旧城社区公共街角空间的使用后评价——以广州西关为例

广州西关作为旧城区的空间核心及城市文化代表,其更新改造问题一直是各界关注的焦点。谊文以经过一定程度整治后的广州西关社区的典型公共街角空间为研究对象,基于当地居民的日常生活视角,综合利用问卷调查、观察和访谈的方法对目标空间环境进行使用后评价（Post occupancy Evaluation,POE）,深入分析影响当地居民环境取向和主观评价的内在因素,剖析环境更新与居民生活空间需求之间的关系,总结环境更新的正反经验。以期为进一步的城市公共环境的整治积累第一手的反馈数据。     

Qualitative Methods and the Evaluation of Community Renewal Programs in Australia: Towards a National Framework

The emergence of public housing estate renewal programs in Australia in the last decade has been one of the most prominent developments in social housing policy. These programs have undertaken a broad mix of renewal activity, ranging from outright physical redevelopment and stock replacement for sale, to community development type initiatives to improve social and employment outcomes for residents. However, while a number of evaluations of these programs have been undertaken, the development of evaluation methodology has lagged behind that of other countries. This in part is due to the lack of federal government interest or involvement in these programs which are essentially state specific. The article reviews the evaluations that have been undertaken in the last 10 years in Australia and assesses the relative importance of qualitative methodologies in these evaluations. Despite a strong focus among policy makers on value-for-money aspects of renewal, the authors show that qualitative methods have been commonplace, if limited in range, and argue this is a result of both the difficulty of obtaining comparative quantitative information especially when comparing dissimilar programs between states. In this context, qualitative methods are more easily managed by researchers and offer more insightful assessments than quantitatively based approaches. The article concludes by arguing for a national evaluation methodology to assist in more rigorous evaluations and the extension of qualitative evaluation methods.     

我国养老社区的研究现状和建设实践

本文对老龄化政策背景和养老背景进行了简略阐述,指出了目前我国养老社区的研究现状。并对养老社区建设从政策扶持、建设情况等进行了分析,总结了当前养老社区建设存在的问题,希望能为未来建设养老社区提供思路。     

Industrially Harvested Peatlands and After-use Potential: Understanding Local Stakeholder Narratives and Landscape Preferences

Recent years have witnessed much debate on the turn towards community within landscape management and planning. This is particularly evident in the European Landscape Convention which asserts the legitimacy of local preferences and citizen involvement in policy processes. This paper explores a bottom-up perspective on people–place relationships in a changing landscape, through assessing the after-use potential of industrially mined peatlands in Ireland and the rehabilitation of degraded landscapes. The mining of the peatland resource has a longstanding tradition in Ireland, however, significant attention has now focused on exploring market and non-market uses of remains after harvesting has finished resulting in a cutaway landscape. We argue that local people's everyday experiences of the landscape is a legitimate form of knowledge and should provide a key input into deliberative planning and management processes. Drawing largely on an interpretive research approach, we assess key local narratives in relation to harvested peatland landscapes and explore local people's after-use preferences. There appears to be strong support among the local community for amenity/biodiversity after-uses, which are currently not reflected in public policy debates. We review people–place relationships and discuss the role of ethnographic research in a peatland context as well as defining the relevant stakeholders. Finally, conclusions are developed to identify wider lessons for people/place relationships within the context of landscape management and planning.     

The Value of the Sense of Community and Neighbouring

Today, urbanites are less involved in local communities which has resulted in a claim that the significance of local communities and the role of space and neighbourhood layout in the creation of local communities has been exaggerated. Such claims imply that feeling a sense of community among neighbourhood’s residents or an attachment to the community is not a value to the neighbourhood. Community research has developed a few indices for evaluating the sense of community and community attachment, but has not focused on the significance of a sense of community in neighbourhoods. The aim of this paper is to explore and review the significance of the sense of community, community attachment and neighbouring in the context of neighbourhoods. This review suggests that feeling a sense of community, attachment to community and neighbouring relationships can increase the feeling of safety and security, residential satisfaction, community identity, civic participation and mental health and well-being.     

国内外草本植物群落发展与应用：前沿 议题与研究方法

近年来，草本植物由于其自身的景观优势和生态优 势，在中国风景园林学术研究中备受关注。基于国内外草本植 物群落的研究成果，从草本植物群落构建原理和生态种植2个 方面梳理了草本植物群落发展与应用的研究热点，并总结了 草本植物群落生态种植关于草本植物种类筛选、群落空间设计 和群落混播建植3个方面的最新研究方法。立足于风景园林学 科，提出了草本植物群落发展与应用中“建立修复性草本植物 群落设计示范”“探究延长草本植物群落观赏周期的设计方 法”“构建景观尺度的草本植物群落生态服务功能评价”3个 未来有待于深入研究的发展方向，以期为相关研究提供参考。     

Digital Ethnography as Planning Praxis: An Experiment with Film as Social Research,Community Engagement and Policy Dialogue

Stories and storytelling are part of a post-positivist paradigm of inquiry influenced by phenomenology, ethnography and narrative analysis, along with the evolution of visual methods in social research. New information and communication technologies today provide the opportunity to explore storytelling through multimedia, including video/filmmaking, in what we describe as digital ethnography. While there has been a tradition in the planning field of using film for advocacy purposes since the 1920s, we argue for a new direction informed by collaborative planning theory and situational ethics.

