基于内部失效机理预测评估渗碳Cr-Ni齿轮钢的超高周疲劳强度

对渗碳Cr-Ni齿轮钢进行应力比为0和0.3的室温超高周疲劳实验,观测试样中诱发裂纹萌生的夹杂和疲劳断口形貌,以全面评估渗碳Cr-Ni齿轮钢疲劳性能。将疲劳失效模式分为有细颗粒区(Fine granular area,FGA)的内部疲劳失效和有表面光滑区(Surface smooth area, SSA)的表面疲劳失效,并阐明了渗碳Cr-Ni齿轮钢的超高周内部疲劳破坏机制。基于累积损伤和位错能量法并结合细颗粒区形成机理和夹杂的最大评估尺寸,分别构建了两种渗碳Cr-Ni齿轮钢内部疲劳强度的预测模型。利用FGA尺寸与夹杂尺寸的比值和夹杂应力强度因子及应力比之间的关系,修正所提出的两种疲劳强度预测模型并给出了最大夹杂尺寸下的l_FGA-S-N曲线。结果表明,基于累积损伤法和位错能量法分别构建的疲劳强度预测模型都可用于预测评估渗碳Cr-Ni齿轮钢在多种应力比下的内部疲劳强度,基于位错能量法的强度预测模型精度较高。     

20Cr渗碳淬火组织及其对多冲接触疲劳的影响

风动凿岩机是矿山采掘的主要机器,活塞则是其中的易损件,其失效形式之一是冲击端面在拉压应力作用下的接触疲劳剥落.根据小能量多冲的观点,材料的多冲抗力,主要取决于强度,而接触疲劳裂纹起源于表层或过渡层,探讨获得足够强韧性及高硬度表层的途径,是很有意义的. 活塞常用钢是20CrMnMo,该钢虽具有较高的机械性能、淬透性、渗碳后也可获得较高表面硬度和耐磨性;但渗碳层中的碳     

渗碳圆柱齿轮淬火过程的数值模拟

该文基于热传学基本原理和热弹塑性理论,采用有限元方法,利用20CrMnTi钢的圆棒实验数据对渗碳齿轮的淬火冷却过程进行了数值模拟。为了模拟不同渗碳层厚度对残余应力的形成和分布的影响,编制了圆柱直齿轮模型以及渗碳层模型的创建,各种材料参数的输入,模型网格的划分,以及温度场和应力场求解整个过程的应用程序。通过调节参数,可以修改齿轮几何尺寸、渗碳层厚度等,可实现模拟渗碳齿轮淬火过程的参数化分析。根据数值分析结果,讨论了残余应力场对齿轮疲劳破坏的影响。     

齿轮渗碳层碳化物形态对耐磨性和接触疲劳的影响

12Cr2Ni4A齿轮钢渗碳层中有众多粒状弥散碳化物时,耐磨性和接触疲劳寿命最高。这种渗层可用多段预处理法获得,十分简单,碳化物形态优于国外同类齿轮的渗层。对于重载耐磨航空齿轮,应规定其渗层中要有众多粒状弥散碳化物存在。     

尾减输入齿轮疲劳失效分析

对某发动机尾减系统尾减输入齿轮疲劳失效的原因进行了系统的分析。通过宏观检查、断口分析、金相检验以及受力分析等,确认了该齿轮的失效过程为：在大弯曲载荷作用下疲劳裂纹于锥齿中部齿根部位起始,裂纹初期沿径向呈15°左右的小角度疲劳扩展;齿部出现裂纹后,齿轮振动频率发生变化,进而导致齿轮出现节径型振动,使得裂纹逐渐沿径向疲劳扩展;出现径向裂纹后剩余齿由于截面减少以及起始部位已基本无渗碳层其强度较低等原因,导致剩余齿出现弯曲疲劳断裂。     

高线3H减速箱小齿轮断裂失效分析

由于齿轮表面的接触应力超过了齿轮的接触疲劳极限,造成了齿面的局部损伤(齿面剥落),裂纹首先在次表层产生,裂纹扩展后齿面被压碎,同时造成齿面渗碳层连同齿顶剥落,同时由于该齿轮没有及时的停机,碎的齿块夹入其余运转的齿中,增加了齿轮的载荷,这样就在比较短的时间内劣化扩展开来,断齿快速增加促使部分齿从根部疲劳断裂.     

