响区.试样断裂前该区域局部应力达到345 MPa,局部应变为18.9％,而此时母材应变仅为1.91％.结论 热机影响区的组织在焊接热作用和机械搅拌的双重作用下发生了粗化和软化,导致该区的力学性能降低,是整个焊接接头的薄弱区域.     

TC4钛合金线性摩擦焊接头的组织与硬度分析

采用线性摩擦焊焊接TC4钛合金,对焊态下接头的显微组织及硬度进行了分析与测试。结果表明：焊接接头可分为母材区、热机影响区和焊核区。热机影响区组织由母材至焊核区依次为等轴α相和层片状（α＋β）相沿受力方向被拉长组织、纤维状组织中伴有等轴状α和层片状（α＋β）再结晶晶粒、针状α’和少量的α再结晶组织。焊核区组织为针状α’,而且纵向由中心至边缘组织逐渐粗大。垂直于焊缝方向由母材过渡到焊缝中心硬度逐渐由360HV增大到390HV左右,焊核区纵向硬度由中心向边缘逐渐减小到330HV左右。     

Friction stir welding of aluminium hollow extrusion: weld formation and mechanical properties

Novel friction stir welding (FSW) technique, characterised by big concave upper and small convex lower shoulders, for aluminium hollow extrusion was studied. Assisted with the lower shoulder, root flaws due to the lack of tool penetration have been eliminated. The tensile strength increased with increasing welding speed. As the welding speed increases from 50 to 200 mm min^?1, the width of the welding nugget zone (WNZ) decreases, and the ductile fractured location occurred at WNZ instead of heat affected zone (HAZ) adjacent to thermomechanically affected zone (TMAZ). The interface between the TMAZ and HAZ exhibited the lowest microhardness. The results indicated that the novel FSW method has the potential to join tubular structures and hollow profiles widely used in transportation industries.     

Evaluation of the microstructure and mechanical properties of friction stir welded 6005 aluminum alloy

Abstract

The microstructural change related with the hardness profile has been evaluated for friction stir welded, age hardenable 6005 Al alloy. Frictional heat and plastic flow during friction stir welding created fine and equiaxed grains in the stir zone (SZ), and elongated and recovered grains in the thermomechanically affected zone (TMAZ). The heat affected zone (HAZ), identified only by the hardness result because there is no difference in grain structure compared to the base metal, was formed beside the weld zone. A softened region was formed near the weld zone during the friction stir welding process. The softened region was characterised by the dissolution and coarsening of the strengthening precipitate during friction stir welding. Sound joints in 6005 Al alloys were successfully formed under a wide range of friction stir welding conditions. The maximum tensile strength, obtained at 507 mm min^-1 welding speed and 1600 rev min^-1 tool rotation speed, was 220 MPa, which was 85% of the strength of the base metal.