超稠油蒸汽驱先导试验效果分析

杜229块兴隆台油藏为中厚互层状超稠油油藏,单层厚度薄、储层物性好、原油黏度高,已进入蒸汽吞吐末期,综合含水率快速上升,产量递减严重,亟需实施开发方式转换。针对该区块蒸汽吞吐后期的特点,运用开发机理研究、数值模拟研究等方法,论证了超稠油蒸汽驱的可行性,并于2007年规划了7个70m井距"反九点"井组,开展蒸汽驱先导试验。经过8年的探索与实践,先导试验取得成功,井组年产油由转驱前的4.1×104t上升至5×104t左右,油汽比为0.17,采注比为1.09,采出程度达到53.8%,各项指标达到国际先进水平。通过对历史生产资料及监测资料分析研究,初步形成了超稠油蒸汽驱"先连通、再驱替"的驱油机理,掌握了影响生产效果的各项主要因素,总结了汽驱阶段的动态调控理念及方法。该试验的成功实施,突破了超稠油不能实施蒸汽驱的认识禁区。     

Simulation of Steam Injection Process for Horizontal Well with Heavy Oil Recovery

Horizontal well technology is widely used in the production of heavy oil. Steady-state model is used as main research method and assume constant wet steam parameters in wellbore, ignoring the impact of heat and mass transfers of steam from wellbore to the reservoir. Numerical calculation is used to analyze steam-water-oil three-phase on flow and heat transfer rule in reservoir and wellbore in startup phase. The influence rule on diffusion process of vapor and water hindered by oil stockpile in wellbore was analyzed, as well as vapor and water parameters change rule along the well. Result indicated that wet steam moving forward was hindered by oil stockpile in wellbore, which lead reservoir suction steam to be not uniform; dryness and temperature of steam gradually reduce, resulting in high temperature at the heel and low temperature at the toe of reservoir; reservoir suction steam effect was improved and reservoir heated range was expanded gradually with the increasing of steam injection volume and dryness; variation of reservoir porosity and permeability have a similar effect on reservoir suction steam, comparing with steam injection volume and dryness. When porosity and permeability were enlarged, reservoir suction steam effect and reservoir heated range would become better.     

超稠油水平井蒸汽吞吐开发实践

在跟踪研究现场水平井生产情况的基础上,总结分析了浅层超稠油水平井开发特征,提出了提高开发效果的技术措施。通过优化注汽参数和注汽方式,扩大了蒸汽波及体积,提高了油层的动用程度,从而提高水平井开发的最终采收率。目前,实施了三种均匀布汽方式:步进式注汽、分流式注汽、均点式注汽。工业规模试验结果表明,单一水平井步进式注汽技术能够使得水平段油层逐步得到动用,实施后生产效果良好;分流式注汽方式打孔段油层吸汽效果有所改善,二、三轮产油和油汽比相比第一轮均有所提高;均点式注汽方式使得水平段油层吸汽相对均匀了些,从实施前后的生产效果对比来看,措施后日产液、日产油水平也有明显增加。本文各项措施和手段,对于改善水平井开发效果,指导后续超稠油油藏的开发,以及其他地区此类油藏的开发,具有一定的指导意义。     

洼38块薄层水平井蒸汽吞吐产量递减规律分析及开发对策

为进一步提高油藏动用程度,洼38块从2006年起在薄油层区域部署水平井,并采用油层酸化、井筒电加热等措施辅助蒸汽吞吐开采。然而,洼38块薄层水平井蒸汽吞吐采油呈现阶段峰值产量高、产量递减快的特征。采用扩散方程加定解条件的方法,建立了水平井渗流数学模型,推导出了在拉普拉斯空间中水平井的无因次产量与无因次井底压力之间的关系式,并作出理论上封闭油藏中不同影响因素下水平井的产量递减曲线,得出主要产油阶段在峰值期的结论。据此制订了调整措施,即在保证不出砂的前提下,尽量提高采液强度,趁热快采,提高热利用效率,进而提高油汽比,从而达到增产的目的。水平井洼38-东H3在第3周期后应用了该措施,第4周期油汽比从0.27上升到0.6,第5期的油汽比也比第3周期高0.08,取得较好的增产效果。     

