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1.概述 浙江卡森皮革有限公司在1997年以前生产猪皮、羊皮服装革,当时该厂建有一套处理能力为3200m^3/d以采用氧化沟技术为主体的废水处理工程。1998年卡森瞄准国际市场,开始生产牛皮家具革,从而成为国内牛皮家具革生产的龙头企业,颇受国内外同行的关注。由于卡森产品品种的变化,导致了废水水质的变化,但污水处理工程规模与工艺不变。 相似文献
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(上接 2 0 0 3年第 5期 )4 从制革工序中流出的废水量及水质在猪正面服装革及鞋用二层绒面革制造中 ,所产生的废水量及废水水质分析值 ,见表 3。表 4 -表 8为表 3各工序排出的废水分析值 ,即以 1t原料皮为单位的各种离子、铬 (Cr2 O3 )、油脂及COD等项分析值。其中油脂是从皮或革的重量中分析 (表 1、表 2 )得到的。主要工序皮或革的重量及所加入化学材料量归入表左栏目中相应工序。从表 6可看出废水中铬 (Cr2 O3 )排放量 ,在此把铬鞣剂换算成Cr2 O3 来计算为18 9kg ,即有 35 %Cr2 O3 从废水中排出。以表 1-表 3为基础 ,… 相似文献
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众所周知,我国是以猪皮制革为主的国家,猪皮产量和猪革产量均居世界之首。在20世纪90年代,我国猪革产量占全部皮革产量的60%左右。20世纪90年代以后,牛皮制革逐步发展,到了本世纪初,牛革和猪革的产量基本相当,二者难分伯仲。即使到了2l世纪,我国猪革产量仍占全部皮革产量的一半以上。因此,猪皮制革的景况如何,直接关系到制革工艺乃至整个皮革工业的生存和发展。发展猪皮制革,一直是摆在广大皮革科技工作者面前的一项光荣而艰巨的任务。
经过半个多世纪的努力,我国猪皮制革的生产水平,技术水平已经跨入世界先进行列,从很大程度上改变了我国制革工业的面貌。
应《北京皮革》之约,继《牛皮制革实用技术》连载完后,将连载《猪皮制革实用技术》。在《猪皮制革实用技术》连载中,笔者将尽量介绍猪皮制革的基础知识和先进、新颖、实用的猪皮制革技术,并就一些学术技术问题进行研讨。笔者衷心希望这些努力能够起到抛砖引玉的作用。 相似文献
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1989年,我省鲜猪皮财政补贴2000万元,比1988年减少35.5%,猪皮价格补贴又从每公斤1.46元,降到0.50元,下降65.75%,1990年可能要取消猪皮价格补贴。这对小型制革厂来说,正象刚刚断乳的小孩,步履艰难,困难重重。小皮革企业如何走出困境,本文试图以此提出一些肤浅的思考。一、问题。当前皮革、革制品生产存在主要问题有三;一是,缺乏统筹调配,经济效益低。在1987年国内牛皮货源不足的情况下,一些进出口公司以廉低价格出口皮革200万 相似文献
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“猪皮得天独厚,牛皮先天不足”,这是业内人士对四川省皮革行业原料皮状况的真实评价。四川省制革业以猪皮为主要原料的特点给全行业的产品结构调整和经济效益的提高增加了难度。目前国内用于制革的原料皮构成(按折合牛皮计)其大 相似文献
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Objectives
To analyse trends in smoking prevalence in Ukraine from three surveys conducted in 2001–5, and to explore correlates of observed changes, in order to estimate the stage of tobacco epidemic in Ukraine.Design
Repeated national interview surveys in Ukraine in 2001, 2002 and 2005.Main outcome measure
Prevalence of current smoking among the population aged ⩾15 years.Results
The age‐standardised prevalence of current smoking in Ukrainian men was 54.8% in 2001 and 66.8% in 2005. Among Ukrainian women, prevalence increased from 11.5% in 2001 to 20.0% in 2005. ORs for yearly increase in prevalence were estimated as 1.164 (95% CI 1.111 to 1.220) for men and 1.187 (1.124 to 1.253) for women, which implies that, on average, 3–4% of men and 1.5–2% of women living in Ukraine join the smoking population each year.Conclusions
In Ukraine, smoking prevalence is increasing in most population groups. Among men, the medium deprivation group with secondary education has the highest smoking prevalence. Among women, while the most educated, young and those living in larger cities are the leading group for tobacco use, other groups are also increasing their tobacco use. Tobacco promotion efforts appear to have been significantly more effective in Ukraine than smoking control efforts. The decrease in real cigarette prices in Ukraine in 2001–5 could be the main factor explaining the recent growth in smoking prevalence.Ukraine is a large eastern European country with high smoking prevalence. Tobacco products are widely available at very low prices, and the transnational tobacco industry is extremely successful in promoting its products and lobbying for its interests in the legislative field. Advocacy of tobacco control has only recently achieved some success in the legislative field, with the first tobacco control law being adopted in late 2005. Ukraine ratified the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in 2006, but there is still much cause for concern regarding the enforcement and effectiveness of the adopted legislative measures. Unfortunately, the government is not yet involved in nationwide surveillance of the tobacco problem, and the available data have mostly been gathered with funding from foreign donors. Several attempts have been made to measure the extent of the tobacco epidemic in the countries of the former Soviet Union (FSU).1,2,3,4,5,6,7 Most of these studies have shown rather high smoking prevalence among men (50–70%) and comparatively low prevalence among women (5–20%). Most countries in the FSU have similar smoking rates, while certain trends are shown to be related to the differences in how the transnational tobacco industry succeeds in every national tobacco market.6 Unfortunately, few studies have been published showing trends in smoking prevalence in the FSU.7 In Ukraine, two studies3,4 provided point estimates of smoking prevalence.The aim of this study was to analyse trends in smoking prevalence in Ukraine, on the basis of three surveys conducted in 2001–5, and to explore correlates of observed changes in order to estimate the stage of the tobacco epidemic in Ukraine. 相似文献16.
