Erlang capacity of multiaccess systems with service-based access selection

In this letter, we provide the lower and upper bounds of Erlang capacity of multiaccess systems supporting several different radio access technologies in the multiservice scenario, by considering two extreme operation methods; separate and common operation. In a numerical example with GSM/EDGE-like and WCDMA-like subsystems, it is shown that the common operation method can provide up to 60% Erlang capacity improvement over the separate operation method when using a near optimum so-called service-based user assignment scheme, with the combined effects of the assignment and the trunking gains. Even in the worst-case, the common operation method still can provide about 15% capacity improvement over the separate operation method, which mainly comes from the trunking gain.     

WCDMA业务分析

3G的成功主要取决于业务，WCDMA系统采用开放的业务平台，使具体的业务与网络承载相分离，极大地提高了业务的灵活性，终端的设计也更加开放。与GSM业务相比，WCDMA业务的提供方式有较大变化，其业务价值链更为丰富。另外，WCDMA的业务完全兼容GSM/GPRS的业务。本对以上内容进行了分析和讨论。     

2G与3G混合组网策略研究

WCDMA技术是3G标准系列家族中三大主流标准之一,能够实现GSM网络的平滑过渡.本文从WCDMA基站和GSM基站之间的互干扰、链路预算以及容量方面分析了WCDMA基站和GSM基站共站的可行性.另一方面,考虑到WCDMA无线网络与GSM的不同及其特点,对混合组网的策略进行研究.     

CDMA系统容量的误区分析及对WCDMA规划的启示

从码分多址系统独特的技术特点出发,分析了CDMA、WCDMA基站的容量与GSM系统的差别,总结CDMA、WCDMA基站容量的计算方法,并给出了各种场景下基站语音业务容量的计算结果。     

多载波CDMA容量的研究

该文对多载波CDMA容量规划进行了详细的理论和数学分析,推导出多载波CDMA上下行链路的容量的表达式,利用拉格朗日乘数求极值的方法,分别得到多载波CDMA话音和数据业务上下行链路最大容量;同时得出一个非常重要的结论:只有当即基站最大发射功率平均分配给每个子载波时,多载波CDMA系统才能获得最大的容量。该文还对影响容量的因素进行了仿真,各业务的容量随平均路径损耗的增加急剧下降。由此揭示了容量和覆盖的内在关系:容量和覆盖是相互制约的一对矛盾,容量的增加就意味着覆盖的减小,反之亦然。无论上下行链路,当功率达到一定程度时,再通过增大功率来提高容量并不是行之有效的方法。最后,通过对GSM,WCDMA,多载波CDMA 3个系统容量的比较,得出多载波CDMA下行链路频谱效率为WCDMA频谱效率的1.7倍,GSM 的2.7倍;上行链路频谱效率为WCDMA频谱效率的2.1倍,GSM 的2.4倍的结论。     

Optimal design of k-out-of-n:G subsystems subjected to imperfect fault-coverage

Systems subjected to imperfect fault-coverage may fail even prior to the exhaustion of spares due to uncovered component failures. This paper presents optimal cost-effective design policies for k-out-of-n:G subsystems subjected to imperfect fault-coverage. It is assumed that there exists a k-out-of-n:G subsystem in a nonseries-parallel system and, except for this subsystem, the redundancy configurations of all other subsystems are fixed. This paper also presents optimal design polices which maximize overall system reliability. As a special case, results are presented for k-out-of-n:G systems subjected to imperfect fault-coverage. Examples then demonstrate how to apply the main results of this paper to find the optimal configurations of all subsystems simultaneously. In this paper, we show that the optimal n which maximizes system reliability is always less than or equal to the n which maximizes the reliability of the subsystem itself. Similarly, if the failure cost is the same, then the optimal n which minimizes the average system cost is always less than or equal to the n which minimizes the average cost of the subsystem. It is also shown that if the subsystem being analyzed is in series with the rest of the system, then the optimal n which maximizes subsystem reliability can also maximize the system reliability. The computational procedure of the proposed algorithms is illustrated through the examples.     

Capacity reduction of WCDMA downlink in the presence ofinterference from adjacent narrow-band system

One of the main challenges when implementing the future mobile multimedia networks is the cost-effective network evolution from second- to third-generation systems. This evolution path may include the use of different technologies at the same frequency band. The performance of the wide-band code-division multiple-access (WCDMA) downlink is studied in the case when there are narrow-band (NB) interference sources at the adjacent frequencies. A simple, analytical method to calculate the downlink capacity reduction of the WCDMA macrocell in this case is presented. The analysis takes into account different downlink interference mechanisms: wide-band noise from the transmitter as well as adjacent channel interference, intermodulation, and cross-modulation originating in the mobile receiver. The effect of each interference component to the capacity of the WCDMA macrocellular network has been evaluated with numerical examples. The analysis shows that capacity per cell is sensitive to the cell size, and therefore very careful network planning is needed in order to operate the WCDMA networks efficiently. The results of this paper can be utilized when implementing the WCDMA system to the same band with existing narrow-band systems, for instance, with the PCS 1900 band in United States and GSM 1800 band in Europe     