重力泄水辅助蒸汽驱采油工艺技术研究与试验

洼59块为深层中厚层状特超稠油油藏。区块已进入高轮次吞吐阶段,吞吐效果逐轮变差,采油速度急剧递减。采用重力泄水辅助蒸汽驱技术,探索深层特超稠油油藏蒸汽吞吐开发后期开发方式的转换。该技术采用直井、水平井组合开发模式,上叠置水平井注汽,下叠置水平井辅助排液,周围直井产油。针对工艺技术难点,通过汽水分离器、高效隔热管柱和环空注氮隔热的综合应用,实现了深层稠油油藏井底干度大于45%的目标;采用双管注汽技术使水平段得到高效动用;通过电加热降黏和防偏磨技术的成功应用,解决了试验初期黏度大、水平井杆管偏磨的问题;利用越层深抽和高温大排量举升解决了提液降压、深层高温大排量举升的难题。井组整体效果明显,产液量由179t/d增大到最高值526.9t/d,产油量由31.0t/d增大到最高值96.5t/d,含水由91.1%下降到平均值84.69%。     

The numerical simulation and wellbore modelling of steam injection and stored heat recovery from light oil reservoir

ABSTRACT

Steam injection and thermal recovery of oil from the reservoir are increasing day by day. However, the recovery of the heat remained stored in the steam-flooded oil reservoir is nor in practice neither researched previously. A novel concept of steam injection and energy recovery from a light oil reservoir is presented in this paper. Reservoir numerical model of an actual oil field was generated and simulated with steam injection. Different parameters of thermal properties of geologic formations were discussed and adopted as per actual geology of the study area for more realistic simulation of heat storage, dissipation, and losses. After the optimum oil recovery, water was circulated through the same injection well into the reservoir to extract the energy in the form of heat, stored during the steam injection phase. The effects of different completion schemes of injection well were also simulated, discussed and pointed out for optimum oil recovery. Oil recovery factor is the most important parameter from both research and field development point of views. The comparative analysis was also carried out with the oil production without steam injection and found that steam flooding increased oil recovery factor up to more than 15% by decreasing the production time period up to 40% as compared to without steam injection oil production. The transmission of heat through conduction and convection mechanisms in the porous media, and through advective, dispersive and diffusive processes in the fluid was modeled. To fully investigate the feasibility of the concept presented in this paper, the production wellbore modeling was also carried out and temperature profile of recovered heat energy at the wellhead was obtained by acknowledging the thermal losses and found to be very useful for any direct and indirect utilization of heat throughout the energy recovery period of the reservoir.     

Sustainable development of the Kamojang geothermal field

Geothermal electricity production in Indonesia began with the operation of a 0.25 MW_e pilot project in Kamojang geothermal field, in 1978. Commercial operation started in 1983, with the commissioning of the 30 MW_e Unit-1 power plant. In 1987, an additional capacity of 110 MW_e was provided by the Unit-2 and Unit-3 power plants. The addition of the 60 MWe Unit-4 power plant in 2008 increased the total generating capacity to 200 MW_e. The 27 years of commercial operation have led to a slight decline in reservoir pressure and temperature within the active production sector. The most recent significant change in the field conditions and performance occurred following the 2008 increase in generating capacity from 140 to 200 MWe. The production decline of individual wells has been relatively low, at an average of 3%/yr. However, the increased rate of steam withdrawal might negatively affect long-term sustainability of energy production at Kamojang unless suitable field management strategies are implemented. In order to stabilize the steam flow, it has been necessary to drill about three make-up wells every 2–3 years. The unbalanced mass extraction, where less than 30% of the produced steam mass can be injected, is a serious concern for long-term reservoir management in Kamojang. The field operator (Pertamina) plans to increase the Kamojang generating capacity from 200 to 230 MWe (Unit 5) and optimize the long-term performance of the Kamojang geothermal resource. The response of the reservoir during the previous three decades is being used to guide reservoir development for the planned increase in production capacity.     

Longevity evaluation for optimum development in a liquid dominated geothermal field: effects of interaction of reservoir pressure and fluid temperature on steam production at operating conditions

The steam production rate of a well at fixed operating conditions in a liquid-dominated geothermal field is reduced at first by a decline in reservoir pressure and then by a decrease in fluid temperature, if reinjected water returns to the production well. In many cases, the fluid temperature decrease reduces the steam production rate more than does the reservoir pressure decline. Those effects should therefore be taken into due account in the evaluation of the longevity of an area, because sufficient longevity and recoverable electric energy are the minimum requirements for planning field development.     

