Influence of gluten-soy protein blends on the quality of reduced carbohydrates cookies

The dietary requirements of consumers following low-carbohydrate diets are generating a market for protein-fortified products. Soy protein has been shown to lower cholesterol in hypercholesterolemic individuals, and it favorably affects calcium metabolism and kidney function relative to other high-quality proteins. The objective of this research was to investigate the incorporation of protein blends to reduce the carbohydrates on the acceptability and quality characteristics of cookies. Cookies were prepared using AACC method 10-53. Flour in the cookie formulation was replaced (10%, 15%, 20%, 25% and 30%) with the protein blend, increasing the protein content from 6% to 17.5% and reducing total carbohydrates. Water content was adjusted based on the measurements using the Farinograph water absorption. Water activity and hardness of cookies were not affected by the increasing flour replacement. The color of the cookies was darker as the protein blend increased beyond 20%. There is a definite potential for increasing the nutritional quality of cookies while reducing the carbohydrates.     

Optimization of amaranth flour films plasticized with glycerol and sorbitol by multi-response analysis

The optimal formulation for the preparation of amaranth flour films plasticized with glycerol and sorbitol was obtained by a multi-response analysis. The optimization aimed to achieve films with higher resistance to break, moderate elongation and lower solubility in water. The influence of plasticizer concentration (Cg, glycerol or Cs, sorbitol) and process temperature (Tp) on the mechanical properties and solubility of the amaranth flour films was initially studied by response surface methodology (RSM). The optimized conditions obtained were Cg 20.02 g glycerol/100 g flour and Tp 75 °C, and Cs 29.6 g sorbitol/100 g flour and Tp 75 °C. Characterization of the films prepared with these formulations revealed that the optimization methodology employed in this work was satisfactory. Sorbitol was the most suitable plasticizer. It furnished amaranth flour films that were more resistant to break and less permeable to oxygen, due to its greater miscibility with the biopolymers present in the flour and its lower affinity for water.     

Rheological studies of the blended suspensions of native and steamed wheat flour

 Blending of native wheat flour (NWF) and steamed wheat flour (SWF) in the ratio of 1 : 1was found to give good binding between the filling and coating, and improve the overall quality of the coated products. The apparent viscosity increased with increase in batter concentration (30, 33 and 36%) of all the three blends, namely NWF+SWF (5 min steaming period), NWF+SWF (15 min steaming period) and NWF+SWF(30 min steaming period). The yield stress and consistency index also increased with increase in batter concentration for all three blends. The gel mobility increased with increased steaming period of the blends. The rapid visco analyser used for measuring the pasting characteristics of the blends showed an increase in peak viscosity from 218 to 243 rapid visco units (RVU), in hot pasteviscosity from 81 to 100 RVU and in cold paste viscosity from 175 to 185 RVU. The area under the curve also increased from 1963 to 2134 RVU/min for the blends when compared with native wheat flour. Received: 20 May 1999     

Effect of rice variety,rice flour concentration and enzyme levels on composite bread quality

A study was conducted to determine the suitability of substituting portions of wheat flours with rice flours for breadmaking. The levels of substitution were 50, 100, 150 and 200 g kg^?1. Two kinds of enzymes, barley malt and fungal amylase, were added to composite flours, and their effects on the volume and quality of the rice-based bread were determined. The results showed that the enzymes, levels of replacement and the varieties of rice had significant effects on weight, specific volume and overall acceptability of the bread samples. However, the enzymes did not have significant effects on the volume, protein and fat contents or on the character and color of the crust in the sensory analysis. Comparisons were made of the nutritional and sensory qualities of the bread made entirely from wheat flour, and the sample which performed best, the bread with 50 g kg^?1 of flour from low amylose variety (183.3 g kg^?1) with barley malt, showed non-significant differences. The overall acceptability of the products showed that it is acceptable to substitute wheat flour with flours generated from rice up to the 150 g kg^?1 replacement level only.     