了解河南省部分食品中重金属污染的现状。方法 在河南省18个省辖市采集8大类3 657份食品样品,按照国家标准检测食品中铅、镉和汞的含量,检测结果按照GB 2762—2012《食品安全国家标准食品中污染物限量》进行评价。结果 河南省部分食品中铅含量的平均值为0.34 mg/kg,总体超标率为8.8%(320/3 656),其中粮食、肉类和蔬菜中超标率较高,分别为17.2%(95/552)、14.5%(85/587)和10.7%(57/534);部分食品中镉含量的平均值为0.054 mg/kg,总体超标率为3.9%(143/3 657),其中食用菌和蛋类中超标率较高,分别为9.6%(49/508)和8.1%(42/518);部分食品中汞含量的平均值为0.077 mg/kg,总体超标率为8.3%(303/3 657),其中蔬菜和粮食中超标率较高,分别为25.3%(135/534)和12.3%(68/551)。结论 河南省部分食品中铅、汞污染情况较为严重,其中粮食、蔬菜和肉类食品中污染情况尤为突出,需要加强监管。 相似文献
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R. B. Sashidhar Y. Ramakrishna Ramesh V. Bhat 《Journal of Stored Products Research》1992,28(4):257-260
Various traditional containers have been used in India for storage of sorghum grains. Sorghum is susceptible to fungal infestation and toxin elaboration. The present study relates to the mould and mycotoxin contamination (aflatoxin B1 and T-2 toxin) in stored sorghum in different storage containers viz. “Kotlu” (Storage rooms), earthenware pots, gunny bags and reed baskets. Aspergillus sp. and Fusarium sp. were the prominent genera and the “Kotlu” form of storage was most susceptible to fungal attack. Storage treatment had little effect on fungal contamination, but despite the fungal infestation, the mycotoxin contamination was found to be very low. 相似文献
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目的 了解山西省食源性致病菌的污染现状.方法 按照2010年度《全国食源性致病菌监测工作手册》进行.结果 1 576份样品中共检出阳性菌株149株,检出率为9.45%,其中单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌、副溶血性弧菌污染比较严重,总检出率为9.50%和8.22%,金黄色葡萄球菌、阪崎肠杆菌和沙门氏菌的总检出率分别为3.02%、1.11%和0.87%.不同类别食品中致病菌的检出率差异较大,生肉中致病菌的检出率高居榜首为49.33%,主要污染菌为沙门氏菌、单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌;沙拉中致病菌的检出率为17.39%,主要污染菌为单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌;生食水产品中致病菌的检出率为16.94%,主要污染菌为单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌、副溶血性孤菌;熟肉制品中致病菌的检出率为9.84%,主要污染菌为单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、沙门氏菌;中式凉拌菜中致病菌的检出率为8.89%,主要污染菌为金黄色葡萄球菌;鲜榨果汁中致病菌的检出率为6.67%,主要污染菌为金黄色葡萄球菌;鲜冻水产品中致病菌的检出率为5.00%,主要污染菌为副溶血性弧菌;婴幼儿配方粉/米粉/谷粉/豆奶粉中阪崎杆菌的检出率为1.11%.结论 山西省多种食品均存在食源性致病菌不同程度的污染,应加大对散装食品、即食食品和生食水产品的监管. 相似文献