Development of hot dry rock technology at the Hijiori test site

Since 1985, the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO) has conducted a Hot Dry Rock project at the Hijiori test site, Yamagata prefecture. The objective of this project is to develop and test technologies such as borehole logging, hydraulic fracturing, fracture mapping and reservoir evaluation, which are essential for the development of a Hot Dry Rock power generation system. In 1991, heat was successfully extracted from a shallow reservoir at a depth of 1800 m for three months using one injection well (SKG-2) and three production wells (HDR-1, HDR-2 and HDR-3). About 80% of the injected water was recovered from these production wells. The thermal output of hot water and steam reached about 8 MW. Since 1992, a deep reservoir at a depth of 2200 m has been developed. In 1995 and 1996, heat extraction tests were conducted using one injection well (HDR-1) and two production wells (HDR-2 and HDR-3). A long-term circulation test, lasting about two years, is planned to evaluate the reservoir, starting in 2000.     

Development history of the Tiwi geothermal field, Philippines

Commercial production of electricity from the Tiwi geothermal system began in 1979. In 1982, Tiwi became the world's first water-dominated system to produce more than 160 MWe. Today the field supplies about 11% of Luzon's electricity. Initially, the reservoir was single-phase liquid with a small, shallow steam zone on the east side. Temperature reversals in the first wells showed the east to be an outflow zone. As production began, reservoir pressure declined, two-phase conditions developed, and groundwater entered the reservoir from the east. As many production wells cooled, brine production increased and generation decreased from about 280 MWe in 1983 to about 190 MWe in 1986. Improvements to surface facilities and new wells drilled farther west raised generation to about 280 MWe by mid-1993. Separated brine was first injected into the reservoir, but this lowered steam production; injection is now outside the field.     

Advanced mathematical model for reservoir heat efficiency with liquid in steam-injection wellbore

The accurate determination of reservoir heat efficiency of steam injection in heavy oil reservoirs is very important for heating radius calculation and production dynamic prediction. In conventional calculation methods of reservoir heat efficiency, the steam-injection wellbore is assumed as taking steam over the entire height. In fact, a liquid level in steam-injection wellbore is a very significant observation with respect to the steam override. Aiming at the actual situation that the steam-injection wellbore always has a liquid level, combined with the formation temperature distribution, the new mathematical model for reservoir heat efficiency with the consideration of liquid in steam-injection wellbore was established based on the Van Lookeren steam override theory and the energy conservation principle. The established mathematical model was used to calculate and analyze the reservoir heat efficiency of steam injection in heavy oil reservoirs. The results show that because the new mathematical model considers the liquid in the steam-injection wellbore, the predicted results are more reasonable, thus verifying the correctness of the new model. According to the influential factors analysis based on the new model, it is observed that although increasing the steam quality can effectively increase the steam-taking degree of the steam-injection wellbore, it has limited impact on reservoir heat efficiency. Moreover, the larger the steam-injection rate, the higher the steam-taking degree and reservoir heat efficiency. The reservoir heat efficiency decreases with the pay-zone thickness when the steam-injection wellbore has liquid.     

超稠油汽窜综合治理技术的研究与应用

曙光油田由于超稠油油藏埋藏浅、胶结疏松、地层破裂压力低、油层非均质性严重等因素,导致汽窜现象愈加严重。2006年超稠油发生汽窜853井次,影响产量5.53×104t。为此开展了汽窜综合治理工作,在生产组织管理、防窜配套工艺等环节上开展汽窜治理技术研究与应用,通过油井周期生产全过程控制来有效降低汽窜干扰的程度和规模。通过预控管理降低汽窜影响;研制推广实施选配注技术、暂堵封窜技术、预处理技术、化学助排技术、二氧化碳三元复合吞吐技术、水平井防汽窜工艺、生产井防汽窜工艺等,显著降低了措施井汽窜影响产量,抑制了汽窜干扰,有效解决了超稠油汽窜、水平井水平段动用不均等问题。两年措施增油24.74×104t,对比2006年,2007年、2008年汽窜影响产量分别下降2.17×104t和2.72×104t,获经济收益34264.09万元,投入产出比为1:6.14。     

Sustainability of the Hatchobaru geothermal field, Japan

The Hatchobaru power plant Unit No. 1 (55 MW) has been operating since 1977 and Unit No. 2 (55 MW) since 1990. The mean capacity factor of the power plant has reached about 90%. Considering that the long-term operation of the plant, over 30 years for Unit No. 1 and nearly 20 years for Unit No. 2, has been maintained with such a high capacity factor, sustainable development in terms of economic production has been achieved. To maintain a stable operation, systematic reservoir monitoring and reservoir simulation studies have been conducted. The monitoring of changes in reservoir pressure, temperature and gravity indicates that the reservoir is currently approaching a stable state. Results of a simulation study suggest that the sustainable power output of the Hatchobaru reservoir is approximately 120 MW, and each productive fault has the capacity to produce enough steam to generate from 11 to 55 MW. Therefore, it would be possible to maintain the rated power output of 110 MW by optimizing well alignments so that the mass production can be kept within the sustainable productivity of each fault, and the injected water does not cool the production zones.     

