氧化铝-水纳米流体的制备及其分散性研究

通过在水介质中添加纳米氧化铝粒子,研制了一种新型传热冷却工质Al2O3-H2O纳米流体,给出的纳米流体沉降照片和粒径分布显示了加入分散剂的悬浮液具有较高的分散性、稳定性.同时还测定了纳米Al2O3-H2O悬浮液的zeta电位和吸光度,探讨了不同pH值和SDBS分散剂加入量对纳米氧化铝粉体在水相体系分散稳定性的影响.结果表明:zeta电位的绝对值与吸光度有良好的对应关系,zeta电位绝对值越高,吸光度越大,粉体体系的分散性能越好;pH值约在8.0时,溶液的zeta电位绝对值较高,吸光度较大,说明此时有较好的分散效果;SDBS能显著提高水溶液中Al2O3表面zeta电位绝对值,增大了颗粒问静电排斥力,改善了悬浮液稳定性.在0.1%纳米Al2O3-H2O悬浮液中,SDBS分散剂最佳加入量(质量分数)为0.10%时,能得到分散稳定的悬浮液体系.     

氧化铝-水纳米流体的分散性研究

通过在水介质中添加纳米氧化铝粒子，研制了一种新型传热冷却工质-氧化铝-水纳米流体，给出的纳米流体沉降照片和粒径分布显示了加入分散剂的悬浮液具有较高的分散性、稳定性．同时还测定了纳米Al2O3-水悬浮液的zeta电位和吸光度，探讨了不同pH值和SDBS分散剂加入量对纳米氧化铝粉体在水相体系分散稳定性的影响。结果表明：zeta电位的绝对值与吸光度有良好的对应关系，zeta电位绝对值越高，吸光度越大，粉体体系的分散性能越好；pH值约在8.0时，溶液的zeta电位绝对值较高，吸光度较大，说明此时有较好的分散效果．SDBS能显著提高水溶液中舢203表面zeta电位绝对值，增大了颗粒间静电排斥力，改善了悬浮液稳定性。在0．1％纳米Al2O3-水悬浮液中，SDBS分散剂最佳加入量（质量分数）为0．10％时，能得到分散稳定的悬浮液体系。     

Cu-水纳米流体的分散行为及导热性能研究

通过测定Cu-水纳米悬浮液的Zeta电位和吸光度,采用Hotdisk热物性分析仪测量了其导热系数,探讨了不同pH值和分散剂浓度对Cu-水纳米悬浮液分散稳定性和导热性能的影响.结果表明,pH值和分散剂加入量是影响Cu-水纳米悬浮液分散稳定和导热系数的重要因素.最优化的pH值和分散剂加入量能显著提高水溶液中Cu表面Zeta电位绝对值,增大了颗粒间静电排斥力,悬浮液分散稳定性较好,导热系数较高.从分散稳定和导热系数提高两个方面来考虑,pH=9.5左右被选为最优化值,在0.1%Cu-H2O纳米流体中,0.07%SDBS被选为最优化浓度.另外,Cu-水纳米流体的导热系数随纳米粒子质量分数的增大而增大,呈非线性关系,且比现有理论(Hamilton-Crosser模型)预测值大.     

模拟冷却水中Al_2O_3纳米颗粒分散条件的优化

在模拟冷却水中添加Al_2O_3纳米颗粒制备纳米流体,用zeta电位表征纳米流体的稳定性。研究了十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)浓度、超声处理时间、溶液pH值对纳米流体稳定性的影响及最佳优化条件。单因素实验结果表明,随着SDBS浓度、超声处理时间、溶液pH值的增加,纳米颗粒zeta电位绝对值#ζ#均先增加后减小。在此基础上,运用响应曲面法中的BoxBehnken设计(BBD)模型对纳米颗粒分散条件进行优化,结果显示,SDBS浓度对zeta电位的贡献最大,其次为溶液p H值;SDBS浓度与pH值、超声时间与pH值两两之间的交互作用较明显;BBD模型给出模拟冷却水中纳米颗粒分散稳定性的优化条件为SDBS浓度0.339%(质量分数),超声时间61 min,pH值8.05,预测#ζ#为50.8 mV,实验测得优化条件下#ζ#为50.6 mV,与预测值接近。     

纳米Al2O3在水相体系中的分散稳定性研究

主要研究了pH值、分散剂（SDBS、CTAB、GA）种类和分散剂的浓度对纳米Al2O3在水相体系中进行分散时的影响。实验结果表明：pH值在8左右，SDBS、GA作为分散剂时，纳米Al2O3悬浮液的Zeta电位绝对值较大，粒径较小；在pH值为2～3，CTAB作为分散剂时，Al2O3纳米悬浮液的Zeta电位绝对值较大，粒径较小。比较3种分散剂的分散效果，其中在pH为8左右，SDBS作为分散荆时，纳米氧化铝悬浮液的Zeta电位绝对值最大，粒径最小。在此基础上又讨论了最佳分散剂SDBS的浓度对纳米氧化铝悬浮液的影响，当SDBS分散剂的浓度为0.055％左右时，纳米Al2O3在水相体系中稳定分散性较好。     

