锂离子电池电解质的最新研究进展

综述了近几年来电解质（即液态电解质和固态电解质）的研究进展，主要是介绍如何提高液态电解质的性能和固态电解质的性能。对液态电解质主要是电化学稳定性的提高，而对固态电解质则包括对离子电导率、电化学稳定、机械性能等的提高。虽然在锂离子电池中，对电池性能起决定作用的是电极材料，但只有对正、负极匹配合适的和性能好的电解质才能达到对锂离子电池性能的优化和提高。因而电解质性能的好坏对锂离子电池的性能有重要的影响。     

染料敏化太阳能电池中电解质的研究进展

染料敏化太阳能电池是一种新型的太阳能电池（DSSC）。简要介绍了染料敏化太阳能电池的结构和基本原理，根据太阳能电池中电解质的类型分为液体电解质、准固态电解质和固体电解质，分别讨论了其研究进展及优缺点，同时对未来染料敏化太阳能电池的发展进行了展望。     

氨气传感器研究现状及智能化应用

氨气是人类日常生活和工业生产中最常见的化学气体之一。高浓度的氨对人体和环境都会产生危害。从金属氧化物、导电聚合物、碳纳米材料、其他材料方面梳理氨气气敏材料的研究现状,并分析了不同气敏材料的特点;进而介绍氨气传感器在大气环境、畜牧业、食品安全和医疗保健领域的应用情况。未来氨气传感器会向小型化和智能化方向发展。     

锂离子电池用无机固态电解质研究进展

全固态锂离子电池的核心技术是固态电解质，它决定着电池的各种性能。在所有已开发的固态电解质中，无机固态电解质被认为是最可行的电解质之一。基于无机固态电解质的锂离子传导机理，从LISICON型、Garnet型、Perovskite型和NASICON型四个类型，介绍了无机固态电解质当前存在的一些不足，以及近年来所取得的改善研究成果。面向锂离子电池产业快速发展，指出可以掺杂改性和加工方法改善联合实施，以及结合机器学习等人工智能手段，来优化改善方案，以促进全固态锂离子电池的产业化。     

石墨烯基聚合物复合电解质的设计、性能及其应用研究进展

固态电化学器件具有柔性好、安全性能高及能量密度高等优点,属于极有前景的新一代化学能源器件。固态电解质是实现电化学器件固态化的关键,其中石墨烯基聚合物复合电解质由传统聚合物电解质发展而来,是一类含有石墨烯纳米填料和聚合物基体的新型固态电解质,具有较高的离子电导率、良好的加工性能及优异的界面特性,现已成为固态电化学器件研发中备受关注的电解质材料。本文着重讨论了近年来石墨烯基聚合物复合电解质的结构设计、性能机制及在各种电化学储能器件中应用的研究进展。      

全固态锂电池有机-无机复合电解质研究进展

目前锂离子电池由于使用液态电解液面临着诸多问题，如工作温度范围窄、热稳定性差、容易泄露和生成锂枝晶等。发展全固态锂电池是提升电池能量密度和安全性的可行途径之一，而作为锂电池材料研究热点的有机-无机复合固态电解质，由于其兼具有机物和无机物的优点，有望运用于下一代全固态锂电池之中。本文首先概述了固态电解质的种类及传导机制，而后详细阐述了有机-无机复合固态电解质中聚合物基质和锂盐的选择以及不同维度无机填料对电解质性能尤其是力学性能的影响，最后提出了有机-无机复合固态电解质的研究总结与展望。     

超级电容器电解质研究进展

电解质作为超级电容器的重要组成部分,对器件性能起着关键性作用。本文对近些年来超级电容器各种电解质,包括水系、有机液体、离子液体、固态/准固态聚合物电解质和氧化还原体系电解质的特点和最新研究成果进行了描述;重点介绍了固态/准固态聚合物电解质的分类及其性能研究概况。提出了发展电位窗口宽、离子电导率高、电化学性能稳定的离子液体和机械强度等综合性能优良的凝胶聚合物电解质是将来超级电容器电解质发展领域的趋势,最后对超级电容器电解质的发展前景进行了展望。     

氨气传感材料及器件的研究进展

氨气是一种有毒气体,对人体健康具有危害作用,故实时监测其在空气中的浓度非常重要。近年来,出现了众多类型的氨气气敏材料,氨气传感器得到了迅速发展。综述了柔性与非柔性两类不同材料的氨气传感器,并探讨了氨气传感器下一步发展趋势。     

