Model based hydropower gate operation for mitigation of CSO impacts by means of river base flow increase.

In river stretches being subjected to flow regulation, usually for the purpose of energy production (e.g. Hydropower) or flood protection (river barrage), a special measure can be taken against the effect of combined sewer overflows (CSOs). The basic idea is the temporal increase of the river base flow (during storm weather) as an in-stream measure for mitigation of CSO spilling. The focus is the mitigation of the negative effect of acute pollution of substances. The measure developed can be seen as an application of the classic real time control (RTC) concept onto the river system. Upstream gate operation is to be based on real time monitoring and forecasting of precipitation. The main objective is the development of a model based predictive control system for the gate operation, by modelling of the overall wastewater system (incl. the receiving water). The main emphasis is put on the operational strategy and the appropriate short-term forecast of spilling events. The potential of the measure is tested for the application of the operational strategy and its ecological and economic feasibility. The implementation of such an in-stream measure into the hydropower's operational scheme is unique. Advantages are (a) the additional in-stream dilution of acute pollutants entering the receiving water and (b) the resulting minimization of the required CSO storage volume.     

Simulation of a subsurface vertical flow constructed wetland for CSO treatment.

Constructed wetlands (CWs) have proved to be a highly effective measure to reduce the ecological impact of combined sewer overflows (CSOs) on receiving waters. Due to the stochastic nature of the loading regime and the multitude of environmental influences, assessment of the performance of such plants requires detailed mathematical modelling. A multi-component reactive transport module (CW2D) was applied to simulate the flow, transport and degradation processes occurring in a CW for CSO treatment. CW2D was originally developed to simulate the treatment of municipal wastewater in subsurface flow CWs. Loading and operational conditions in CSO treatment differ fundamentally from the conditions occurring for wastewater treatment. Despite these differences, first results from the simulation of lab-scale experiments show, that the model is generally applicable to this type of plant. Modelling of adsorption, degradation processes, and influent fractionation, however, require further research.     

TSS concentration in sewers estimated from turbidity measurements by means of linear regression accounting for uncertainties in both variables.

In order to replace traditional sampling and analysis techniques, turbidimeters can be used to estimate TSS concentration in sewers, by means of sensor and site specific empirical equations established by linear regression of on-site turbidity Tvalues with TSS concentrations C measured in corresponding samples. As the ordinary least-squares method is not able to account for measurement uncertainties in both T and C variables, an appropriate regression method is used to solve this difficulty and to evaluate correctly the uncertainty in TSS concentrations estimated from measured turbidity. The regression method is described, including detailed calculations of variances and covariance in the regression parameters. An example of application is given for a calibrated turbidimeter used in a combined sewer system, with data collected during three dry weather days. In order to show how the established regression could be used, an independent 24 hours long dry weather turbidity data series recorded at 2 min time interval is used, transformed into estimated TSS concentrations, and compared to TSS concentrations measured in samples. The comparison appears as satisfactory and suggests that turbidity measurements could replace traditional samples. Further developments, including wet weather periods and other types of sensors, are suggested.     

CSO treatment strategy based on constituent index relationships in a highly urbanised catchment.

In urbanising catchments the variability of particulate matter (solids) and oxygen demanding constituents of wet weather and dry weather characteristics result in variable treatment effectiveness from physical unit operations and biological unit processes. Higher organic concentrations during dry weather flow are more amenable to biological unit processes while the higher inorganic loads generated largely by urban wet weather constituents and much larger flows can be more effectively treated or conditioned by physical unit operations, including ideally preceded by hydrologic controls. This study examines the relationships between total chemical oxygen demand (COD)(t), dissolved chemical oxygen demand (COD)(d), particulate chemical oxygen demand (COD)(p) and solids, measured as total suspended solids (TSS). Results also provide an index for selection and optimisation of treatment operations for combined sewer overflow (CSO) loads.     

Identification of sewer pipes to be cleaned for reduction of CSO pollutant load.

To reduce the CSO (Combined Sewer Overflow) pollutant discharge, one of the effective options is cleaning of sewer pipes before rainfall events. To maximize the efficiency, identification of pipes to be cleaned is necessary. In this study, we discussed the location of pipe deposit in dry weather in a combined sewer system using a distributed model and investigated the effect of pipe cleaning to reduce the pollutant load from the CSO. First we simulated the dry weather flow in a combined sewer system. The pipe deposit distribution in the network was estimated after 3 days of dry weather period. Several specific pipes with structural defect and upper end pipes tend to have an accumulation of deposit. Wet weather simulations were conducted with and without pipe cleaning in rainfall events with different patterns. The SS loads in CSO with and without the pipe cleaning were compared. The difference in the estimated loads was interpreted as the contribution of wash-off in the cleaned pipe. The effect of pipe cleaning on reduction of the CSO pollutant load was quantitatively evaluated (e.g. the cleaning of one specific pipe could reduce 22% of total CSO load). The CSO simulations containing pipe cleaning options revealed that identification of pipes with accumulated deposit using the distributed model is very useful and informative to evaluate the applicability of pipe cleaning option for CSO pollutant reduction.     

