3233树脂性能研究

通过DSC法确定了3233中温环氧树脂的固化反应表观活化能和反应级数.结果表明,树脂固化反应活化能为85.05kJ/mol,反应级数为0.971.在DSC分析、粘度-温度曲线和凝胶时间-温度曲线的基础上确定了固化工艺,最佳固化工艺参数为125℃固化90min.     

用于CIRTM工艺的环氧树脂酚醛树脂的固化工艺研究

采用动态差示扫描量热(DSC)法,研究了用于CIRTM工艺的E-44/GA327(DDM改性芳胺)环氧体系和苯并噁嗪酚醛树脂的固化过程,以及升温速率对固化体系DSC曲线的影响,并采用最佳固化温度外推法确定了两种树脂的最佳共固化制度。结果表明,苯并噁嗪固化反应表观活化能Ea为70.35kJ/mol,表观指前因子A为1.27×107s-1,反应级数n为0.897;E-44/GA327体系固化反应表观活化能Ea为44.04kJ/mol,表观指前因子A为1.78×104s-1,反应级数n为0.884。两种树脂的最佳共固化制度为140℃/240min+180℃/240min,按所确定的共注射树脂的固化工艺制备了浇铸体,苯并噁嗪和E-44/GA327的固化度分别达到了96.7%和98.3%,固化物力学性能良好,验证了固化工艺的合理性。     

核壳橡胶纳米粒子改性环氧树脂/酸酐体系固化动力学及其性能研究

采用非等温差示扫描量热法(DSC)对一种核壳橡胶纳米粒子改性环氧树脂/酸酐体系固化反应动力学进行了研究。依据该树脂体系在不同升温速率下的DSC曲线,通过Kissinger法、Flynn-Wall-Ozawa法和Crane法等方法得出了该树脂体系的固化动力学参数。并对该树脂体系固化物的力学性能和耐热性能进行了研究。结果表明:该树脂体系的表观活化能为79.18kJ/mol、频率因子为1.2741×10~9s~(-1)、反应级数为0.9331;树脂体系的凝胶化温度为115.4℃、固化温度为139.4℃、后处理温度为156.05℃,其最佳固化工艺制度为"90℃/2h→115℃/2h→140℃/3h→160℃/5h";其固化物具有良好的力学性能和优良的耐热性能。     

非等温DSC法研究环氧树脂/空心玻璃微珠体系固化动力学

采用非等温差示扫描量热(DSC)法研究了空心玻璃微珠(HGB)填充环氧树脂/4,4′二氨基二苯基甲烷(EP/DDM)体系的固化反应过程,计算了固化体系的动力学参数,确立了固化工艺条件。结果表明:EP/DDM/HGB体系的表观活化能为51.21kJ·mol~(-1),反应级数为0.91;HGB的加入使固化反应的起始温度提前7~12℃,峰值温度提前4~6℃,并降低了固化体系的反应焓变。     

双马来酰亚胺-三嗪树脂/氮化硼复合体系固化动力学及固化工艺研究

采用非等温差示扫描量热法研究了双马来酰亚胺-三嗪树脂(BT树脂)及其改性氮化硼(BNOC)填充复合体系的固化过程,分析了不同升温速率下BNOC对树脂体系固化行为的影响,计算了固化体系的动力学参数。结果表明:BNOC的加入能显著降低BT树脂固化反应温度,加入15%(wt,质量分数)BNOC能使BT树脂固化峰值温度降低50℃以上;BT/BNOC复合体系的固化反应表观活化能平均值为58.53×10~3J/mol,比纯BT树脂体系表观活化能降低了24.5%;通过T-β外推法获得BT/BNOC复合体系的凝胶温度为390.84K、固化温度为429.57K、后处理温度为454.22K。     

840S环氧树脂体系固化反应特性

用差示扫描量热法(DSC) 在动态条件下对840S 环氧树脂体系的固化反应动力学进行了研究。根据所测量的不同升温速率的DSC 曲线, 运用温度升温速率( T-β) 图外推法得到该环氧树脂体系的固化工艺参数, 即凝胶化温度、固化温度、后处理温度, 这些温度参数为制定合理的固化工艺提供了理论基础。采用Kissinger 方程和Crane 方程计算该840S 环氧树脂体系的动力学参数, 即表观活化能E_a 、表观频率因子A 和反应级数n 。根据所计算的动力学参数, 建立了该840S 环氧树脂体系的固化动力学模型。利用所建立的固化动力学模型分别预测了等温和动态条件下840S 环氧树脂体系的固化反应特性。      

新型芳杂环氧树脂的固化动力学及耐热性

通过动态差式扫描量热法(DSC)确定了TDE-85环氧树脂与DIABO/DDS混合芳香胺固化体系的固化工艺,对该体系的固化反应动力学及耐热性进行了研究。采用Kissinger和Ozawa方法计算了体系的固化反应表观活化能,平均值为64.63 kJ/mol,结合Crane公式求出反应级数为0.95,利用FT-IR方法计算体系的固化度为0.98,扭辫法测得的Tg为261℃,热失重曲线表明,体系的起始分解温度为374.4℃,残碳量为44.58%;与TDE/DDS体系相比分别提高了近18%,8%和50%。     

多面体低聚倍半硅氧烷/氰酸酯杂化树脂固化动力学与固化工艺研究

采用非等温差示扫描量热法测试了不同升温速率下氰酸酯及氰酸酯/多面体低聚倍半硅氧烷(POSS)复合材料的固化过程,分析了不同升温速率下,POSS对树脂体系固化行为的影响.运用Kissinger法和Flynn-Wall-Ozawa法对杂化树脂固化反应活化能进行了计算.结果表明,POSS对氰酸酯树脂固化具有催化作用,能显著降低树脂固化温度,含10%POSS的杂化体系固化温度可降至212℃;两种不同模型计算的活化能分别为83.30kJ/mol和85.68kJ/mol,与纯氰酸酯相比,杂化树脂的固化活化能和反应级数均有所增大.     

酚醛氰酸酯树脂的固化动力学研究

通过非等温DSC对自制的酚醛氰酸酯树脂进行了固化动力学方面的研究，通过T～β外推法得到树脂凝胶化温度为211．00℃，固化温度为246．67℃，后固化温度为300．78℃。通过Kissinger方程求解树脂固化反应表观活化能为△E=74．14kJ／mol，碰撞因子为A=4．99×10^6。通过Crane方程求得固化反应级数为n=0．920。     

缠绕用改性BMI树脂固化反应最大概然机理函数的确定

采用动态DSC法研究了缠绕用改性树脂体系的固化反应特性.结果表明,缠绕用树脂体系的同化反应在182.7～300.4℃区间,固化温度为234.4℃.采用等转化率原则,求解了体系固化反应表观活化能;依据J.Malek的最大概然机理函数法建立了固化反应机理函数得到了固化反应动力学模型.缠绕用树脂体系固化反应按照自催化反应机理...     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...