Downhole measurements and fluid chemistry of a castle rock steam well,the Geysers,Lake County,California

Wellbore and reservoir processes in a steam well in the Castle Rock field of The Geysers have been studied by means of down-hole pressure and temperature measurements and analyses of ejected water and steam produced under bleed and full flow. Down-hole measurements show that below a vapor zone there is liquid water in the well in pressure equilibrium with reservoir steam at a depth of 2290 m. The progressive decreases, from 1973 to 1977, of pressure and temperature in the vapor zone indicate that wellbore heat loss is high enough to condense a large fraction of the steam inflow. The chemical composition of water ejected from the well is consistent with an origin from wellbore condensation of steam. Calculations using the differences in gas and isotopic compositions between bleed and full-flow steam show that about half of the full-flow steam originated as liquid water in the reservoir and that about 30% of the steam entering the well under bleed was condensed in the wellbore and drained downward. Heat loss calculations are also consistent with this amount of condensation.     

改善薄层稠油油藏蒸汽吞吐效果的技术探讨

江37区块作为采油九厂第一个稠油开发试验区,已经进行了3年的蒸汽吞吐热采试验,目前油井已进入第四轮蒸汽吞吐开采阶段。随着热采试验的不断深入,试验区的含水上升快、井间干扰严重,油层平面和纵向动用不均、储量动用差等问题日益显现,严重影响了试验区的稠油开发。针对这些问题和矛盾,在研究稠油蒸汽吞吐开发模式和递减规律的基础上,提出了改善蒸汽吞吐阶段开发效果的有效方法和途径,为下步试验区的稠油热采试验提供一定的借鉴。通过现场试验证实,提高蒸汽干度、多井整体吞吐和水平井试验,是改善薄层稠油油藏蒸汽吞吐效果的有效途径,其中提高蒸汽干度可以降低单位注入热量的注水当量,减少近井地带的冷凝水饱和度;多井整体吞吐可以有效解决油井之间因注汽而相互干扰的问题;水平井由于其吸汽能力强,开发效果远好于普通直井。     

Analysis of reservoir pressure and decline curves in Serrazzano zone, Larderello geothermal field

An estimate of reserves in the Serrazzano reservoir was obtained from mass balance studies and production decline curve analyses.The Serrazzano reservoir consists of a geometrically well-defined structural high of permeable formations separated from the other productive regions of the Larderello field.Deep drilling began in the 1930s and was limited to a small area exhibiting natural manifestations. After the second World War the area of drilling was extended to about 20 km². Currently the drilling area is about the same. Even though the reservoir has been producing steam since the 1930s, a systematic collection of production data did not begin until after 1953.Data on average reservoir pressures were not available for the material balance calculations made in the study reported here. Calculated bottom hole pressures of shut-in wells were taken therefore to represent local static reservoir pressures. These pressures were used to calculate an “average reservoir pressure” which was graphed as a function of cumulative production. The reservoir pressure history corresponding to the first half of current cumulative production is not known. Data for the second half indicate a linear relationship between “reservoir pressure” and cumulative production.The conventional straight-line p/z vs cumulative production material balance relationship is known to be correct, of course, for closed single-phase gas reservoirs. The validity of this linearity for stream-producing systems with boiling water has not been proved. Regardless of this, the following observations were made: a line connecting the available data points extrapolated back to zero production indicates an initial reservoir pressure approximating at least 40 atm. Extrapolating the same data to zero reservoir pressure indicates the total initial steam in place to be about 170 × 10⁶ tons.An empirical type-curve matching technique was applied to the production decline curves of wells in the reservoir. The curve for each well was extrapolated to infinite production time to obtain an estimate of total past and future production. Summing these values for all producing wells in the reservoir, an estimated total production (past and future) of 200 × 10⁶ tons was obtained.The agreement between the estimated total production applying material balance principles and decline curve analyses is remarkably good. Although these results may be useful, further field and theoretical work are necessary to prove their validity.     