Effect of semolina replacement with a raw:popped amaranth flour blend on cooking quality and texture of pasta

The replacement of semolina (SEM) with raw:popped (90:10) amaranth flour blend (AFB) in pasta making at 25, 50, 75, and 100 g/100 g levels (flour basis, 14 g of water/100 g) was carried out to evaluate the effects on cooking quality and texture of the supplemented pasta samples. Significant differences on cooking quality characteristics and texture of the pasta samples were observed. The pasta solid loss increased, weight gain and firmness decreased as the AFB level increased. The semolina pasta showed the lowest solid loss (7 g/100 g) and the highest weight gain (188.3 g/100 g) and firmness (1.49 N), whereas the amaranth blend pasta was the softer (around half of the firmness of semolina pasta) and lost the higher amount of solids (11.5 g/100 g). The raw and popped AFB was suitable for increasing the nutritional quality through dietary fiber and high quality protein and even to obtain gluten-free pasta with acceptable cooking quality (solid loss of 3.5 g/100 g higher than that considered as acceptable for semolina pasta). The amaranth blend used in this study enables the partial or total replacement of wheat semolina in pastas with acceptable cooking quality and texture.     

Effect of king palm (Archontophoenix alexandrae) flour incorporation on physicochemical and textural characteristics of gluten-free cookies

The replacement of the blend of rice flour (70%) and corn starch (30%) with king palm flour [ Archontophoenix alexandrae (F. Muell.) H. Wendl. and Drude] at levels of 0–30% was investigated for its effects on the chemical and physical characteristics of gluten-free dough and cookies. Cookies containing 10, 20 and 30% of king palm flour were analysed by twenty-one celiac consumers through preference-ranking test. Ash, minerals, and dietary fibre contents increased in cookies that were added with king palm flour. Compared with the control dough, the incorporation of king palm flour increased the firmness and decreased the adhesiveness of dough samples. The incorporation of king palm flour increased the hardness of cookies in relation to the control dough. None of the cookies differed significantly ( P  > 0.05) in the lightness (L*) parameter. All formulations produced cookies with hue angles around 60, which indicate a tendency to brown colour. The study reveals that the incorporation of king palm flour showed desirable results in nutritional characteristics, because of the increase of the dietary fibre and minerals contents. In this study, the cookies preferred by celiac consumers were those containing 10 and 20% of king palm flour ( P  > 0.05).     

Incorporation of germinated mung bean flour with rice flour to enhance physical,nutritional and sensory quality of gluten-free cookies

Quality of the cookies substituted with germinated mung bean flour (GMF) to rice flour (RF) to produce gluten-free cookies were investigated in this study. The GMF was used to formulate with the RF to obtain the composite flours with different total protein contents of 6, 9, 12, 15, 18 and 21 (%, d.b). The increase in the substituted amounts of GMF contributed to the lower baking loss, diameter and spread ratio, but the higher thickness and hardness of the cookies as compared to the RF-based cookie. The cookies with more GMF substitution expressed lower lightness (L*) values, but higher redness (a*) and yellowness (b*) values than the others. The cookies substituted with 60% of the GMF (60-GMFC) exhibited similar baking loss, thickness, diameter, spread ratio and lightness values to the wheat flour (WF)-based cookies. The total amounts of essential amino acids and the sum of histidine, lysine and methionine of the composite flour-based cookies were 3.90% and 1.64%, significantly higher than those of the RF-based cookie (1.93% and 0.66%, respectively) or the WF-based cookie (1.70% and 0.58%, respectively). As a result, healthy gluten-free cookies could be prepared using the RF with the substitution of the germinated mung bean flour.     

Comparison of properties of native and extruded amaranth (Amaranthus cruentus L. - BRS Alegria) flour

The aim of this study was to compare some of the properties of native and extruded amaranth flour obtained under mild and severe extrusion conditions. The chemical composition of the flours was similar. Flours obtained by both extrusion processes presented high solubility in water, low values of L∗ (luminosity) and an absence of endothermic peak on the DSC method. Water absorption, retrogradation tendency, final viscosity and the viscous behavior by rheology analysis were also studied. The results indicate that extruded flours have a good potential as an ingredient for food exposed to heat treatment at a high temperature and mechanical shear, for use in instant meal products. On the other hand, original flour properties are comparable to those of amaranth starch, which exhibits similarly high quality paste stability, low solubility in water, and elastic behavior, and could be used as a substitute for raw flour in a range of food formulas.     

