825合金热挤压管中碳化物的析出及回溶行为

研究了825合金热挤压管中碳化物的时效析出及回溶行为.结果表明,在750～800℃时效时,沿晶界会大量析出M23C6型碳化物,造成晶界附近Cr元素贫化,从而显著降低该合金的抗晶间腐蚀能力;晶内则几乎不出现M23C6型碳化物.固溶热处理试验结果表明,M23C6碳化物的溶解温度为950～980℃.在该温度下固溶20 min以上,可将M23C6 型碳化物充分溶解,赋予合金良好的抗晶间腐蚀能力.     

21-6-9不锈钢在退火过程中的析出行为

研究了21-6-9不锈钢在400~900℃退火过程中析出相的析出行为,采用热力学计算软件和微观结构检测技术对21-6-9不锈钢的析出相进行了表征。结果表明,在退火过程中21-6-9不锈钢的析出相为M23C6型碳化物,析出温度范围大致为630~850℃,其中析出敏感温度为800℃左右,M23C6析出量随温度升高先增多后减少,析出相固溶温度为900℃左右。在700℃保温10 min后,晶界处有少量M23C6析出,随保温时间延长,M23C6析出量逐渐增多,且由晶界析出逐渐向晶内生长。     

回火处理对15Cr12MoVN钢显微组织和冲击吸收能量的影响北大核心CSCD

采用光学显微镜(OM)和扫描电镜(SEM)研究了15Cr12MoVN马氏体钢在回火处理过程中的组织转变规律及回火处理对冲击吸收功的影响。结果表明:回火处理后15Cr12MoVN马氏体钢中的主要析出相是M23C6碳化物,分布在原奥氏体晶界和板条界上。当回火温度由700℃增加到800℃时,碳化物析出数量增加,颗粒尺寸增大,分布均匀性得到显著改善;原奥氏体晶界上的碳化物形貌由细小、离散的颗粒状向粗大、连续的颗粒状转变,而板条界上的碳化物形貌均保持细小的颗粒状或短棒状。随回火温度增加,15Cr12MoVN马氏体钢韧脆转变温度(DBTT)降低,在750~800℃范围内达到最低值,冲击断口结晶状区由完全解理断裂向塑性撕裂和局部韧窝转变。     

回火处理对15Cr12MoVN钢显微组织和冲击吸收能量的影响

采用光学显微镜(OM)和扫描电镜(SEM)研究了15Cr12MoVN马氏体钢在回火处理过程中的组织转变规律及回火处理对冲击吸收功的影响。结果表明:回火处理后15Cr12MoVN马氏体钢中的主要析出相是M23C6碳化物,分布在原奥氏体晶界和板条界上。当回火温度由700℃增加到800℃时,碳化物析出数量增加,颗粒尺寸增大,分布均匀性得到显著改善;原奥氏体晶界上的碳化物形貌由细小、离散的颗粒状向粗大、连续的颗粒状转变,而板条界上的碳化物形貌均保持细小的颗粒状或短棒状。随回火温度增加,15Cr12MoVN马氏体钢韧脆转变温度(DBTT)降低,在750~800℃范围内达到最低值,冲击断口结晶状区由完全解理断裂向塑性撕裂和局部韧窝转变。     

一种镍基高温合金蠕变过程中碳、硼化物的演变行为及结构表征

通过对一种镍基铸造K417G高温合金进行760℃/645 MPa、900℃/315 MPa和950℃/235 MPa 3种条件下的蠕变性能测试,并采用扫描电镜、透射电镜等实验方法对蠕变后高温合金微观组织进行表征,分析不同条件下的蠕变机理,并对比分析蠕变前后合金中碳、硼化物的形态、分布、晶体结构,研究不同蠕变温度和应力条件对碳、硼化物析出和演变行为的影响,并揭示碳、硼化物对镍基高温合金不同条件下蠕变性能的影响。结果显示,K417G高温合金的蠕变寿命随着蠕变条件由760℃/645 MPa向900℃/315 MPa和950℃/235 MPa转变先升高后降低。760℃/645MPa下,蠕变裂纹产生于MC型碳化物的碎裂;900℃/315 MPa下,蠕变裂纹一部分产生于晶界,另一部分产生于MC型碳化物碎裂;950℃/235 MPa下,蠕变裂纹全部产生于晶界。在760℃/645 MPa下,MC型碳化物不分解,晶界没有析出细小碳、硼化物;900℃/315 MPa下,MC型碳化物分解产生M23C6型碳化物,晶界析出细小均匀分布的M23C6型碳化物和M3B2型硼化物;950℃/235 MPa下,晶界M23C6型碳化物和M3B2型硼化物长大,呈条状分布。     

