四相鉴频器辅助的高动态BOC信号载波跟踪

叉积鉴频器的输出频率范围比较窄,捕获信号以后的多普勒频偏可能不在其跟踪范围内。针对此问题,提出了使用四相鉴频器( FQFD )算法辅助已经成型的二阶锁频环加三阶锁相环模型。首先,利用四相鉴频器的非线性特性将接收信号频偏大步长牵引到较低范围,然后使用锁频环消除其大部分动态性,最后利用锁相环跟踪精度高的特点实现高动态二进制偏移载波( Binary Offset Car-rier,BOC)信号载波的快速准确跟踪。在分析各跟踪模块算法的基础上,讨论了其本身的热噪声误差、动态适应力以及最优带宽等相关问题,理论分析和仿真结果验证了该方法比原有跟踪算法提高了300 Hz左右的鉴频范围,并且跟踪效果良好。     

载波快速捕获与跟踪的双数字锁频环路无缝切换

锁频环广泛应用于载波频率快速同步的场合,为解决大捕获范围和跟踪精度之间的矛盾,通常捕获和跟踪状态时采用带宽不同的频率锁定环路,并根据载波同步情况进行切换.对这种硬切换所导致的跟踪环路的收敛过程、瞬态时间进行分析,并基于二阶锁频环与卡尔曼滤波等效结构,应用卡尔曼滤波算法进行两种状态之间环路增益时变的无缝切换.推导出高动态数字直扩接收机差积鉴频二阶锁频环路无缝切换控制增益,两种切换方式的仿真结果表明无缝切换的效果优于传统的硬切换方式.     

直扩导航系统中数字科思塔斯环的FPGA设计与实现

引言 扩频接收机载波的同步包括捕获和跟踪两个过程,载波捕获即多普勒频移的粗略估计通常包含在伪码同步过程中,而精确的载波相位及多普勒频移则通过FLL（锁频环）和PLL（锁相环）跟踪来实现。锁频环直接跟踪载波频率,而锁相环则直接对载波相位进行跟踪。锁相环具有较高的跟踪精度,但对通信链路干扰的容忍能力差,特别是受载体动态引入的多普勒频移影响较大;而锁频环具有较好的动态性能,但跟踪精度较低。     

一种扩展载波环频率捕获范围的方法

在MPSK数字载波恢复中,可以通过锁频锁相环捕获大范围频率偏移。低信噪比下,锁相环的频率捕获范围较小,而工程中锁频环剩余频偏通常较大,因而需要扩展锁相环的频率捕获范围。描述了频差估计以及COSTAS环中相位检测技术的实现方法,分析了COSTAS环的相位检测特性,并根据这种算法的鉴相特性提出了一种扩展频率捕获范围的载波恢复方法。以QPSK为例,通过MATLAB仿真了这种技术在低信噪比情况下对频率偏移的检测与跟踪性能,仿真结果表明,提出的方法适合低信噪比下大范围的频率捕获。     

一种USB测控应答机的健壮捕获算法

在统一S频段（USB）测控应答机中频数字化处理的基础上,提出了一种健壮的相位调制(PM)信号捕获算法。针对USB测控应答机输入信号存在副载波时捕获易于假锁的问题,采用快速傅里叶变换(FFT)与锁频锁相环结合的算法,利用PM信号频谱对称的特点,快速获得残差载波的正确频率,防止捕获到副载波信号或者其他干扰信号上;采用锁频锁相环实现PM信号的精确捕获与跟踪,适应USB测控应答机大动态多普勒变化及高灵敏度的要求。通过仿真试验验证了该方案载波正确捕获的有效性,且接收灵敏度达到-121 dBm。     

极低载噪比高动态信号的载波跟踪锁频环研究

为提高极低载噪比下锁频环对含较大多普勒变化率成份的高动态回波信号的频率跟踪能力,提出了一种改进的锁频环结构,在传统锁频环基础上,增加1个环专门用于跟踪回波信号的多普勒变化率.鉴别器采用2种频率估计算法相互配合获得了宽鉴频范围和高鉴别精度,对鉴别结果采用野值剔除技术,保证了极低载噪比条件下环路的工作稳定,环路滤波器采用多级带宽逐级切换策略,兼顾了频率跟踪精度和环路收敛速度,仿真结果表明:改进锁频环能对载噪比低至16 dBHz的高动态回波信号进行稳定可靠、高精度的频率跟踪.     