This paper reports on a three-year, three-stage research project in which we experimented with the use of film as a mode of inquiry, a form of meaning making, a way of knowing, and a means of provoking public dialogue around planning and policy issues (in this case, community development and the social integration of immigrants). We explored the expressive as well as analytical possibilities of film in conducting social research and provoking community engagement and dialogue, taking advantage of the aesthetic and involving dimensions of film as narrative. The research question was a socio-political one: how do immigrants become integrated into a specific social fabric, and how do they acquire a sense of belonging? The site of the research was a culturally diverse neighbourhood in the city of Vancouver, and the specific focus was a place-based local institution, the Collingwood Neighbourhood House. The paper concludes with critical reflections on the use of film in this research project, focusing on ethical issues, power relationships, insider/outsider dilemmas, and reciprocity.     

Community Power Debates: Themes,Issues and Remaining Dilemmas

Abstract

The study of the relative access to power within communities (known as ‘community power studies’ in political science) is largely undeveloped in Australia. This article, as part of an Australian-based community power study, examines the limitations and insights of the many available literatures relevant to the study of power and policy-making within a city community.

Overseas community power debates (especially the pluralist versus elite, behavioural versus structural, arguments) have had a marked influence on the way we conceptualise and measure power. But, in application to a local community, these theoretical debates reached an impasse while they continued to focus on the issue of ‘who rules’. Meanwhile in policy studies attention was increasingly turning to assessments of the impact of policy and the ways in which policy-makers and community needs were related. The very different concerns and insights of the power theorists and policy impact researchers can be combined in the analysis of the economic development of cities as local communities. The structural importance of ‘growth’ cultures (both among ‘elites’ and ‘non-elites’) underlines the significance of selective mechanisms that favour economic preferences or the interests of business leaders over other interests. This survey concludes by examining in what ways a more sophisticated theoretical and research framework is feasible. An extensive bibliography is included with the article as a reference point for future students of community power.     

Utilising Mixed Methods Research to Inform Low-carbon Social Housing Performance Policy

There is an over reliance on cost-benefit analysis in the policy development and evaluation of sustainable housing outcomes. This paper presents both qualitative and quantitative analyses from a multi-year mixed methods evaluation of four new low-carbon social houses in regional Victoria, Australia. Through a cost-benefit lens the housing was not financially viable. Householder interviews highlighted positive social outcomes such as improved health. A narrow focus by housing performance policy makers on cost-benefit analysis results in important understandings about housing and householders being overlooked or undervalued; inclusion of multiple evaluation methods can help to reflect a more realistic sustainable housing future.     

Responding to Change: Foundations for an Integrated Regional Approach to Community Safety and Social Cohesion

Issues relating to crime and community safety attract much media and political attention in Australia. However, responses are usually seen to be reactive and punitive. Integrative and proactive collaborative initiatives, involving community members as key stakeholders, have the potential to facilitate more effective and efficient outcomes. This study, undertaken in collaboration with a regional community safety network, was prompted through community safety concerns associated with predicted population growth in the region, and the complex and interrelated nature of many safety issues. Research results suggest three key areas will need to be addressed.     

以质量为导向构建高校社科成果评价框架

21世纪以来,中国高校哲学社会科学进入了一个繁荣发展的新时期。当前哲学社会科学研究的主要问题是如何提高研究质量。为此,需要运用科学合理的评价体系来判断研究成果的价值和质量,鼓励高质量成果产出,进而引导和促进哲学社会科学的全面发展。文中以《关于大力提高高等学校哲学社会科学研究质量的意见》和《教育部关于进一步改进高等学校哲学社会科学研究评价的意见》为指导思想,以定性和定量评价、分类评价为评价原则,以创新性、科学性和社会性为评价标准,构建以质量为导向的高校哲学社会科学研究成果评价框架。     

Community Plan Making in the Face of Ethnic Conflict in Israel: Lessons for Collaborative Planning Processes

Problem, research strategy, and findings: I focus on community plan making in Israel in the face of ethnic conflict, examining ways in which community-level planning processes are embedded into larger decision systems and how attention to multiscale, institutional linkages and parallel processes can determine the success of collaborative planning efforts. I present a community development case about a dispute over a local Bedouin land claim in a Jewish community in northern Israel, mediated over more than a decade. My research is based on a longitudinal 12-year case study of this planning dispute. There were three phases to the plan making: facilitated strategic plan development, facilitated collaborative decision making, and direct negotiations. Community planning is inevitably a lengthy endeavor, embedded in concentric decision contexts. The first 10 years of the dispute were devoted to achieving shared agreements among community members at the table, ignoring the interfacing and partnerships with state, national, or other nonlocal stakeholders. Only in the last two years did the community finally forge these relationships and reach an understanding of the impacts that parallel processes (occurring outside of the community) would have on the local dispute, leading to a community plan and resolution.