20CrMo钢渗碳渗硼再淬火复合处理后的机械性能

本文通过20CrMo钢的渗碳渗硼再淬火复合处理,讨论了渗层的硬度分布和耐磨性能;对渗层的接触疲劳性能进行了对比试验.试验表明,经过渗碳渗硼的复合处理,接触疲劳寿命有显著提高,为牙轮钻头渗碳渗硼新工艺提供了机械性能方面的重要依据.用上述工艺试制了一批牙轮钻头,现场试验表明,钻头使用寿命可提高40～60%.     

20CrMnMo钢渗碳齿轮磨削裂纹成因分析

采用化学成分分析、金相分析、显微硬度测试以及残余应力测定等方法对某20CrMnMo钢渗碳齿轮磨削裂纹产生原因进行了分析。结果表明:该齿轮产生磨削裂纹主要是由于磨削过程中表面产生严重的二次淬火烧伤和回火烧伤,二次淬火烧伤的次表面及边缘回火烧伤区硬度大幅下降及表面受拉应力,两者共同作用下产生了磨削裂纹;另外,渗碳层中存在针状马氏体和大量残余奥氏体,增加了齿轮磨削开裂的敏感性,这是齿轮产生磨削裂纹的另一个重要原因。     

残余奥氏体对渗碳处理钢疲劳强度的影响

为了评定残余奥氏体对渗碳处理钢疲劳强度的影响,对船舶推进装置齿轮用钢进行了旋转弯曲疲劳试验。在有效渗碳层深度的试样中,发现了残余奥氏体量为某一定最时疲劳强度具有最大值。根据渗碳表面层的残余应力、显微结构和断口表面研究了出现最佳残余奥氏体量的原因。     

稀土渗碳对GCr15钢激光熔凝层摩擦行为的作用

为了提高在航空航天和民用等领域中广泛使用的GCr15钢的表面强度及耐磨性能,采用激光熔凝方法对GCr15钢表面稀土渗碳层进行改性处理,研究了稀土渗碳对激光熔凝改性层摩擦系数及磨损量的影响.结果表明:稀土渗碳使GCr15钢表面激光熔凝改性层的摩擦系数有所下降且在整个摩擦过程中波动较小,磨损失重为未经改性处理的基体材料失重的14%(质量分数);随着摩擦时滑动距离的增加及载荷的加大,稀土渗碳激光熔凝改性处理降低磨损失重的作用也显著增大;稀土渗碳层的磨损形式为犁沟磨损,而稀土渗碳激光熔凝处理的改性层则属于局部擦伤型;稀土渗碳在钢表面激光熔凝处理中的作用主要表现为细化晶粒、微合金化、净化和改善组织致密性.     

Fatigue properties of two case hardening steels after carburization

Fatigue properties of two case hardening steels after carburization have been investigated by means of rotating bending fatigue tests and rolling contact fatigue tests. Results show that the steel with higher Al and N contents has higher rotating bending fatigue limit and rolling contact fatigue limit, increasing from 865 to 950 MPa and from 3575 to 3725 MPa, respectively. It is also shown that the steel with higher Al and N contents has finer prior austenite grain sizes and higher hardness in the carburized case. Scanning electron micrographic observations on the fractured surface of specimens for rotating bending fatigue tests show that fatigue crack usually initiated from oxide inclusions and propagated along prior austenite grain boundaries, indicating that the finer grain size and higher hardness in the carburized case of the steel with higher Al and N contents can contribute to its higher fatigue properties.     

