QUAD: a computer package for the analysis of QUantal assay data

The computer package QUAD has been developed at the University of Kent, U.K. It is menu-driven and written in Advanced BASIC. It runs on IBM PC compatible machines equiped with a suitable graphics facility such as CGA or simulated CGA. QUAD is available on a floppy disk, for a small handling charge.

QUAD has four main functions: it performs a logit analysis of quantal assay data; it provides a flexible way of analysing the data, allowing dose transformations and providing alternative confidence intervals for ED_p values; it produces a range diagnostics for assessing the fit of models to data; it provides and fits two families of extended models, each containing the logit as a special case.

The package makes use of the latest statistical research, and fitted models are displayed by means of the good graphics facilities available on microcomputers.

This document describes the facilities available in detail, and provides and discusses illustrations of the package at work. QUAD has been designed as a pilot package. Further additions and developments are planned and described later.     

The evaluation and selection of a computer system for interactive design

The computer system requirements for development and support of interactive c.a.d. are considered. The nature of design its implications on c.a.d. systems are discussed and possible machine configurations are outlined. Evaluation techniques and selection criteria used in the selection of a computer system for an integrated architectural design system are presented.     

The system design for GALATEA,an interactive real-time computer graphics system for movie and video analysis

The extraction of information from movie film and videotape has always been a very tedious process. Yet the usefulness of these media in biomedical research, behavioral science, industrial testing, etc., is apparent. We are developing a system, GALATEA, for the rapid extraction of data from film or video using interactive graphics. The key aspects of GALATEA are: the user indicates what features are of interest using an x, y digitizing pen. These pen positions are the only data the system sees, so that full digital image encoding is avoided. The user can trace the features while the film runs (frame-by-frame analysis is not necessary). The user has constant feedback in the form of an animated, computer-generated movie (Kinegram), overlaid on the original film image and running synchronously with it. It is this kinetic feedback of the data entered that makes the system efficient. Structured programming, real-time programming techniques, data structures for time-dependent pictures and dynamical graphics ‘tools’ are covered. A detailed discussion is given of Slippage or soft degradation in real-time systems under fluctuating load conditions.     

The design of a user friendly interactive personal computer package for quality control charts, project management, and linear programming applications

This paper describes the design of a user friendly interactive software package which can easily be used in both educational and industrial environments. The package contains applications for Quality Control Charts, Project Management, and Linear Programming. It is written in the BASIC programming language using the IBM Disk Operating System (DOS version 3.1). An IBM Personal Computer (PC, XT or AT) or compatible with one disk drive, a monochrome VDT and a line or dot matrix printer are required. The programs incorporate human factors considerations and the user is not required to have any previous computer programming experience. The package has data management options for adding new data, deleting data, listing data, storing data on a disk file and printing data collection forms for each program. The programs have been extensively validated using text book examples and comparisons with similar packages on main frame computer systems (such as EZLP, PPERT, LPRG, etc.). Based upon testing, this package was found to be easier to use and produced the desired results in approximately one third of the total time required by using the main-frame packages.     

SEQUAL: an interactive computer program for sequential classification of biomedical data

A computer program for sequential bayesian classification of patterns defined by integer and real-valued data is described. Classified patterns from a training sample are used to estimate the non-parametric (kernel) probability density functions and the a-priori class probabilities necessary to implement the bayesian classification. For each pattern and at each step in the sequential program, the ‘best’ feature to be measured at the next step is computed on the basis of the estimated misallocation error rate. The user can actually use the proposed feature or any other one; once the chosen feature has been measured, its value is used to allocate the pattern into the class with the highest conditional a-posteriori probability, according to the Bayes formula. The main feature of the program consists in the computation of the ‘probability of reversal’ at each step of the sequential procedure. The probability of reversal represents the probability that at the next step the pattern will be classified into a class different from the present one. The probability of reversal can be used as a stopping criterion, which is more efficient than other commonly used stopping rules, such as the a-posteriori Bayes probability or the estimated misallocation error rate. The program, available in FORTRAN 77 for a VAX/VMS machine, has been tested both on simulated and real data collected from patients suffering from various forms of hepatic disease.     

An interactive package for the computer-aided design of woven fabrics

In the textile Industry, the design of new fabrics requires interactive facilities for the specification of the weaving parameters, their modification and the simulation of the weaving result. In the present paper, an interactive package for the design of woven fabrics is presented. It allows the hierarchical specification of three kinds of yarns and contains simple tools for the modification of the colors through the definition of color maps. The internal data structure is discussed, together with the user interface. Some weaving examples are presented.     

PHASE: An interactive appraisal package for whole hospital design

PHASE (Package for Hospital Architecture Simulation and Evaluation) aims to provide a more informed basis for design decision-making during the early stages of hospital design. This is done by tracing the consequences of design decision through a range of design criteria. The completed package will consist of three programs. The building program is at present operational: the network and structures programs are under development. Input to the building program is structured into four data files — a standard data file, a solution file, a project file and a scheme file. Output is presented at two levels — synoptic and detailed. The full output consists of measures of department location, boilerhouse location, capital and energy costs. Applications for the package include the evaluation of alternative design strategies, upgrading of existing buildings, selection of hospital sites and investigation of phasing strategies.     