中深层稠油蒸汽驱注采剖面调整工艺技术研究

从1997年开始,辽河油田进行了中深层稠油蒸汽驱先导试验,目前已进入蒸汽驱先导试验的后期调整阶段,先导试验区的稠油采出程度由试验前的24%提高到57%,基本达到方案设计指标,先导试验获得成功。然而,在蒸汽驱先导试验及随后的扩大试验中,存在着纵向动用程度不均、平面动用程度差等问题,影响蒸汽驱先导试验效果。为此,从2004年开始,辽河油田钻采工艺研究院开展了中深层稠油蒸汽驱注采剖面调整工艺技术研究工作,形成了中深层稠油蒸汽驱注采剖面调整系列技术,主要包括耐高温化学调堵技术与机械封堵技术,并应用于现场,有效解决了蒸汽驱层间、层内动用不均的问题,提高了中深层稠油的采收率。下一步仍需加大高温调剖剂的深入研究,研制高效、经济的高温调剖剂;对生产井机械封堵工艺技术的研究重点,是加快对耐高温胶筒的选优,满足现场生产需求。     

Reservoir performance of the Geysers Field

The Geysers Field, located in Northern California, has an installed generating capacity of 502 MWe. Total withdrawal rate is approximately 8-5 million lb/h of steam from 95 wells. Four new generating plants are currently under construction, which will bring the installed capacity to 908 MWe by 1979.The reservoir rock consists of naturally fractured graywacke, a very competent rock with low interstitial porosity and permeability. The reservoir contains dry steam with an initial pressure of approximately 514 psia at sea level datum. Static pressure gradient is that of saturated steam to the total depths of wells drilled to date.The initial development at The Geysers Field occurred in an area which has two shallow dry steam anomalies. Recent studies have shown that the steam in these anomalies is being fed through fractures connecting them with the deeper regional fracture system.Development of the regional system has created two distinct pressure sinks. The larger of the two pressure sinks is in the oldest and most developed portion of the field. This sink has grown larger with the addition of new production capacity. There is no pressure interference between the two sinks, but pressure interference between wells in a given pressure sink is very rapid. Pressure behavior at observation wells in these sinks resembles an ideal single-phase system with constant pressure boundaries.The expansion of the field has been the result of continued exploratory drilling and testing of new step-out wells. Based on the successful exploratory wells drilled to date, it is estimated that the generating capacity of The Geysers could reach 1800 MW by the mid-1980s.     

氮气泡沫改善蒸汽吞吐开发效果数值模拟技术研究

单家寺稠油油藏已进入高轮次、高含水、高采出程度开发后期,开发中的矛盾日益突出,蒸汽吞吐效果越来越差,水淹程度日益加剧,单2块和单10块大部分油井的综合含水达到90％以上.结合油藏实际,选取该区块单6-16-10井,利用油藏数值模拟技术,建立三维地质模型;在历史拟合的基础上,对氮气泡沫改善蒸汽吞吐开发效果进行了油藏适应性研究;并在此基础上,优化氮气泡沫在蒸汽吞吐过程中的注入时机、注入方式和注入参数,同时进行生产指标预测.研究结果表明,氮气泡沫在转注初期,以段塞式注入效果较好,最佳注入参数为:泡沫剂质量浓度为0.6％(质量分数),氮气总量为90000m3(标准)左右.自2006年来,该技术在胜利油田应用273井次,平均周期措施增油842t,油汽比提高0.3以上.本研究对氮气泡沫+蒸汽吞吐技术的推广应用具有理论和实践价值.     

北过蒸汽驱汽窜控制技术初探

为改善过渡带地区的开发效果,在北过三四条带开展了蒸汽驱现场试验.在试验区转注蒸汽1年后,整体未见增油效果,但部分油井采出液温度上升幅度较大,出现蒸汽突进的现象.分析其原因,主要是蒸汽及热水的窜进造成的.汽窜产生的原因主要有地层压力不均衡、注采井距差异、地层构造影响、储层非均质性和注汽操作不当等.此外,蒸汽干度过低、注入体系不易压缩还会造成热水窜.通过分析比较凝胶类高温调剖工艺、高温泡沫调剖工艺、双激发无机非金属调剖工艺、分层注汽工艺、动态调整控制技术等汽窜防治的主要措施,给出了不同汽驱阶段的优化措施.对试验区内两口采油井——北4-30-RB263井、北4-3-B63井进行了汽窜原因案例分析,并提出了解决对策.鉴于稀油油藏的井段长、小层多,井简中蒸汽超覆严重,汽窜控制难度大,建议初期试验应采用高温调剖技术.