金属氧化物纳米流体的导热性能研究

采用瞬态热线法测量了4种不同种类、不同体积份额配比的纳米流体的导热系数,分析了纳米颗粒属性、体积分数、悬浮稳定性及温度等因素对纳米流体导热系数的影响.实验结果表明,在流体中加入纳米颗粒将显著提高流体的导热系数.     

H_2O_2处理碳包覆铁纳米颗粒的表面特性及分散行为

采用体积分数30%的H2O2处理碳包覆铁纳米粒子外层的非晶态类石墨碳层,并将其超声分散于水介质中,通过改变pH值分析测定碳包覆铁纳米粒子表面zeta电位和粒径。结果表明:碳包覆铁纳米粒子非晶碳层的特殊结构可通过双氧水化学处理使其表面产生羧基和羟基;在强碱性介质下,羟基和羧基可强化颗粒间的静电斥力,提高碳包覆铁纳米粒子在水介质中的分散性能。当pH值约为11.5时,碳包覆铁纳米粒子表面zeta电位为48 mV,水合粒子粒径可达到110 nm。     

微波固相剥离制备石墨烯及其纳米流体的稳定性

利用简便快捷的微波固相剥离法将氧化石墨烯(Graphene oxide,GO)剥离成石墨烯(Microwave reduced graphene oxide,MRGO),并将得到的石墨烯通过超声分散于不同的基液中。采用X射线衍射(XRD)、傅立叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、拉曼光谱(Raman)、透射电镜(TEM)和紫外-可见光谱(UV-vis)对制备的样品进行了表征,发现通过这种方法可以使氧化石墨烯上的大部分含氧官能团得到去除。采用UV-vis,Zeta电位和沉淀物照片捕捉研究了pH值、超声时间和基液对石墨烯纳米流体稳定性的影响,发现经超声粉碎30min的石墨烯纳米流体能够保持均匀稳定达到一个月。此外,还分析了不同质量分数石墨烯-H2O纳米流体在不同温度下的导热系数,结果表明:石墨烯-H2O纳米流体的导热系数随着温度的升高和浓度的增大而提高,60℃时,质量分数为0.1%的石墨烯-H2O纳米流体的导热系数相对于基液提高了64%。     

Cu-水纳米流体对流换热特性研究

建立了测量纳米流体流动与对流换热性能的实验系统,探讨了不同pH值、分散剂浓度和纳米粒子质量分数对Cu-水纳米流体对流换热性能的影响。结果表明:pH值对Cu-水纳米流体对流换热系数的影响较小,这个现象启发了我们将纳米流体应用到未来工业中,可以不考虑pH值对纳米流体对流换热性能的影响。分散剂加入量是影响Cu-水纳米流体对流换热系数的重要因素,从分散稳定、导热系数和对流换热系数提高三个方面来考虑,在0.1%Cu-H2O纳米流体中,0.07%十二烷基苯磺酸钠被选为最优化浓度。另外,Cu-水纳米流体的对流换热系数随纳米粒子质量分数的增大而增大,但其对流换热系数的增加明显低于导热系数的增加。     

SiO_2-EG纳米流体的制备及热物性能

将平均粒径为30nm和50nm的SiO2纳米颗粒添加到EG(乙二醇)的基液中制成SiO2-EG纳米流体,利用粒度分析法、吸光度分析法和Zeta电位分析法分析其悬浮稳定性,当超声时间为3h时,其分散性和稳定性最好。对SiO2-EG纳米流体的热物性能参数如黏度、表面张力、导热系数,在不同体积分数、粒度和温度条件下进行测试分析表明,SiO2-EG纳米流体的黏度高于基液的黏度,表面张力低于基液的表面张力,导热系数高于基液的导热系数。在常温下,体积分数为0.5%时,30nm和50nm两种粒径的SiO2-EG纳米流体的粘度比EG粘度分别提高了15.41%和13.17%,表面张力系数比EG分别降低了3.23%和2.54%,导热系数分别提高38.36%和31.47%。进一步研究发现温度的升高导致SiO2-EG纳米流体的粘度和表面张力系数均有所降低,而导热系数却增加。     