Constructed wetlands for CSO treatment: an overview of practice and research in Germany.

Vertical flow treatment wetlands have been developed as very useful tools for treatment of combined sewage overflow. Several systems have been in operation for over 15 years. Based on recent research work, new technical guidelines now recommend systems with a drained filter of sand 0/2 mm and a throttled outflow. COD, NH4-N and SS removal rates of 85-99% can be expected from this type of filter. SS loadings that are too high and very long or frequent inundation affect the performance adversely. Information for successful long-term operation were derived from various existing plants.     

Vortex analysis of water flow through gates by different vortex identification methods

The pre-gate suction vortex,gate-bottom-edge transverse vortex,gate-slot vertical vortex,and downstream-of-gate return vortex are important factors affecting the flow instability of flat gates,which may lead to fatigue failure in severe cases.This study used the volume of fluid(VOF)model and large eddy simulation(LES)method to accurately capture the transient turbulence characteristics of flow under different water flow conditions and reveal the flow field and vortex structure.The Q-criterion,Omega(Ω)method,and latest third-generation Liutex vortex identification method were used to analyze and compare the pre-gate suction vortex,gate-slot vertical vortex,and downstream-of-gate return vortex,focusing on the ability of each vortex identification method to capture the flow field information and vortex characteristics.The results reveal that the Ω method and Liutex method are less dependent on the threshold value,and the Liutex method captures a wide range of pre-gate vortices.Different flow conditions cause changes in the vortex structure of over-gate flow.When the relative opening of the gate is smaller,the intensity of the vortices in the flow field around the gate is greater,the return vortices downstream of the gate are more disordered,and the vortex changes are more violent,which in turn affects the efficient and stable operation of the gate.     

Interaction of oxygen concentration and retention of pollutants in vertical flow constructed wetlands for CSO treatment.

The EU Water Framework Directive (WFD) calls for a good quality of all water bodies. Retention soil filters (RSF) have been developed to treat discharges from combined sewers systems. RSF have proved over the past 15 years to be the most effective measure to meet the EU WFD standards, especially for small or particularly sensitive receiving waters, which require an enhanced reduction of emissions from combined sewer overflows (CSOs). The paper presents results from laboratory-scale experiments, in which the oxygen measurement in the filter plays a main role. The results show remarkable differences in oxygen concentrations in different filter depths. The highest oxygen consumption takes place in the upper part of the filter. In the lower part the re-aeration of sewage from the soil air dominates. This indicates that the biological activity is limited to the upper part of the filter. The availability of oxygen in the filter is a sign for degradation of wastewater compounds (ammonium, COD) under certain conditions and already takes place during the filter operation. The removal of ammonium especially cannot be strictly divided into phases of sorption during the loading and oxidation during the dry period any more.     

Increase of River Base Flow by Hydropower Gate Operation for Mitigation of CSO Impacts – Potential and Limitations

In this paper the measure of increased river base flow is developed and evaluated. Aim is the temporal increase of flow in manmade low flow stretches for sufficient dilution of downstream acute pollution introduced by combined sewer overflows (CSOs). The increase of flow is done by operating upstream located retaining structures such as hydropower intakes. For implementation both energy producers and municipalities are required to cooperate. Thus the measure fits into a core aim of the Water Framework Directive of having basin wide approaches for improvements. Technically the focus of the measure is clearly on the mitigation of acute pollution, not addressing delayed or accumulate pollutants. The framework and implications are discussed for having an appropriate real time control (RTC) concept based on model based predictive control (MBPC). A specially development algorithm for the operation is presented and subsequently tested off-line with a semi-virtual catchment. The boundary conditions of the catchment are varied with regard to the connected catchment size, the river connected and the pollutant concentration originating from the catchment. Based on these scenarios and a review on uncertainties in rain forecasts, limits for the measure are derived. Costs for the measure were estimated as equivalent cost due to losses in energy production. It is shown that not only the costs for annual spilled water are to be considered but as well peak flows generated in the river system. The increase of CSO volume as an alternative measure was not found to be a suitable measure, leading to unrealistic high volumes and consequently to exorbitant costs.     

水利工程外观质量评定方法的探讨

水利工程外观质量评定是单位工程质量评定的一项重要内容,由于《水利水电工程施工质量检验与评定规程》(SL 176—2007)对外观质量评定工作的要求不够明确,给外观质量评定人员造成了一定的困惑,并导致评定结果存在失真现象。结合多年在基层从事外观质量评定工作的实践经验,从外观质量的评定标准、外观质量评定程序、评定得分汇总等方面入手,探讨如何客观公正地开展水利工程的外观质量评定工作,并提出相应的建议。     

On the effect of spatial variances in historical rainfall time series to CSO performance evaluation.

