复合氧化物介孔组装体系及其在有机污染物苯酚降解的研究

以十六烷基三甲基溴化铵（CTAMB）为结构模板剂，以硅酸乙酯为硅源，钛酸四正丁酯为钛源，采用水热法合成了复合氧化物介孔组装体TiO2-Cu2O-MCM-41（TCM-41）。X射线衍射（XRD）表明，TCM-41具有很好的长程有序性。高分辨透射电镜研究表明，TCM-41孔道内径在3．1nm左右，孔径分布窄。扫描电镜分析表明，TCM-41具有很窄的粒度分布，平均粒径在500nm左右且其颗粒不规则。魔角旋转固体核磁共振（MAS-NMR）^29Si研究表明，其Q4/（Q3＋Q2）比值较高（2．85），骨架缺陷越少，其水热稳定性较高，与傅立叶变换红外光谱（FFIR）研究结果相一致。苯酚的光催化降解结果表明，新的特殊结构的TCM-41，在利用TiO2在紫外区和Cu2O在可见光区高活性的同时，还可以利用介孔分子筛的特殊微环境改善复合光催化剂的水热稳定性，是一种很有发展潜力的复合协同光催化剂。     

复合模板剂自组装制备混晶纳米TiO2介孔材料及其性能研究

采用TiCh为原料,以十六烷基三甲基溴化胺（CTAB）、聚乙二醇（PEG400、PEG6000）及十二烷基苯磺酸钠（SDBS）两两组合为复合模板和结构导向剂,利用常压液相-水热合成两步反应制备了纳米混晶TiO2介孔材料。XRD分析结果表明,产品为金红石-锐钛矿的混晶结构;TEM观察,样品是由均匀球形颗粒组装成的无序介孔材料,一次粒径约为10～15nm;N2吸附-脱附等温曲线形状为Langmuir Ⅳ型,是典型的介孔结构吸附-脱附等温线,最可及孔径约为11nm。光催化性能实验表明,在40W目光灯照射60min后,该系列介孔材料可有效的降解工业废水中的有毒氰根含量和有机染料。研究结果还表明,采用CTAB-SDBS作为复合模板和结构导向剂时制得的介孔材料的孔结构和光催化降解性能较好。     

Sn掺杂MCM-41介孔分子筛的制备、表征及催化性能研究

在低模板剂浓度和弱碱介质中合成催化材料Si-MCM-41、Sn-MCM-41,并用XRD、N2物理吸附-脱附、FT-IR、ICP-AES和TEM等手段对催化材料进行了表征.研究了合成方法对制备Sn掺杂MCM-41介孔分子筛的影响,结果表明:水热晶化法(DHT)合成的Sn-MCM-41,Sn物种主要进入分子筛的骨架中;而模板离子交换法(TIE)合成的Sn-MCM-41,Sn物种主要位于分子筛的表面.Sn-MCM-41介孔分子筛催化环己酮Baeyer-Villiger氧化反应结果表明,n(H2O2):n(酮)=3:1,30g1,4-二氧六环为溶剂,H2O2为氧源,70℃反应6h,环己酮的转化率可达40.02%,ε-己内酯的选择性为45.69%.     

介孔TiO2的制备及其对漂白废水中对氯苯酚的降解研究

以钛酸四丁酯（TBOT）为前驱体,三嵌段共聚物（P123）为模板剂,用溶胶一凝胶法合成了孔径分布均匀的介孔TiO2;用小角X射线衍射（SAXRD）、X射线粉末衍射（XRD）、透射电子显微镜（TEM）和红外光谱（FT-IR）等分析手段对产物结构和光学性能进行了表征。结果表明：TiO2为介孔结构,在低于400℃煅烧时介孔结构稳定性高,孔径均匀分布,晶型全部为锐钛矿。光催化降解对氯苯酚表明介孔TiO2具有优异的催化性能,在250W紫外灯照射2h后,氯化有机物中的苯环特征峰完全消失,降解率可达95．3％。     

MCM-41与8-羟基喹啉铝复合发光材料的制备与性能研究

以十六烷基三甲基溴化铵（CTAB）为模板剂，正硅酸乙酯（TEOS）为硅源，在有机弱碱和室温条件下制备出高度有序的介孔材料MCM-41。以氯仿、乙醇为混合溶剂，将有机发光小分子8-羟基喹啉铝（Alq3）组装进介孔MCM-41中，得到有机-无机复合发光材料。采用XRD、IR、紫外-可见漫反射、N2吸附-脱附、激发发射等测试方法对产物的结构和性能进行了分析，结果表明，组装体保持了有序的介孔结构，并且主客体之间存在较强的相互作用。     