固态电解质中的聚合物复合体系研究进展

固态聚合物电解质因其质量轻、柔性好,且与电极材料接触良好、界面阻抗小,成为开发新一代高能量密度、高安全性乃至高柔韧性电化学器件的潜在材料,近年来获得了广泛关注。但因其离子电导率低、力学性能差等缺陷也成为限制其进一步商业化的关键问题。通过交联、共混、共聚等手段组成聚合物的复合体系有可能很好地解决这些问题,因此本文首先对聚合物中的离子导电机理进行了简要介绍,旨在从原理的角度阐释上述问题的解决策略;随后综述了近年来多种聚合物基复合电解质在电化学器件中的应用以及改性策略。最后对复合固态聚合物电解质目前面临的基础研究和实际应用问题进行了讨论,给出了解决这些问题的建议,以期为新型聚合物复合固态电解质的设计与制备提供新思路。     

锂离子电池电解液产业分析

一、锂离子电池电解质技术概况锂离子电池制造所需的正极材料、负极材料、隔膜和电解质材料被称为锂离子电池4大关键材料,其中,锂离子电池电解质按其存在形态大致可以分为液态电解质、凝胶态电解质和固态电解质3种。从1991年全球第一只商业化锂离子电池诞生至今,锂离子电池电解质材料呈现出从液态到固态逐步发展的过程。现阶段,在电解质市场居统治地位的是液态电解质,一     

控制电位电解法氯气传感器

研制的控制电位电解法氯气传感器,采用聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)多孔憎水膜和超细微粒金粉经加压复合制备的扩散电极.本文阐述了该传感器的原理,并对结果进行了讨论和分析.     

SO x solid state gas sensors: A review

The performance of any solid state electrochemical gas sensor is always rated on its response time, thermodynamic stability, operating temperature, gas sensing ability, sensitivity and gas concentration range which is sensed. Here, we have reviewed the factors contributing towards a gradual development of electrochemical solid state SO _x sensor in terms of a continuous tailoring of its two basic components, i.e. solid electrolyte and reference electrode with high ionic and mixed (ionic + electronic) conductivities, respectively.     

Selectivity behavior and multianalyte detection capability of voltammetric ionophore-based plasticized polymeric membrane sensors

The current response features ofvoltammetric ion-selective polymeric membranes doped with neutral ionophores in view of practical sensor development are elucidated. The membranes are designed to extract ions only under applied external potentials and interrogated by normal-pulse voltammetry and pulsed amperometry. They contain two polarizable interfaces to avoid loss of lipophilic ions at the sample side and to maximize the available potential window. A simple theoretical model is developed that describes the observed current at the end of an uptake pulse to the applied membrane potential, which is the sum of both boundary potentials (at the sample and inner electrolyte side) and the membrane internal iR drop. The results describe how the selectivity of the resulting sensor must be dependent on the applied potential. Evidently, the role of the applied potential is akin to incorporating lipophilic cationic and anionic sites with potentiometric ionophore-based membranes, which are well known to considerably affect membrane selectivity and to define the charge type of the assessed ions. This has important implications for sensor design, as the applied cell potential can be used to tune sensor selectivity. Theory also explains the role of the inner electrolyte on sensor behavior. A maximum measuring range is expected with ions in the inner electrolyte that are difficult to extract into the membrane. This corresponds to Kihara's experimental results and contrasts to common ion-selective electrode practice, where a salt of the analyte ion is normally present in the inner electrolyte. Separate and mixed solution experiments with membranes containing the sodium-selective ionophore tert-butyl calix[4]arene tetramethyl ester and the lithium ionophore ETH 1810 agree very well with theoretical expectations. Multianalyte detection capability with a single sensing membrane is demonstrated in a selectivity-modifying pulsed amperometric detection mode, where each applied voltage yields a different practical selectivity of the sensor. The sensor is altered from being sodium to potassium selective as the magnitude of the applied potential is repetitively varied within the pulse sequence. The sensors show high long-term stability under continuous measuring conditions over 15 h.     

A pulse amperometric sensor for the measurement of atmospheric hydrogen peroxide

Gaseous H(2)O(2) is sampled through a Nafion membrane diffusion scrubber while 1 mM HCl is maintained stationary in the scrubber. After a preselected preconcentration time (typically, 5-10 min), a valve is opened to allow the scrubber liquid to flow by gravity over an electrochemical H(2)O(2) sensor for a brief period. The miniature flow-over sensor consists of a Pt/Rh wire working electrode and a Pt wire counter electrode wound respectively on separate segments of a Nafion solid polymer electrolyte tubing supported on a Ag/AgCl wire reference electrode. A simple electronic interface and a personal computer are used to control and record the electrochemical measurement. The liquid phase detection limit for this sensor is ～30 nM H(2)O(2) in the anodic oxidation mode. For a 9 min gas sample preconcentration period, the LOD (S/N = 3 criterion) is 0.11 ppbv H(2)O(2)(g). Ambient H(2)O(2) data obtained with this instrument were in excellent agreement with those obtained by an established fluorometric technique in a blind intercomparison.     