Takeaway for practice: Community planning agendas must consider the interests of all relevant stakeholders, paying attention to multiscale, nonlocal players. Planners need to maintain and understand the links to and knowledge of other ongoing planning processes to understand how they might affect the community plan-making process at hand. Ethnic conflict cannot be ignored. Continuing with the business of community planning in the face of ethnic conflict in some ways helps minimize the importance of the ethnic dispute.     

Making Room for the River

Abstract

Problem, research strategy, and findings: In this study we analyze plan integration for flood resilience in the city of Nijmegen, the site of the largest Room for the River project in The Netherlands. Little is known about the degree to which local and regional plans are coordinated with the national Room for the River program or about the cumulative influence of plans on flood vulnerability. To effectively investigate these issues, we use and build upon the Plan Integration for Resilience Scorecard (PIRS) concept and method, which analyzes the consistency and effects of networks of plans on community vulnerability. We expand the scope to include plans from multiple administrative scales and the focus to include environmental vulnerability. Using a three-phase evaluation process, we demonstrate that Room for the River policies are well integrated in Nijmegen’s network of plans, particularly with respect to flood safety and natural protection. However, we also find that policies at different administrative scales lack consistency in some places, some socially vulnerable neighborhoods receive comparatively little policy attention, and local plans often prioritize development over flood resilience, though higher tier plans sometimes make up for these policy gaps. Flood resilience is still finding its way in the Dutch planning system.

Takeaway for practice: The PIRS offers planning practitioners a method to assess how networks of plans influence community vulnerability and, as demonstrated in this analysis, to determine the degree to which plans at multiple administrative scales target the most physically, socially, and environmentally vulnerable geographic areas. It can be used to support the ambitious goals of a program like Room for the River and align them with local development priorities.     

Political Benefits Of Program Participation: The Case Of Community Crime Prevention

ABSTRACT: This article explores the effects of citizen participation in policy through a case study of the implementation of a community crime-prevention program in Chicago. Although the program was successful in soliciting and maintaining citizen involvement, it produced little in the way of hoped-for crime-prevention outcomes. However, in at least one case, residents became more involved in the political life of their neighborhood, while their community organization mobilized participants to seek responses for neighborhood problems from local political institutions. This article will examine some of the conditions under which the political benefits of program participation are likely to be enhanced. This study suggests that researchers measuring the effects of citizen participation need to define outcomes broadly, by distinguishing between programmatic and political consequences, and need to use qualitative as well as quantitative measures to detect unanticipated effects.     

人本尺度下社区生活圈便利性评估方法研究

“以人为核心”的城市建设目标使得“社区生活圈”被日益关注，然而从生活圈范围的划定到生活便利度的评估都存在着笼统、粗略的问题。基于多源大数据，提出了更准确的等时圈划定方法和优化的生活便利度评估方法，并进而提出了通过多层级的生活圈便利度变化态势分析来全面评估人本尺度下生活便利性的方法。以南京市主城区小区为研究对象，分别划定了各小区10、15、20、25、30分钟的社区生活圈范围，并计算不同生活圈范围内的生活便利度指标，最后通过对多层级生活圈下便利度指标变化态势的聚类分析，完成了对这些小区的生活便利性评价分析。分析结果表明，论文所提出的社区生活圈便利性评估方法能够为城市更新提供准确有效的参考。     

Local strategic partnerships in England: the continuing search for collaborative advantage,leadership and strategy in urban governance

Local Strategic Partnerships are being established in England to provide an inclus ive, collaborative and strategic focus to regeneration strategies at the local level. They are also required to rationalize the proliferation of local and micro-partnerships set up by a succession of funding initiatives over the last 25 years. This article explores their remit, resources and membership and discusses how this initiative relates to theoretical work on urban governance, community engagement and leadership. It concludes by debating whether urban policy in England is now entering a new and more advanced phase based on inter-organizational networks with a strategic purpose. But questions remain about whether the institutional capacity is sufficient to deliver strong local leadership, accountability and community engagement.     

Community Foundations: What Do They Offer Community Development?

Abstract: This article provides case studies of the role of three community foundations in facilitating the establishment of community development collaboratives to galvanize support for local community development corporations (CDCs): the Cleveland Foundation, the Dade Community Foundation, and the Greater New Orleans Foundation. Sentiments about community foundation support or influence upon CDC activity captured from person‐to‐person interviews with CDC staff and community foundation personnel and board members are included, in addition to secondary data documenting the character and activity of community foundation assistance. The article offers lessons drawn from the three cases. Although it makes no broad generalizations, the article concludes with some recommendations for community foundations interested in community development collaboratives as a means of supporting local CDCs and identifies some areas for future research.     

社区燃气安全隐患排查与对策

河庄坪基地1999年开始使用天然气，改善了生活环境，提高了社区居民生活质量，天然气的安全使用成为该处安全工作的重中之重。本文从社区安全用气的重要意义、隐患排查及处置方法进行了详细的阐释，通过对管理经验的系统总结和分析，提出了确保社区天然气安全的管理对策。