镍基合金的析出相及强化机制

用结构分析和性能测试方法,研究了2种镍基合金（617和625）的时效析出相及强化机制。结果表明：在760℃时效过程中,617和625合金均析出面心立方结构的M23C6碳化物和面心立方有序结构的γ′相,M23C6碳化物分布于晶界和晶内,γ′相分布于晶内。此外,625合金还析出体心四方结构的γ″相。2种合金的晶内析出相（M23C6和γ′）稳定性好,617合金的晶界析出相（M23C6）在760℃时效3000 h后聚集长大,仍为不连续分布,可阻碍晶界滑移;625合金的晶界相（γ″相）随760℃时效时间延长数量增多。M23C6作为时效态617合金的主要析出相,弥散分布于晶界和晶内,有利于析出强化,从而提高了617合金的强度和硬度。γ″相作为625合金中的强化相,γ″相与基体（γ）之间的点阵错配度大,共格应力导致的强化作用明显,导致时效态合金的高屈服强度和硬度。     

热处理对G3合金微观组织的影响

借助光学显微镜、透射电子显微镜和扫描电子显微镜研究了热处理温度对G3合金微观组织的影响。结果表明,在1120～1180℃温度区间,随着固溶处理温度升高G3合金的晶粒尺寸由5.41级增大为4.18级;经不同温度时效处理后,合金中析出相的种类和分布形态有显著差别。经700℃×50 h时效,合金中晶界上的主要析出相为M23C6相,呈网状,晶内为弥散、细小的TiN和σ相,两者有复合析出现象。经800℃×50 h时效,合金中晶界处的析出相仍然是M23C6相,晶内析出的M6C相呈叶片状,成片分布在晶内。经900℃×50 h时效,合金中晶界处析出的主要是M6C相而不是M23C6相,晶内有大量纳米级的第二相颗粒与位错相互作用。     

无磁钻铤用0Cr19Mn21Ni2N奥氏体不锈钢800 ℃等温时效析出机制

通过Thermo-Calc热力学软件计算、光学显微镜、扫描电镜及透射电镜对0Cr19Mn21Ni2N奥氏体不锈钢在800 ℃等温时效过程中碳化物、氮化物的析出机制进行了研究。结果表明：第二相碳化物、氮化物析出的成分、种类、分布随局部C元素贫化而发生变化。在800 ℃等温时效过程中,当时效时间为10~60 min时,晶界上较高浓度的C元素偏析、较大的晶格错配能和畸变能为M23C6首先在晶界位置形核并形成连续析出颗粒提供充足的热力学和动力学条件;随着时效时间进一步延长,由于碳化物M23C6的较多析出导致该析出区域C元素逐渐贫化,?M23C6析出的热力学和动力学条件逐渐受到抑制,氮化物Cr2N开始在晶界析出的M23C6碳化物附近形核。随后,片层状Cr2N逐渐在相邻晶粒内长大,其生长方向与奥氏体晶格取向具有固定的位向关系。     

一种铸造镍基高温合金在热处理过程中的相析出行为和拉伸性能（英文）

研究一种铸造镍基合金(IN617B合金)在固溶处理和长期时效处理过程中的相析出行为和拉伸性能。在铸态的组织中,Ti(C,N)、M6C和M23C6为主要析出相,而经过固溶处理后,除少量Ti(C,N)残余外,绝大部分碳化物固溶到基体中。在700°C长期时效过程中,合金中相的析出行为主要包括3个方面:(1)晶界处M23C6碳化物的形貌由膜状转变成颗粒状,同时由于界面能的降低和元素向晶界的扩散,颗粒碳化物逐渐粗化;(2)晶内棒状M23C6碳化物具有择优生长方向[110],并与基体γ之间存在共格关系;(3)γ?颗粒可以通过限制碳化物形成元素的扩散来阻碍晶内M23C6碳化物粗化。在时效5000 h后,合金的抗拉强度明显增加,而合金的塑性明显下降。该合金具有稳定的显微组织,从而保证其在长期时效过程中具有优异的拉伸性能。     