Fabrication of Functional Nanofibrous Ammonia Sensor

A nanofibrous sensor for ammonia gas is fabricated by electrospinning the composite of poly(diphenylamine) (PDPA) with poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) onto the patterned interdigit electrode. The composite electrospun membrane shows interconnected fibrous morphology. Functional groups in PDPA and the high active surface area of the fibrous membrane make the device detect a lower concentration of ammonia with a good reproducibility. The sensing capability of the device is studied by monitoring the changes in resistance of the membrane with different concentrations of ammonia. The changes in resistance of the membrane shows linearity with the concentration of ammonia in the limit of 10 and 300 ppm. UV-visible spectroscopy reveals the mechanism of sensing ammonia by the membrane.     

A carbon dioxide gas sensor by combination of multivalent cation and anion conductors with a water-insoluble oxycarbonate-based auxiliary electrode

A compact and inexpensive carbon dioxide gas sensor was successfully realized by the combination of a divalent magnesium ionic conductor of Mg0.7(Zr0.85Nb0.15)4P6O24 and a divalent oxide anion conducting ZrO2-Y2O3 solid electrolyte with the water-insoluble Li- and Ba-codoped Nd2O2CO3 solid solution as the auxiliary electrode. The sensor response was continuous and reproducible, and the present sensor also demonstrated a theoretical Nernst response in the atmosphere where water vapor, nitrogen oxides, ammonia, etc., coexist. The exposure of the present sensor to water dew and variation in oxygen concentration does not interfere with the sensor response, which will be a great advantage in applying the in situ practical CO2 detection in combustion exhaust gas atmospheres.     

蒙脱石固体电解质的电性能研究

蒙脱石固体电解质为多种离子导电材料,为了研究其电性能,特别是正确测量其离子导电性能(如离子电导率,导电激活能)是非常重要的。本文成功地用交、直流方法研究了蒙脱石固体电解质的电性能,并对测量结果和物理意义进行了合理的解释。     

The influence of the electrode size on the electrical response of a potentiometric gas sensor to the action of oxygen

As a part of our research on new gas sensors, an original potentiometric gas sensor was developed. This gas sensor is made of a solid electrolyte (beta alumina) associated with two different metallic electrodes (gold and platinum) located in the same gas mixture. Tests performed under oxygen pressure show that the potential difference read between the electrodes depends on the experimental conditions, oxygen pressure, and temperature, but also on the electrodes surface area ratio. Then, we studied the electrical responses of devices composed of electrodes of the same nature (gold or platinum) but of different size. These electrode size influences are analyzed in terms of different capacitive effects occurring at the electrode-solid electrolyte interface. If we consider that the adsorption of oxygen species is responsible for the electrostatic potential, the proposed model is able to account for the experimental results. It is then possible to explain and to better understand the importance of the electrodes on the electrical response of such a device.     

染料敏化纳米晶TiO2太阳能电池研究进展

介绍了染料敏化纳米晶TiO2太阳能电池的结构及其原理，对影响其光电转换效率的关键因素如纳米TiO2膜、敏化染料、电解质做了介绍。对各组成部分的研究现状做了综述，探讨了研究的主要方向，并对各项研究的意义及基本原理作了评述，对今年DYSC所面临的问题以及工业化的前景做了展望。此外论述了现代分析技术对DYSC电池研究的重要意义。对于DYSC的研究，染料是最重要的方面,TiO2膜的进一步优化对DYSC电池的整体性能的提高有重要的意义；固体电解质的使用是必然的趋势，是工业化的前提。     

Inkjet printing of nanoporous gold electrode arrays on cellulose membranes for high-sensitive paper-like electrochemical oxygen sensors using ionic liquid electrolytes

A simple approach to the mass production of nanoporous gold electrode arrays on cellulose membranes for electrochemical sensing of oxygen using ionic liquid (IL) electrolytes was established. The approach, combining the inkjet printing of gold nanoparticle (GNP) patterns with the self-catalytic growth of these patterns into conducting layers, can fabricate hundreds of self-designed gold arrays on cellulose membranes within several hours using an inexpensive inkjet printer. The resulting paper-based gold electrode arrays (PGEAs) had several unique properties as thin-film sensor platforms, including good conductivity, excellent flexibility, high integration, and low cost. The porous nature of PGEAs also allowed the addition of electrolytes from the back cellulose membrane side and controllably produced large three-phase electrolyte/electrode/gas interfaces at the front electrode side. A novel paper-based solid-state electrochemical oxygen (O(2)) sensor was therefore developed using an IL electrolyte, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate (BMIMPF(6)). The sensor looked like a piece of paper but possessed high sensitivity for O(2) in a linear range from 0.054 to 0.177 v/v %, along with a low detection limit of 0.0075% and a short response time of less than 10 s, foreseeing its promising applications in developing cost-effective and environment-friendly paper-based electrochemical gas sensors.