GSM与WCDMA无线网络规划比较

WCDMA与GSM在空中接口上存在较大差异,WCDMA基于码分多址技术,GSM基于时分多址技术。GSM主要处理语音和低速数据,而WCDMA引入了多种速率的数据业务,根据业务的QoS进行资源控制和分配,因此在无线网络规划方法上,WCDMA与GSM存在较大差异。文章从容量规划、覆盖规划、蜂窝布局、规划流程、网络评估等方面对WCDMA与GSM的无线网络规划进行了比较和分析。     

WCDMA系统无线网络规划和优化

随着3G移动通信技术的发展,无线网络规划及优化变得越来越重要。在WCDMA系统中,由于引入了不同的数据业务,加上WCDMA系统本身的特点使得WCDMA系统在规划时有许多不同于GSM系统的地方。文章主要介绍了WCDMA无线网络规划的关键点,包括小区呼吸效应、小区覆盖与容量相互依赖关系、导频功率分配等;说明了网络规划及其流程;最后简单介绍了WCDMA无线网络优化。     

The Complementary Use of 3G WCDMA and GSM/GPRS Cellular Radio Networks

The traffic performance of integrated 3G wide-band code division multiple access (WCDMA) and GSM/GPRS network is evaluated. This type of network links two cellular radio systems which have different set of frequency bands and the same coverage size. The base station of 3G WCDMA is installed on an existing GSM/GPRS site. Dual-mode mobile terminals use handoff to establish calls on the better system. The soft handoff or inter-frequency hard handoff occurs when mobile terminals of 3G WCDMA or GSM/GPRS move between two adjacent cells, respectively. The inter-system hard handoffs are used between 3G WCDMA and GSM/GPRS systems. The data rate conversions between different systems, soft handoff region size, multiple data rate multimedia services, and the effect of the mobile terminal mobility on the user mean dwell time in each system are considered in the study. The simulation results demonstrate that a great traffic performance improvement on the complementary use of 3G WCDMA and GSM/GPRS cellular radio networks compared with the use of GSM/GPRS cellular radio networks. When high-data rate transmission is chosen for low-mobility subscribers, both the handoff failure probability, and carried traffic rates increase with the new call generation rate. However, both rates decrease conversely with the increasing new call generation rate as soon as the new call generation rate exceeds a critical value. This causes the integrated networks saturation. The higher mean speed for the mobile terminals produces lower new call blocking probabilities and total carried traffic. The new call blocking probabilities and total carried traffic increase with the size of the soft handoff region.     

正交频分多址系统中一种面向多业务应用的自适应资源分配算法

针对正交频分多址(OFDMA)系统下行链路多业务自适应调度的问题,该文首先以最大化系统吞吐量为优化目标、每种业务的服务质量(QoS)保证为约束条件,建立了一种通用的多业务自适应资源分配模型。为解决此优化问题,提出了一种具体的自适应资源调度算法。该算法对实时业务按照用户选择最好的信道的原则分配尽可能少的资源以保证其QoS,对非实时业务把尽可能多的剩余资源按照信道选择最好的用户的原则进行分配,充分利用信道资源,提升系统容量。仿真结果表明,该算法保证了下行OFDMA系统吞吐量的同时,在实时业务的延时和丢包率等方面有一定的优越性。     

Capacity analysis of spectrally overlaid macro/microcellular CDMA systems supporting multiple types of traffic

The reverse link capacity of a spectrally overlaid macrocell/microcell cellular code-division multiple-access system supporting various types of traffic is analyzed. Several narrowband subsystems are overlaid with a wideband subsystem in macrocells, while in a microcell, a single narrowband subsystem is operated with the same spectrum as one of the macrocell narrowband subsystems. Using a typical propagation model, the reverse link signal power and interference are characterized as the relative user signal power and the cross-tier interference factors between the macrocell and the microcell, considering various system parameters. The reverse link capacity of the overlay system is then analyzed. Results show that the dominant parameters affecting the system performance are the spectral overlay ratio and the distance between the microcell and macrocell base stations. In particular, when the distance equals half of the macrocell radius, optimum performance can be achieved by minimizing the cross-tier interference factors. These results can be applied to network planning for future wireless communication services.     