基于DSP的高动态接收机载波捕获跟踪技术

介绍了高动态GPS接收机的码捕获与载波跟踪的原理,设计了一种基于高速数字信号处理(DSP)技术的PLL FLL环混合全数字高动态载波跟踪技术方案,同时给出了一种在连续高动态下载波跟踪算法即基于交叠离散傅里叶变换的频率跟踪算法(ODAFC),并对此算法进行了仿真验证.仿真结果证明了该算法的正确性.     

高动态微弱信标信号载波捕获跟踪的设计与实现

为了研究高动态低信噪比下信标信号的载波捕获跟踪问题,采用两级二阶锁频环(FLL)和一级三阶锁相环(PLL)技术方案。FLL采用基于周期图的鉴频方法,实现极低信噪比下信号载波的捕获。PLL中的三阶锁相环通过对环路压控振荡器(VCO)的输入控制信号进行监测,自适应地调整环路滤波器的带宽,以满足高动态下信号载波频率动态范围大的要求。在基于FPGA构建的信号处理板上验证了上述实现方案,并给出实验结果。     

一种基于FLL和PLL的复合载波环的跟踪精度分析

基于卫星通信高动态、高精度的需求,提出了一种锁频环与锁相环相结合的双环载波跟踪系统.通过分析热噪声和动态应力对载波环跟踪精度的影响,指出了锁相环和锁频环的优缺点,给出了复合载波环的结构框图和工作流程.最后通过系统仿真,证明了复合载波环比单一载波环具有更全面的性能.     

基于CKF的高动态载波跟踪算法研究

CKF是一种新型非线性高斯滤波算法,它依据三阶容积准则,使用数值积分来近似加权高斯积分,无需对非线性模型进行线性化,具有较高的精度和较好的鲁棒性。在传统的锁频加锁相载波跟踪环路的基础上引入了CKF,对载波相位误差、载波频率误差、载波频率变化率误差等参数进行估计,同时将CKF与UKF算法进行了仿真比较。结果表明,在高动态环境中CKF算法对接收机动态信号的跟踪性能优于UKF算法。     

Resolution Enhancement Technology:Integrated Process Solutions using OPC

DUV lithography, using the 248 nm wavelength, is a viable manufacturing option for devices with features at 130 nm and less. Given the low kl value of the lithography, integrated process development is a necessary method for achieving acceptable process latitude. The application of assist features for rule based OPC requires the simultaneous optimization of the mask, illumination optics and the resist.Described in this paper are the details involved in optimizing each of these aspects for line and space imaging.A reference pitch is first chosen to determine how the optics will be set. The ideal sigma setting is determined by a simple geometrically derived expression. The inner and outer machine settings are determined, in turn,with the simulation of a figure of merit. The maximum value of the response surface of this FOM occurs at the optimal sigma settings. Experimental confirmation of this is shown in the paper.Assist features are used to modify the aerial image of the more isolated images on the mask. The effect that the diffraction of the scattering bars (SBs) has on the image intensity distribution is explained. Rules for determining the size and placement of SBs are also given.Resist is optimized for use with off-axis illumination and assist features. A general explanation of the material' s effect is discussed along with the affect on the through-pitch bias. The paper culminates with the showing of the lithographic results from the fully optimized system.     

Cost-effective test solutions for smart card and other integrated flash applications

From its emergence in the late 1980s as a lower cost alternative to early EEPROM technologies, flash memory has evolved to higher densities and speedsand rapidly growing acceptance in mobile applications.In the process, flash memory devices have placed increased test requirements on manufacturers. Today, as flash device test grows in importance in China, manufacturers face growing pressure for reduced cost-oftest, increased throughput and greater return on investment for test equipment. At the same time, the move to integrated flash packages for contactless smart card applications adds a significant further challenge to manufacturers seeking rapid, low-cost test.     

Theoretical analysis of the relationship between the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain in the optical-fiber sensors

The relation between the power of the Brillouin signal and the strain is one of the bases of the distributed fiber sensors of temperature and strain. The coefficient of the Bfillouin gain can be changed by the temperature and the strain that will affect the power of the Brillouin scattering. The relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is thought to be linear by many researchers. However, it is not always linear based on the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Therefore, errors will be caused if the relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is regarded as to be linear approximately for measuring the temperature and the strain. For this reason, the influence of the parameters on the Brillouin gain coefficient is proposed through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation.     