Chemical composition, cooking quality, and consumer acceptance of pasta made with dried amaranth leaves flour

Pasta is a staple food in many countries. Amaranth is a pseudo-cereal being re-discovered because of its nutritional properties. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of the green material of the amaranth plant (leaves) as a component for pasta production and its effect on the pasta quality and consumer acceptance. Dried amaranth (Amaranthus caudatus) leaves and spinach leaves flours were prepared. Pasta samples were manufactured following a small-scale pilot procedure. Amaranth pasta samples were evaluated for its chemical composition, cooking quality, textural, and sensory/consumer acceptance. Results showed that pasta made with dried amaranth leaves had similar chemical composition (protein content: 14.18 g/100 g, Fe content: 9.1 mg/100 g), cooking quality (2.15 pasta weight increase, 4.47% residue loss), textural characteristics (firmness and adhesiveness), and sensory acceptance than green pasta made with dried spinach leaves. Since amaranth leaves have similar nutritional characteristics to spinach leaves and since this biomass in not currently used for food purposes, this study points out that amaranth leaves could be technically used for pasta production and that consumer acceptance of pasta made with amaranth green leaves flour is similar to that of pasta made with spinach.     

马铃薯全粉对小麦粉及面条品质的影响

通过在小麦粉中添加不同比例的马铃薯全粉,测定其面筋特性、粉质特性、热特性及面条的蒸煮、质构特性和感官评价,并用扫描电镜观察面条微观结构,来探讨马铃薯全粉对小麦粉及面条品质的影响。结果表明:随着马铃薯全粉添加量的增大,混合粉湿面筋含量逐渐减少。面团的形成时间和稳定时间下降,稳定时间从5.1 min下降到0.8 min,弱化度增大。起始温度To、峰值温度TP变化不明显、终止温度TC呈上升趋势,热焓值H呈下降趋势,热焓值从257.56 J/g下降到179.46 J/g,面团的热稳定性下降。面条的干物质损失率、断条率逐渐增大。面条的硬度、弹性随着马铃薯全粉添加量的增加而逐渐减小。扫描电镜观察结果显示,随着马铃薯全粉添加量的增大面条表面变得松散,面筋断裂,淀粉颗粒暴露在面筋网络结构之外。结果得到,当马铃薯全粉添加量在20%以下时,面条具有较好的品质。      

配粉对小麦粉焙烤品质的影响作用

研究了不同比例配粉对小麦粉焙烤品质性状指标的影响,结果表明:随着优质粉配粉比例的增大,面包体积改善程度增加,特别是在优质粉所占比例较小时(30%左右),面包体积的改善程度最为显著;配粉对面包比容的改善作用较小,但合适配粉比例能使面包比容和面包评分得到显著的改善和提高。     

Physical properties and sensory acceptability of cookies made from chickpea addition to white wheat or whole wheat flour compared to gluten‐free amaranth or buckwheat flour

The effects of chickpea addition (0–100%) on the physical properties and sensory attributes of cookies based on white or whole wheat compared to gluten‐free amaranth or buckwheat flour were studied. The physical properties determined were spread factor, colour and hardness. Sensory evaluation was conducted for colour, taste, texture and overall impression. Chickpea addition decreased the lightness in white wheat cookies while increasing it in whole wheat and amaranth cookies and it significantly increased yellowness in all cookies. Spread factor of the gluten‐free cookies was reduced by chickpea addition and hardness was increased in white wheat and buckwheat cookies, and decreased in whole wheat and amaranth cookies. Sensory evaluation demonstrated that chickpea addition increased the acceptability of all cookies, in particular of the gluten‐free cookies. Optimal levels of chickpea addition were 20–40% in wheat cookies and 60–80% for amaranth and buckwheat cookies.     

面制品科学化评价的研究

针对目前常用的传统感官评价方法所存在的大量不足，提出了一套评价面制品品质的科学化、数字化方法，即利用由英国引进的物性分析仪(质构仪)对不同的面制品进行测试，从而对其内在品质给予客观性的评价。     

热处理小米粉对米面混合粉品质的影响

在不同温度下对小米粉进行热处理,然后以20%添加到小麦粉中制成混合粉,通过测定混合粉的粉质特性和馒头的感官评价确定热处理小米粉对混合粉品质改善的最佳工艺条件。结果表明,最优条件是加热温度110℃、时间15 min。将不同比例热处理小米粉添加到小麦粉,研究对混合粉品质的影响。结果表明,热处理可以明显提高小米粉的糊粘度,显著降低馒头的硬度,改善馒头的品质。感官评价表明,在添加10%热处理小米粉时,用混合粉制做的馒头品质有显著改善。     

Quality characteristics of biscuits prepared from finger millet seed coat based composite flour

Finger millet seed coat is an edible material and contains good proportion of dietary fibre, minerals and phytochemicals. The seed coat matter (SCM) forms a by-product of millet milling, malting and decortication industries and can be utilised as composite flour in biscuit preparation. The SCM from native, malted and hydrothermally treated millet contained 9.5–12% protein, 2.6–3.7% fat and 40–48% dietary fibre, besides 3–5% polyphenols and 700–860 mg/100 g of calcium. The biscuits prepared using the composite flour were of crisp texture and exhibited breaking strength of 1480–1690 g compared to control biscuits (1560 g). The biscuits were of mild grey colour (ΔE = 40–50) and exhibited higher protein, dietary fibre and calcium contents. The sensory evaluation of the biscuits indicated that 10% of SCM from native and hydrothermally processed millet and 20% from malted millet could be used in composite biscuit flour.     