Historical, high-resolution rain series are the backbone of modern combined sewer overflow (CSO) structure design. These rain series are the input to the computational estimation of the performance of the measures with respect to CSO pollution abatement. However, those historical precipitation measurements are available at only a few locations. Frequently rain series have to be used from gauging stations at a significant distance. In order to judge and to compensate for this influence an estimate between rain characteristics and combined sewer outflow (CSO) performance indicators would be useful. In this paper such correlations have been sought for a collection of 37 rain series covering large areas of Europe. It was found that the mean annual rain volume can explain most of the variances for the performance indicators Number of overflows and CSO volume. For explaining the spatial differences in the efficiency of the CSO structure another rain characteristic, i.e. the maximum event with a return period of one year, is to be used.     

Reduction of sediment micro-pollution by means of a pilot plant.

Solutions need to be found to manage polluted (organic matter, trace elements, hydrocarbons and PAHs) stormwater sediments while complying with stringent economic and environmental requirements. The cost of transport is a relatively large part of the treatment cost for such sediments, hence the development of a pilot unit that could provide their in situ treatment. Seven stormwater sediments were treated by means of the ATTRISED pilot plant, based on sieving and attrition. The objective is to apply a treatment procedure by which as much clean material as possible is recovered, while the pollutants are concentrated in a small volume ready for final destruction or isolation from the environment. Application of the attrition process serves to remove fine particles and contaminants from the surface of sediments and hydrocyclone separations allow to isolate fine contaminated particles (< 60 microm). The results show that particle size separations coupled to an attrition step allow decontamination efficiencies of 76% and 70% for street sweeping and pond sediments, respectively. Although the experiments were carried out on stormwater sediments, all kinds of sediments may be treated by the ATTRISED pilot plant if the mean particle size is greater than 60 microm.     

基于不同评价方法的柳州市水质分析

本文采用单因子指数法、综合污染指数法及主成分分析法,对柳州市8处地表水水质数据进行综合评价。结果表明:单因子指数法计算结果均为Ⅱ类水质;综合污染指数法与单因子指数法计算结果趋势基本接近,但不能直接判断水质级别;主成分分析法可以分析水质的主要影响污染物。因此,综合考虑3种评价方法对地表水水质进行评价,可以获取更多的潜在信息。     

黄河下游断面法与沙量法冲淤计算成果比较及输沙率资料修正

由于黄河下游各站实测输沙率资料普遍存在漏测现象及部分测次单断沙关系代表性差等原因,造成断面法与沙量平衡法计算冲淤量在一些河段存在着定量甚至定性上的差别,以花园口以上和高村至艾山两河段表现最为突出。研究表明,黄河下游断面法冲淤量不存在累积性误差,它可以真实反映不同阶段泥沙在河道纵横向的沉积量及其随时间的变化过程;而沙量平衡法计算冲淤时在一些河段则存在明显的失真现象。野外观测的输沙率资料是研究洪水期泥沙调整与水沙间关系、深化河床演变基本规律的基础,为此有必要对输沙率资料进行修正。输沙率修正的主要是在爱因斯坦全沙计算结果分析的基础上,建立输沙率修正系数与实测含沙量间的关系,修正后的输沙率资料基本能反映黄河下游各河段的实际冲淤情况。     

不同浅层地基处理方法下PHC管桩水平承载性状对比研究

不同浅层地基处理法下PHC管桩水平承载性状对比尚缺乏研究。通过现场水平静载荷试验,分析了碎石振动碾压法、振动碾压法和振捣法三种地基处理方法中PHC管桩在水平荷载作用下的受力特点及水平承载力,对比得出了合理地基处理方法。通过三维有限元模拟,分析了桩、土参数的变化对PHC管桩水平承载性状的影响,为合理地基处理方法的选用提供依据。研究结论具有一定的工程实践指导意义,可为今后类似工程设计和施工提供参考。     

桥前不同壅水计算方法的比较与分析

为了解决常规方法计算出来的桥前最大壅水高度偏小的问题,采用数学模型HEC-RAS、JTJ 062-91《公路桥位勘测设计规范》(以下简称《规范》)推荐的简化公式及《桥梁水力学》推荐的简化壅水公式等3种方法分别在房山区马刨泉河改建辛庄桥中进行了计算与比较。结果表明:通过HECRAS计算的壅水值和《规范》推荐的简化公式计算值均比实际偏小很多,而采用《桥梁水力学》推荐的简化壅水公式计算的结果与实际相差不大。     

东北地区不同灌溉方式对玉米生长及其产量的影响

东北地区是我国玉米的主要产区,本文研究了自然降雨、膜下滴灌和喷灌三种不同灌溉方式对玉米生长的影响,结果表明膜下滴灌的玉米株高、茎粗、叶面积均优于喷灌和自然降雨,与自然降雨相比,膜下滴灌的最终株高比自然降雨高56％,喷灌和膜下滴灌可分别增加最终茎粗11％和42％;在玉米播种时期、出苗时期膜下滴灌土壤含水量要明显高于其他两...