Some physical properties of V2O5-Fe2O3 and V2O5-Fe2O3-Li2O systems

Various methods have been used to study the physical properties of the V₂O₅-Fe₂O₃ and V₂O₅-Fe₂O₃-Li₂O systems, including X-ray, electron microscope, Mössbauer effect, NMR and thermogravimetric measurements. The iron ions are approximately equally distributed in substitutional and interstitial sites in the V₂O₅ lattice. The maximum number of iron ions dissolved in the V₂O₅ matrix corresponds to 4 mol % Fe₂O₃. In all the samples a quantity of Fe₂O₃ which has not been included in lattice is observed. The V₂O₅-Fe₂O₃ and V₂O₅-Fe₂O₃-Li₂O systems are formed from solid solutions mixed with very small Fe₂O₃ particles. The analysis of the charge compensation of iron ions suggests that V₂O₅ is a quasi-amorphous semiconductor. Irradiation of V₂O₅-based samples with an electron beam induces the V₂O₅ platelets to convert to the VO _x phase.     

Structural studies of some V2O5-P2O5-B2O3-Fe2O3 glass systems

X-ray diffraction and infrared measurements were performed on vanadium borophosphate glass containing different amounts of iron ranging from 0–7.5 mol % and heat treated at 300 °C for various times. The structure and phase separation could be determined for each glass composition. V₂O₅ was the main precipitated phase in all heat-treated samples, and its amount was dependent on the heat-treatment time and Fe₂O₃ content. Also FeP was detected in samples heat treated for 24 h. The infrared measurements showed the presence of both V⁴⁺ and V⁵⁺. The symmetry of V₂O ₇ ⁴⁻ and VO ₄ ³⁻ groups was found to increase with increasing Fe₂O₃ content. It was also found that some PO₄ changed to BO₃, forming a non-bridging oxygen.     

Plasma spraying of Al2O3 and Al2O3Y2O3

A microstructural study has been carried out of plasma-sprayed Al₂O₃ and mixed and sintered Al₂O₃Y₂O₃. In order to ascertain the degree of metastability achieved by plasma spraying, these results are compared with a similar experiment utilizing a CO₂ laser for melting and the hammer-and-anvil technique for quenching of the same materials. X-ray diffraction methods were used to determine the obtained phases and crystal structures. In addition, transmission electron microscopy was used to confirm the phases present and to study their morpology. The porosity was studied with both mercury intrusion porosimetry and small angle neutron scattering. The addition of Y₂O₃ is shown to decrease the porosity from 15% to 7.5%. Adhesion is likewise related to the addition of Y₂O₃ and it is seen that adhesion of the mixture is measurably improved over that of pure Al₂O₃. The implication of these results is discussed.     

Study of structures and properties of ZnO-Sb2O3-P2O5-Na2O glasses

The influence of ZnO substitution by 0–12 wt.% Na₂O on the properties of ZnO-Sb₂O₃-P₂O₅-Na₂O glasses has been investigated. The structure and properties of the glasses with the composition of (13.86-x)ZnO-57.93Sb₂O₃-28.21P₂O_5?x Na₂O (x = 0–12 wt.%) were characterized by infrared spectra (IR), X-ray diffraction and differential thermal analysis (DTA). The results of IR indicated an increase in the intensity of symmetric vibrations of P-O-P bond, which was confirmed by the improvement of water durability with the increasing amount of Na₂O in the range of 0–10 wt.%. Substitution of 10 wt.% Na₂O led to the weight loss of the glass to 5.93 mg/cm^?2 after immersion in deionized water at 50 °C for 24 h. The results of XRD showed that the ability of crystallization decreased, indicating the good thermal stability of the glass. The glass containing 8 wt.% Na₂O had the best properties in every respect and might be an alternative to lead based glasses for the applications, providing further composition improvement.     

Crystallization and properties of CaO-P2O2-B2O3 glasses

Glasses were prepared with compositions (50–0.5 x) CaO.(50–0.5 x) P₂O₅ · x B₂O₃ with B₂O₃ contents (x) from 0 to 45 mol%. The glass transformation temperature (T _g), dilatational softening temperature (T _D) and Vickers hardness (H _V) initially increased with x, but showed maxima at about x=20 for T _g and T _D and at about x=35 for H _V. The thermal expansion coefficient decreased with x, levelling off at about 35 mol% B₂O₃. The maximum tendency to crystallize occurred at around 25 mol% B₂O₃. Volume nucleation (and hence glass-ceramic formation) and surface nucleation were obtained for x between 15 and 25 mol%. The first phase to appear was BPO₄, which was probably homogeneously nucleated. Subsequently the 4CaO · P₂O₅ phase was heterogeneously nucleated on the BPO₄. For 10 x 35 only surface nucleation was observed. The kinetics of nucleation were investigated in the 20 mol% B₂O₃ glass. The changes in properties and crystallisation behaviour with B₂O₃ content were related to short-range structural information. Infrared spectra and literature data indicated a threedimensional network of B-O-B and B-O-P linkages in the glasses.