Influence of surfactants on rheological characteristics of dough and quality of parotta

The effect of the surfactants glycerol monostearate (GMS), lecithin, diacetyl tartaric acid esters of monoglycerides (DATEM), polyoxyethylene sorbitan monostearate (PS‐60) and sodium stearoyl‐2‐lactylate (SSL) on the rheological characteristics of dough and quality of parotta was studied. Use of the surfactants increased stability as measured by the farinograph, valorimeter value, extensograph ratio figure and extensograph area, indicating an increase in the strength of the dough. Surfactants reduced the mixograph peak height, mixograph area, apparent biaxial extensional viscosity, compressive stress, force decay parameter, hardness and adhesiveness, and increased the cohesiveness of dough. The values for peak viscosity increased with DATEM, PS‐60 and SSL and decreased with GMS and lecithin. Among the surfactants tested, SSL and PS‐60 brought about the greatest improvement in the quality of parotta, followed in decreasing order by DATEM, lecithin and GMS.     

应用不同添加剂对面粉品质的影响

探讨了应用不同添加剂对不同质量的面粉粉质曲线和烘焙品质的影响。结果表明:添加葡萄糖氧化酶、谷朊粉和VC对面粉的粉质曲线有显著的影响,脂肪氧化酶和戊聚糖酶对面粉的粉质曲线也有改进作用;应用河南省新乡市2001年产高筋优质小麦制成小麦粉,添加适量的复合改良剂进行烘焙实验,面包的体积和比容可得到显著的改善,面包面积达到864～932mL/100g面粉,比容5.50～5.76mL/g。     

Effect of substitution of soy protein isolate on aroma volatiles, chemical composition and sensory quality of wheat cookies

Wheat flour was substituted with soy protein isolate (SPI) at levels of 0–20% and its effect on aroma volatiles and quality of cookies was evaluated. The chemical analysis showed that the moisture and protein content increased gradually by increasing the added levels of SPI whereas the carbohydrate and fat levels showed the opposite trend. The sensory characteristics, aroma, taste, crispiness and overall acceptability showed significant ( P  <   0.05) increase of up to 10% SPI substitution compared with cookies free of SPI. The gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric (GC-MS) analysis of aroma volatiles revealed that the sample containing 10% SPI had the highest yield (13.57%) of pyranones, the key odourants of cookies. The results of GC-MS analysis were consistent with those of the aroma sensory analysis of cookies during storage.     

荞麦粉对馒头品质的影响

荞麦具有丰富的营养和药食价值,采用10％、20％、30％、40％、50％和60％的全荞麦粉置换出等量高筋小麦粉蒸制馒头,通过荞麦馒头感官评价、色泽、质构特性的变化,研究荞麦粉对馒头品质的影响.结果表明:全荞麦粉会弱化面团结构,影响馒头的品质.随着荞麦粉添加量的增加,馒头表皮及内部色泽变暗,质构参数中硬度、胶凝性、咀嚼性明显增大.     

糯小麦粉对速冻水饺品质的影响

糯小麦粉中支链淀粉含量很高,糊化特性和冻融稳定性好,在食品加工中应用比较广泛。本试验将糯小麦粉以0%、10%、20%和30%的比例添加到小麦粉中,研究了配粉对速冻水饺蒸煮特性、质构、冻裂率和感官特性的影响。结果表明:2种小麦粉混配后降低了饺皮的蒸煮时间和蒸煮损失率。随着糯小麦粉添加量的增加,速冻水饺冻裂率显著降低。糯小麦粉的添加使得生饺皮的强韧性增加,一定比例的添加有利于饺皮煮后TPA特性的改善。在速冻水饺的感官上,糯小麦粉的添加使得水饺在口感上有所提高,但在外观上得分较对照组低。随着冻融循环次数的增加,添加了糯小麦粉的速冻水饺品质比较稳定,能够较好地保持产品食用价值。最适添加量为20%。