GSM与宽带CDMA重叠覆盖的蜂窝系统研究

分析了宽带CDMA与GSM系统重叠覆盖时的蜂窝系统容量。计算结果表明,用宽带CDMA系统与GSM系统进行频带共享,可以大大提高整个系统的容量。     

Frequency overlay of GSM and cellular B-CDMA

The maximum capacity gain of a cellular broad-band direct-sequence code-division multiple-access (DS-CDMA) overlay on top of a cellular global system for mobile communications (GSM) system is estimated. Using geometrical arguments and a standard propagation model, all relevant contributions to the carrier-to-interference ratios (CIRs) of the GSM and CDMA systems are numerically evaluated. It is assumed that the base stations (BSs) of both systems are unilocated and that the power control in both systems is perfect. Furthermore, in the CDMA transmitters and receivers, ideal notch filtering is assumed around the occupied GSM frequencies of the same cell. Adapting standard limits for the CIRs of 5-7 dB for CDMA and 9-12 dB for GSM, the total system capacity can be increased considerably over the GSM-only case: the capacity is increased by a factor of 1.8-2.9 if no macrodiversity is employed and by a factor of 1.9-3.3 if macrodiversity in the CDMA downlink is applied     

Capacity gain of an uplink-synchronous WCDMA system under channelization code constraints

The performance of an uplink-synchronous wide-band code-division multiple-access (WCDMA) system is evaluated for radio environments with low temporal dispersion. The capacity gain of synchronous WCDMA is evaluated theoretically under certain constraints and by means of extensive dynamic system level simulations for more advanced scenarios. The effect of channelization code shortage, the impact of the dispersive radio channel on the orthogonality of received signals, and soft handover are some of the considered effects. The potential capacity gain is found to equal 35.8% in a multicell scenario, conditioned on an infinite number of channelization codes per cell. For a more realistic scenario with channelization code constraints, the capacity gain is reduced to 9.6%. The absolute number of users per cell, relative to the available number of channelization codes within each scrambling code group, is therefore found to be an important metric. This further suggests that the capacity gain of synchronous WCDMA decreases when other capacity-enhancing techniques are deployed, such as uplink antenna diversity, soft handover, voice activity detection, etc. The presented simulation results in the case where soft handover is not considered accurately match the analytical findings.     

WCDMA and WLAN for 3G and beyond

The WCDMA air interface was initially designed to support a wide variety of services with different QoS requirements having a maximum bit rate of 2 Mb/s. In order to satisfy the future service and application needs several technical enhancements are being studied and standardized for WCDMA in 3GPP. Even with evolved WCDMA, there is a need for another public wireless access solution to cover the demand for data-intensive applications and enable smooth online access to corporate data services in hot spots. This need could be fulfilled by WLAN together with a high-data-rate cellular WCDMA system. WLAN offers an interesting possibility for cellular operators to offer additional capacity and higher bandwidths for end users without sacrificing the capacity of cellular users. The evolved WCDMA air interface will provide better performance and higher bit rates than basic WCDMA, based on first releases of the specifications. Eventually, evolution may not be the answer to all the needs, and come revolutionary concepts need to be considered. However, before some future wireless system can be regarded as belonging to 4G it must possess capabilities that by far exceed those of 3G systems like WCDMA. Judging from an application and services point of view, one distinguishing factor between 3G and 4G will still be the data rate. We could define that 4G should support at least 100 Mb/s peak data rates in full-mobility wide area coverage and 1 Gb/s in low-mobility local area coverage. Other possible characteristics of 4G need to be further studied.     

Capacity and Coverage Tradeoff in WCDMA Environments with Repeaters Deployment

This work derives the analytic expression of the feasibility condition for the uplink of a WCDMA mobile communications system with repeaters deployment in a multiservice environment with a general heterogeneous layout. In particular, a compact closed expression for the admission region is presented, suitable for a system where the users belong to an arbitrary number of different service classes. A tradeoff between capacity and coverage arises and it has been analysed both theoretically and by means of simulations. Different parameters are shown to have a major impact and their adjustment is discussed.     

码分多址系统的抗干扰分析

对于800MHz频段码分多址(CDMA)系统基站和直放站的杂散辐射对全球移动通信系统(GSM)900的干扰限制,信产部无(2002)65号文已作了明确规定。至于GSM900对CDMA的干扰,以及GSM1800和个人接入系统(PAS)等时分多址系统对第三代移动通信系统中宽带码分多址(WCDMA)系统的干扰影响有多大,文中以CDMA系统的抗干扰机理为基础,分析多系统共(站)址时这些干扰对CDMA系统容量的影响。工程实践中,通常采用滤波器来减少干扰对系统容量的影响,文中推导的公式可用来计算滤波器的衰减指标。     

GSM／WCDMA分组域监测分析系统设计

针对运营商对GSM／WCDMA分组域监测分析需求,设计了GSM／WCDMA分组域监测分析系统,该系统能够提供实时网络指标监控、网络质量分析、业务质量分析、用户上网日志留存等多种功能。     

基于GSM/WCDMA网络的主流定位技术实现及比较

对GSM/WCDMA网络适用的Cell-ID、AGPS、TDOA、E-OTD等定位技术的实现原理和特点进行了分析,并从终端用户、业务合作商以及运营商角度对各定位技术进行了比较,给出了定位技术选择建议。