MCM-41介孔分子筛和纳米TiO2/MCM-41的合成与结构表征

以工业水玻璃为硅源,表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵为结构模板剂,利用室温晶化法合成出MCM-41介孔分子筛,并以钛酸丁酯为前驱体,通过溶胶凝胶法及液相沉积法对介孔分子筛MCM-41进行纳米TiO2的组装。运用XRD、FT-IR、N2吸附-脱附等表征手段对其结构特征和氧化钛分散状态进行了研究,结果表明：TiO2与MCM-41端基硅氧键反应形成Ti-O-Si键;纳米TiO2不仅进入孔道,较均匀地修饰了介孔分子筛MCM-41的孔壁,而且使介孔分子筛MCM-41仍保持有序的孔道结构。     

工艺条件对层状Li（Ni1／3Co1／3Mn1／3）O2的结构及电化学性能的影响

采用共沉淀法合成了均匀的N1/3Co1/3Mn1/3（OH）2前驱体，通过配锂煅烧制备出结晶良好的层状Li（Ni1／3Co1／3Mn1／3）O2正极材料。讨论了反应条件（如pH值、氨水浓度及烧结温度）对材料结构及性能的影响，确定了最佳的共沉淀反应合成工艺条件。应用XRD、SEM分析材料的组成及结构特点，采用电化学分析方法表征材料的性能。XRD结果表明，采用共沉淀法合成了结晶良好的层状Li（Ni1／3Co1／3Mn1／3）O2正极材料，且阳离子混排程度较小。SEM分析表明，合成的正极材料粒度均匀，形貌为球形。电化学测试结果表明，所合成的材料具有良好的电化学性能和循环性能，首次放电容量为162．32mAh／g（2.8-4.3V），循环100次后的可逆容量保持率达到90.23％。     

基于玫瑰花瓣的双模板法制备高光催化活性的有序大孔-介孔锐钛矿二氧化钛薄片

正引言在过去的几十年中,多孔材料由于其在催化,离子交换,吸附与分离等方面的广泛应用而受到了越来越多的关注[1-3].自从有序介孔氧化硅MCM-41成功合成后[4],有序微孔(孔径2nm),介孔(2～50nm)和大孔( 50nm)材料的合成取得了很大的进步[5].近期,多级大孔-介孔材料以其优异的结构特性和潜在的应用价值引起了科研工作者的     

Synthesis of MCM–41 mesoporous molecular sieves containing heteroatoms and their catalytic activity

采用水热合成法合成了金属原子(Zn, Ni, Fe, Al, Cu, Ce)掺杂的MCM--41介孔分子筛(简称T--MCM--41), 并将其应用于邻苯二甲酸二(2--乙基己)酯(DOP)的合成反应, 研究了不同原子的掺杂对T--MCM--41的结构、比表面积和孔径、酸性及催化性能的影响. 结果表明, 所制备的T--MCM--41仍然具有六方有序排列结构, 比表面积较高(550--900 m2/g)、孔径大(3 nm左右), 杂原子的引入使T--MCM--41产生了酸中心, 从而使其对DOP的合成具有很好的催化活性和选择性. 用T--MCM--41(T=Zn, Fe, Al, Cu)催化DOP的合成反应, 在5 h的反应时间内苯酐的转化率可以达到95.5%以上, DOP的选择性可达到96.5%以上. T--MCM--41催化剂具有很好的稳定性, Al--MCM--41在重复使用5次后仍具有较好的催化活性.     

杂原子MCM-41分子筛的合成和催化性能

采用水热合成法合成了金属原子(Zn,Ni,Fe,Al,Cu,Ce)掺杂的MCM-41介孔分子筛(简称T-MCM-41),并将其应用于邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基已)酯(DOP)的合成反应,研究了不同原子的掺杂对T-McM-41的结构,比表面积和孔径、酸性及催化性能的影响.结果表明,所制备的T-McM-41仍然具有六方有序排列结构,比表匝f积较高(550-900 m2/g)、孔径大(3 nm左右),杂原子的引入使T-MCM-41产生了酸中心,从而使其对DOP的合成具有很好的催化活性和选择性.用T-MCM-41(T=Zn,Fe,Al,Cu)催化DOP的合成反应,在5 h的反应时间内苯酐的转化率可以达到95.5%以上,DOP的选择性可达到96.5%以上.T-MCM-41催化剂具有很好的稳定性,Al-MCM-41在重复使用5次后仍具有较好的催化活性.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...