Effect of retained austenite – Compressive residual stresses on rolling contact fatigue life of carburized AISI 8620 steel

In this study the rolling contact fatigue (RCF) of case carburized AISI 8620 steel was numerically and experimentally investigated. For the numerical study, a two dimensional finite element (FE) RCF model based on the continuum damage mechanics (CDM) was developed to investigate the fatigue damage accumulation, crack propagation and final fatigue life of carburized AISI 8620 steel under various operating conditions. A randomly generated Voronoi tessellation was used to model the effects of material microstructure topology. The boundaries of the Voronoi elements were assumed to be the weak planes where damage accumulates, cracks initiate and propagate to simulate inter-granular cracks. A series of torsional fatigue tests were conducted on carburized AISI 8620 steel specimens containing 0% and 35% retained austenite (RA) to determine fatigue load (S) vs. life (N) of the material. The S–N results were then used to determine the material parameters necessary for the rolling contact fatigue model. The torsional fatigue test results indicate that the carburized AISI 8620 specimens with higher RA demonstrate higher life than the specimens with lower RA. The RCF model also indicates that the material with higher level of compressive residual stresses (RS) and retained austenite demonstrates higher RCF life. In order to corroborate the results of RCF model, a three-ball-on-rod rolling contact fatigue test rig was used to determine the RCF lives of carburized AISI 8620 steels with different amounts of RA. The fatigue life and cracks evolution pattern from the numerical and experimental results were corroborated. The results indicate that they are in good agreement.     

Development Of New Low-Alloy Steels For Rock Roller Drill Bits

We consider the influence of complex microalloying on the mechanical properties, wear resistance, and contact fatigue of steels used for rock roller drill bits. We established that the complex microalloying of new steels with niobium, titanium, and rare-earth metals increased the mechanical characteristics and abrasive wear resistance by 20% and the contact fatigue by 75%. The optimum ratio of carbide-stabilizing elements, namely, niobium and titanium, in the steel, which is additionally microalloyed with rare-earth metals, is determined. As an alternative to high-nickel steels, we developed new low-alloyed 20KhGN2MBTA and 20KhGNBTChA steels. Translated from Fizyko-Khimichna Mekhanika Materialiv. Vol. 36. No. 3, pp. 102–107. May-June. 2000.     

Formation of precipitates in multiple microalloyed pipeline steels

Abstract

An investigation has been carried out to identify the precipitates in multiple microalloyed steels. The microalloying elements and interstitials included aluminium, niobium, titanium, vanadium, carbon, and nitrogen. It was found that the precipitates are complex in nature and they were rationalised on the basis of mutual solubility probably enhanced by non-stoichiometry. The precipitate morphologies were interpreted mainly in terms of steel compositions. Steels quenched from 1250°C contained titanium rich precipitates accompanied by the evolution of new niobium rich precipitates after hot rolling and quenching. A parameter K₁ indicative of solute participation in the precipitation phenomenon was established and showed excellent correlation between steel and precipitate analyses. A sequence of precipitation in multiple microalloyed steels was achieved using solubility relationships as a premise.

MST/803     

A TEST METHOD FOR MODE II FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH RELATING TO A MODEL FOR ROLLING CONTACT FATIGUE

Abstract— From fractographic observations of specimens that have failed due to rolling contact fatigue, it has been concluded that the first stage of damage is the formation of mode II fatigue cracks parallel to the contact surface due to the cyclic shear stress component of the contact stress. Although these initial subsurface cracks, in both metals and ceramics, are produced in a direction parallel to the cyclic shear stress, cracks eventually grow in a direction close to the plane of the maximum tensile stress if we apply a simple mode II loading to them. The difference between crack growth in simple mode II loading and crack growth due to rolling contact fatigue is, we suppose, whether or not there is a superimposed compressive stress. Based on this hypothesis, we developed an apparatus to obtain the intrinsic characteristics of mode II fatigue crack growth, and developed a simplified model of subsurface crack growth due to rolling contact fatigue.
Some results in terms of da/dN versus ΔK_II relations have been obtained using this apparatus on specimens of steel and aluminum alloys. Fractographs of the mode II fatigue fracture surfaces of the various materials are also provided.     