镍基耐蚀825合金的组织特征及热力学计算

为了了解镍基耐蚀825合金的组织特征及平衡相的析出规律,采用扫描电镜(SEM)和热力学计算软件Thermo-Calc对其进行组织观察和模拟计算分析。结果表明,825合金原始轧态晶界无析出物,晶内有少许Ti的碳化物。750℃时效4h后晶界析出块状M23C6,980℃时效,MC相随时间增加而增多。825合金主要平衡相为γ′、α-Cr、MC、M23C6,Al、Cr、Ti、C分别提高γ′相、α-Cr相、MC相、M23C6相的开始析出温度和最大析出量。     

固溶后冷却方式对Inconel X-750合金组织和性能的影响

采用SEM、TEM、EDAX和相分析等分析手段,研究Inconel X-750合金固溶后不同冷却方式下组织和性能的变化。结果显示:水冷和油冷抑制合金中γ′相的析出,时效后均析出球形的γ′相。炉冷后合金中析出一次立方体形γ′相和二次球形γ′相,时效后再次析出球形γ′相;水冷和油冷后晶界上无碳化物析出,时效后晶界上均析出细小针状M₂₃C₆。炉冷后合金晶界上析出块状M₂₃C₆,时效后碳化物尺寸略微长大,形状基本不变;炉冷+时效后合金的强度最高,水冷+时效后合金的冲击性能最好。     

Aging precipitation behavior and its influence on mechanical properties of Mn18Cr18N austenitic stainless steel

The aging precipitation behavior in Mn18Cr18N austenitic stainless steel was investigated at temperatures from 600 °C to 900 °C. During isothermal aging treatment, the primary precipitate was Cr₂N with a = 0.478 nm and c = 0.444 nm, and it preferentially nucleates along initial grain boundaries and gradually grows towards the interior of grains in discontinuous cellular way. Meanwhile, a small amount of granular face-centred cubic M₂₃C₆ with a = 1.066 nm also were observed, which mainly form along grain boundaries. The effect of these precipitates on mechanical properties of the alloy was studied. It was found that precipitates result in degeneration of the matrix hardness. Meanwhile, the SEM morphologies of aged tensile sample show that the brittle fracture predominates during deformation, i.e. the fracture mode transforms from intergranular fracture to transgranular fracture with the increasing of aging time. Compared with the solution-treated sample, the strength of the aged tensile samples slightly decreases and plasticity remarkably deteriorates.     

Precipitation of Secondary Carbides in M2 High-Speed Steel Modified with Titanium diboride

The precipitation of the secondary carbides in high-speed steel of AISI M2 type modified with titanium diboride has been investigated for both the cast and the heat-treated states. The primary focus was on the effect of austenitizing temperatures on the secondary carbide precipitation during tempering. Some differences in origin of the secondary carbides, as well as in their shape and size distribution, were found in the tempered microstructure for the different austenitizing temperatures. After austenitization at 1180 °C and triple tempering at 560 °C, the secondary carbide particles of a spherical shape up to 200 nm in size were identified by selected area electron diffraction as M₂₃C₆. After austenitization at 1220 °C, two types of the secondary carbides were found in the tempered microstructure, M₂₃C₆ with a size up to 200 nm and M₆C with a size up to 400 nm. In both the cases, the carbide particles were slightly angular. After austenitization at 1260 °C, only M₆C secondary carbides were revealed in the tempered microstructure, which occurred as the angular particles up to 350 nm in size. In addition, considerably finer M₂₃C₆ carbide particles with a size of 10-40 nm were found to precipitate in the tempered microstructure.     

Quantitative analysis of the size distributions and elements of the precipitates in Fe-3%Si alloy during secondary recrystallization annealing using HAADF imaging and XEDS

The distribution of precipitates on grain boundaries and their role in abnormal grain growth during secondary recrystallization annealing in Fe-3 %Si alloy is studied. The precipitates and grain boundaries were observed simultaneously using high angle annular dark field scanning transmission electron microscopy. The chemical composition of the precipitates was also analyzed by X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy. During secondary recrystallization annealing, the number of small precipitates (<9000 nm²) increased in the samples heated up to 900°C and decreased in the samples heated up to 1000°C. The increase (of the small precipitates) was strongly correlated with the onset temperature of abnormal grain growth above 900°C. In all samples, 50 % to 80 % of the precipitates consisted of complexes containing both Al and Mn.     