交互式演示文稿模块化设计思想与实现

PPT逐页演示的线性结构,割裂了知识之间的联系。为使课件对教学提供良好的支持,必须使课件的逻辑结构与知识内容本身的逻辑自然吻合,为此,需要寻求技术上的途径。传统的技术策略存在设计制作不便、演示容易出错等问题。通过对传统技术的分析发现,内部超链接是产生问题的根源。针对这个问题,提出了一种全新的设计思想,将演示文稿分为若干个逻辑上独立的模块,将文稿的内部链接转化为模块间的链接,从根本上避免了传统方法所产生的问题。     

The design and implementation of a grammar-based data generator

DGL is a context-free grammar-based language for generating test data. Although many of the features of DGL are implemented in a straighforward way, the implementation of several of the most important features is neither trivial nor obvious. Before one can understand the implementation of these features, however, it is necessary to understand the overall structure of the compiler and its output, which was designed to be flexible enough to incorporate new features easily. Variables and chains are two of the most important features of DGL, and also two of the trickiest features to implement. The run-time dictionaires, which are built into the C code generated by the compiler, are implemented as pure code rather than as table-look-up routines. The compiler itself is reasonably straightforward, except for the expansion of character sets and compile-time macros. These two features can cause the ‘multi-dimensional’ expansion of a string, the implementation of which must be carefully designed.     

EDIT—an interactive network service; design and implementation

EDIT is a time-sharing system which offers interactive services over the NPL network. These services include various kinds of editing, word processing, data movement and file control. The system is implemented on a PDP11/40 and can serve up to 30 users simultaneously, on high-speed displays and other terminals. There is an attached background processor (PDP11/45) which supports graphics and background jobs. This paper describes the design and implementation of EDIT and relates this to the needs of the system and of its users.     

晶体学点群的计算机表达及交互式设计

本文介绍晶体学点群的计算机表达和交互设计.软件采用计算机三维动画和三维交互技术动态描述了晶体的宏观对称元素和对称操作,交互展现了32种晶体学点群的对称元素,图、文、声、像并茂为学习者提供了一种生动直观、可交互控制的自主学习环境.软件采用3DS MAX建模,Photoshop CS作图片处理,Cuh3D设计三维交互,Director组装软件素材.     

NTFIS — an interactive package for electronic filter synthesis

The INTFIS package is presented. It is a fully interactive user-oriented software package for the design and analysis of electronic filters. After the package is situated in the general framework of network synthesis, its general objectives are described. A detailed presentation is given of the package structure, user interaction, input and output. Examples are included to illustrate terminal interaction and program output.     

The design of a user friendly engineering economy analysis package for a microcomputer

The design and features of a user friendly engineering economy analysis software package for the Apple II microcomputer is described. The software package is written in Applesoft Basic. An Apple II with 64k RAM, one or two disk drives and a line printer is required to use the software package. The package consists of five complementary programs: (1) Selection of the better of two alternatives using present-worth evaluations. (2) Conventional rate-of-return computations for a single project. (3) Selection from mutually exclusive alternatives using rate-of-return analysis. (4) Optimal capital allocation among several investment opportunities under risk. (5) Probabilistic after-tax economic analysis for a single project. All programs but (4) are based on the time value of money. Program (4) is a chance-constrained optimization model utilizing the Lagrange-multiplier technique. Program (5) implements depreciation, debt/equity financing, and taxes and performs a sequential after-tax Monte Carlo simulation over a specified life-span. The use of this software package does not require any previous computer or programming experience. A menu format is used. The software package allows the user to specify the shapes of the interest and inflation probability distributions on a year by year basis. The user has the option to specify the reinvestment rates. The package presents the results in tables and graphs. User acceptance has been excellent with this software package and this package is well suited for the use in an engineering economy class or for the practicing industrial engineer in industry.     

Talk—an interactive system for a small computer

TALK is an interactive file creation and editing system implemented on a very small computer. It provides facilities for FORTRAN syntax checking and an interactive ‘desk-calculator’. Major computing tasks are sent over a high speed link to CDC 6600/6400 computers A number of teleprinters can be controlled by TALK in the usual way, but also the card reader/line printer pair may be used as a terminal. This is useful for creating or printing large files When a user has logged in he can work in one of several modes. These include INPUT, EDIT and CALCULATE modes. It is possible to nest modes, for example, by entering CALCULATE mode while in INPUT mode without losing one's place in the input file An unusual feature of TALK is the ‘inclusion’ facility. This enables a user to specify previously filed text to be included within another file, either as the file is being created or dynamically whenever the file is used. It also gives users the ability to build up macros of commonly used commands. Many system commands are in fact macros with only simple primitives provided as executable code.     

The application of interactive graphics to computer aided circuit design

When a computer is used in electric circuit design it forms part of an iterative loop and so the ergonomics of its input and output become of major importance. A circuit analysis program is described, which uses interactive graphics, and which was designed with particular attention given to ergonomics.