A new testing method to obtain mode II fatigue crack growth characteristics of hard materials

Flaking type failure in rolling‐contact processes is usually attributed to fatigue‐induced subsurface shearing stress caused by the contact loading. Assuming such crack growth is due to mode II loading and that mode I growth is suppressed due to the compressive stress field arising from the contact stress, we developed a new testing apparatus for mode II fatigue crack growth. Although the apparatus is, as a former apparatus was, based on the principle that the static K_I mode and the compressive stress parallel to the pre‐crack are superimposed on the mode II loading system, we employ direct loading in the new apparatus. Instead of the simple four‐point‐shear‐loading system used in the former apparatus, a new device for the application of a compressive stress parallel to the pre‐crack has been developed. Due to these alterations, mode II cyclic loading tests for hard steels have become possible for arbitrary stress ratios, including fully reversed loading (R=?1); which is the case of rolling‐contact fatigue. The test results obtained using the newly developed apparatus on specimens made from bearing steel SUJ2 and also a 0.75% carbon steel, are shown.     

微合金元素Nb对低碳铸钢强度和冲击韧性的影响

采用中频炉冶炼制备不同Nb含量的微合金低碳铸钢,用光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、液压万能强度试验机、半自动冲击试验机等手段研究了Nb微合金化对低碳铸钢显微组织、强度和冲击韧性的影响.结果表明,添加合适的微合金元素Nb可以使低碳铸钢的晶粒尺寸减小20.8％～34.6％,同时促进细小NbC析出相的形成,能有效提高低碳铸钢的强度和冲击韧性,晶粒细化和析出强化为其主要的强韧化机制.其中,含Nb量为0.044％的微合金铸钢屈服强度为350 MPa,抗拉强度为520 MPa,室温冲击功为119.7 J.与普通低碳铸钢相比,其塑性基本保持不变,但屈服强度、抗拉强度和室温冲击功分别提高了20.7％、7.2％和25.6％.     

Schwingfestigkeitssteigerung durch Festwalzen

Improvement in Fatigue Properties by Means of Deep Rolling Deep rolling has an almost 60 years old tradition and today it is an important process especially for automobile structural parts. The development of deep rolling was greatly influenced by the Institute of Material Science of the Technical University in Darmstadt. After a short historical review the general mechanism of mechanical strengthening is discussed. Then new experimental results on ductile cast irons and a case hardened steel are given. The improvement in fatigue strength of notched specimens out of these materials is even higher than that observed on steel in previous investigations. However the experiments also indicate that mechanical strengthened parts obviously have no real fatigue limit. Measurements of crack propagation on nodular cast iron specimens show that the propagation rate of cracks in the notch root is extremely reduced by compressive residual stresses. However no real crack arrest could be observed.     

Investigation of rolling contact crack initiation in bainitic and pearlitic rail steels

The stress–strain history and the crack initiation lives of bainitic and head‐hardened pearlitic rail steels were determined under rolling contact loading by implementing the semi‐analytical Jiang–Sehitoglu rolling contact model that incorporates both ratchetting and multiaxial fatigue damage. The calculations revealed that the bainitic steel withstands higher loads than the pearlitic steel at low shear tractions, however; both materials behave in an increasingly similar manner as the shear tractions increase. Furthermore, maximum damage occurs in both steels when ratchetting and fatigue damage coincide on the surface. In addition to shedding light on the rolling contact fatigue (RCF) performance of bainitic and pearlitic rail steels, the current work also establishes a methodology for the realistic prediction of crack initiation under RCF.     

渗碳Cr-Ni高强硬度合金钢超高周疲劳寿命预测

为了给渗碳合金钢提供一种有效可行的超高周疲劳寿命预测方法,在应力比为0和0.3两种情况下,对渗碳Cr-Ni高强硬度合金钢展开疲劳试验研究.通过对试样断口的微观组织观测,发现渗碳层与基体材料中均有非金属夹杂的存在;通过对裂纹萌生位置和疲劳断口形貌的观察,将疲劳失效分为带有细晶粒区(Fine Granular Area,F...