GH4096合金在长期热暴露过程中的组织演化

基于粉末冶金René88DT合金的成分,采用新型定向凝固铸锭变形工艺研制了GH4096合金,并研究了其固溶时效热处理后在700~900 ℃长期热暴露过程中γ′相的粗化和晶界析出相的析出行为。结果表明:GH4096合金在700 ℃热暴露时具有良好的组织稳定性,晶内γ′相的尺寸稳定在70 nm左右,未发现明显的长大行为,晶界上未发现析出相;750 ℃热暴露500 h以上时,二次γ′相开始出现聚集长大现象,晶界开始出现不连续析出相,但γ′相的长大速度和晶界析出相的析出速度均比较低;800 ℃以上长期热暴露时,γ′相的粗化速度和晶界析出相的析出长大速度明显加快。长期热暴露后晶内二次γ′相的尺寸与Larsen-Miller参数近似呈线性关系,晶界析出相以M₃B₂和μ相为主。     

Effect of Intergranular Precipitation on the Internal Oxidation Behavior of Cr–Mn–N Austenitic Stainless Steels

The effect of intergranular precipitation on the internal oxidation behavior of Cr–Mn–N austenitic steels at 1000 °C in dry air atmosphere was investigated using scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope, and X-ray diffraction analysis. The results show that intergranular M23C6 carbide morphologies play an important role on the internal oxidation behavior of Cr–Mn–N steels. During the period of the oxidation, both discontinuous chain-shaped and continuous film-shaped intergranular M23C6 carbides precipitated along the grain boundaries. Internal oxides of silica preferentially intruded into the matrix along grain boundaries with discontinuous M23C6 carbide particles, while silica was obviously restricted at the interfaces between the external scale and matrix on the occasion of continuous film-shaped M23C6 carbides. It is seemed that reasonable microstructure could improve the oxidation resistance of Cr–Mn–N steels.     

Effects of hot compression on carbide precipitation behavior of Ni—20Cr—18W—1Mo superalloy

The effect of hot compression on the grain boundary segregation and precipitation behavior of M₆C carbide in the Ni–20Cr–18W–1Mo superalloy was investigated by thermomechanical simulator, scanning electronic microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Results indicate that the amount of M₆C carbides obviously increases in the experimental alloy after hot compression. Composition analyses reveal that secondary M₆C carbides at grain boundaries are highly enriched in tungsten. Meanwhile, the secondary carbide size of compressive samples is 3–5 μm in 10% deformation degree, while the carbide size of undeformed specimens is less than 1 μm under aging treatment at 900 and 1000 °C. According to the thermodynamic calculation results, the Gibbs free energy of γ-matrix and carbides decreases with increase of the compression temperature, and the W-rich M₆C carbide is more stable than Cr-rich M₂₃C₆. Compared with the experimental results, it is found that compressive stress accelerates the W segregation rate in grain boundary region, and further rises the rapid growth of W-rich M₆C as compared with the undeformed one.     

硼含量对镍基合金GH4049晶界析出相和高温性能的影响

在晶界面上用萃取碳复型技术研究了镍基合金GH4049(Ni-15Co-10Cr-5．5W-5Mo-4．2Al-1．5Ti)中与B和C的晶界偏聚效应密切相关的二次析出相特征．B含量低于0．008％时,因固溶B／C(原子比)很低,晶界析出大尺寸MC薄膜和M6C枝晶片以及薄膜状M23C6,不利于高温塑性和持久寿命．B含量为0．011％和0．018％时,固溶B／C(原子比)虽仅为0．667和0．941,已可减少和全部抑制上述碳化物的析出,代之以弥散M3B2颗粒,高温性能大幅度上升．但B含量过高,M3B2密集析出,高温性能下降．降低固溶冷却速度而使B和C原子向晶界长程偏聚,可促进M3B2析出,改善MC的形貌并抑制M6C和M23C6析出。     

GH80A组织特征及平衡相析出行为的热力学计算分析

采用高分辨扫描电镜、物理化学相分析、X射线衍射等手段对实验GH80A合金热处理态的微观组织特征进行了定性和定量分析。结果表明,合金晶界分布有M7C3、M23C6两种碳化物,有效强化晶界,晶内弥散分布有γ’强化相,有效提高合金的高温强度;此外,采用Thermo-Calc热力学计算软件和Ni基数据库,对GH80A平衡析出相和非平衡凝固过程进行了模拟计算,并分析了合金元素Al、Ti对γ’相,C对MC、M7C3、M23C63种碳化物析出量和析出温度的影响。