An improved parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations

The parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations is improved in this paper. By analyzing the notions of connected components and passes, a conclusion is drawn that the number of passes and the number of eight-connected components are equal. Then the expression of the number of eight-connected components is obtained which replaces the old one in the algorithm. And a reserving condition is proposed by experiments, which alleviates the excess deletion where a diagonal line and a beeline intersect. The experimental results demonstrate that the thinned curve is almost located in the middle of the original curve connectivelv with single pixel width and the processing speed is high.     

Novel fiber-optical interferometer with miniaturized probe for in-hole measurements

Today, micro-system technology and the development of new MEMS （Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems） are emerging rapidly. In order for this development to become a success in the long run, measurement systems have to ensure product quality. Most often, MEMS have to be tested by means of functionality or destructive tests. One reason for this is that there are no suitable systems or sensing probes available which can be used for the measurement of quasi inaccessible features like small holes or cavities. We present a measurement system that could be used for these kinds of measurements. The system combines a fiber optical, miniaturized sensing probe with low-coherence interferometry, so that absolute distance measurements with nanometer accuracy are possible.     

Development of the readout system for waveguide multilayer optical card

Waveguide multilayer optical card （WMOC） is a novel storage device of three-dimensional optical information. An advanced readout system fitting for the WMOC is introduced in this paper. The hardware mainly consists of the light source for reading, WMOC, motorized stages addressing unit, microscope imaging unit, CCD detecting unit and PC controlling ＆ processing unit. The movement of the precision motorized stage is controlled by the computer through Visual Basic （VB） language in software. A control panel is also designed to get the layer address and the page address through which the position of the motorized stages can be changed. The WMOC readout system is easy to manage and the readout result is directly displayed on computer monitor.     

Study of waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers

This paper presents a new method to increase the waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers. We find that the propagation constant of the InGaAsP emitting layer can be equal to that of the Si resonant layer through improving the design size of the InP waveguide. The coupling power achieves 42% of the total power in the hybrid lasers when the thickness of the bonding layer is 100 nm. Our result is very close to 50% of the total power reported by Intel when the thickness of the thin bonding layer is less than 5 nm. Therefore, our invariable coupling power technique is simpler than Intel＇s.     

Collinear phase-matching study of terahertz-wave generation via difference frequency mixed in GaAs and Inp

The collinearly phase-matching condition of terahertz-wave generation via difference frequency mixed in GaAs and InP is theoretically studied. In collinear phase-matching, the optimum phase-matching wave hands of these two crystals are calculated. The optimum phase-matching wave bands in GaAs and lnP are 0.95-1.38μm and 0.7-0.96μm respectively. The influence of the wavelength choice of the pump wave on the coherent length in THz-wave tuning is also discussed. The influence of the temperature alteration on the phase-matching and the temperature tuning properties in GaAs crystal are calculated and analyzed. It can serve for the following experiments as a theoretical evidence and a reference as well.     

Effects of the alloy compositions on the phonon-polaritons in ternary mixed crystals

Composition dependence of bulk and surface phonon-polaritons in ternary mixed crystals are studied in the framework of the modified random-element-isodisplacement model and the Bom-Huang approximation. The numerical results for Several Ⅱ - Ⅵ and Ⅲ- Ⅴ compound systems are performed, and the polariton frequencies as functions of the compositions for ternary mixed crystals AlxGa1-xAs, GaPxAS1-x, ZnSxSe1-x, GaAsxSb1-x, GaxIn1-xP, and ZnxCd1-xS as examples are given and discussed. The results show that the dependence of the energies of two branches of bulk phonon-polaritons which have phonon-like characteristics, and surface phonon-polaritons on the compositions of ternary mixed crystals are nonlinear and different from those of the corresponding binary systems.     

New insert layer structure OLEDs

An insert layer structure organic electroluminescent device（OLED） based on a new luminescent material （Zn（salen）） is fabricated. The configuration of the device is ITO/CuPc/NPD/Zn（salen）/Liq/LiF/A1/CuPc/NPD/Zn（salen）/Liq/LiF/A1. Effective insert electrode layers comprising LiF（1nm）/Al（5 nm） are used as a single semitransparent mirror, and bilayer cathode LiF（1 nm）/A1（100 nm） is used as a reflecting mirror. The two mirrors form a Fabry-Perot microcavity and two emissive units. The maximum brightness and luminous efficiency reach 674 cd/m^2 and 2.652 cd/A, respectively, which are 2.1 and 3.7 times higher than the conventional device, respectively. The superior brightness and luminous efficiency over conventional single-unit devices are attributed to microcavity effect.