投料顺序对镁铝水滑石阻燃剂制备的影响

采用液相沉淀法以AlCl3·6H2O、MgCl2·6H2O、NaOH、NaCO3为原料，去离子水为溶剂，制备镁铝水滑石阻燃剂，主要考察了投料顺序对镁铝水滑石相组成的影响。初步探讨了其作为阻燃剂在尼龙66的阻燃效果。研究结果表明投料顺序对相组成有较大的影响。用合成镁铝水滑石的沉淀液浸渍尼龙66后，其限氧指数有所提高，且随着浸渍时间的延长而提高。     

纳米镁铝水滑石的制备及其对聚氨酯阻燃性能的影响

采用液相沉淀法制备纳米镁铝水滑石微粉,利用XRD、TEM和TG对试样进行表征,研究了反应温度、干燥时间以及碳酸根浓度对镁铝水滑石纳米晶的影响.镁铝水滑石微粉经硅烷偶联剂KH550表面改性后填充到聚醚多元醇组合料中,采用原位聚合法制备出镁铝水滑石/软质聚氨酯纳米复合材料,研究了纳米镁铝水滑石对聚氨酯的阻燃效果及阻燃机理,并与Al(OH)_3阻燃效果进行对比.实验结果表明,晶粒尺寸随反应温度的升高而增大;干燥5h镁铝水滑石的热分解性能较好;适当提高碳酸根浓度可以改善镁铝水滑石晶体规整度;硅烷偶联剂KH550用量为5%时对镁铝水滑石表面改性效果最好;镁铝水滑石阻燃剂填充软质聚氨酯复合体系的阻燃效果要优于Al(OH)_3阻燃剂.     

纳米晶镁铝水滑石制备机理及抗毒性研究

以尿素为沉淀剂制备纳米晶镁铝水滑石,考察不同镁铝比制备的纳米晶镁铝水滑石催化剂对大豆油酯交换的影响以及催化剂的抗水抗酸性和使用寿命,并探讨纳米晶镁铝水滑石的合成机理.随镁铝摩尔比增加,酯交换反应所需时间减少,当m(Mg2 ):m(Al3 )=3:1时,转化率高达94.2%;当m(Mg2 ):m(Al3 )=4:1时,使用寿命最长,可重复使用5次.纳米晶镁铝水滑石具有较强抗水抗酸性,故在进行酯交换反应中无须脱水脱酸.     

多羟基醇类共溶剂对Mg/Al水滑石水热制备的影响

以Mg（NO3）2.6H2O为镁源、Al（NO3）3.9H2O为铝源,采用水热法制备Mg/Al水滑石。鉴于水滑石中广泛存在的氢键相互作用,以多羟基醇为共溶剂,对比分析了水、水/乙醇、水/乙二醇、水/丙三醇及水/季戊四醇等5种溶剂条件下水热合成得到的Mg/Al水滑石的结构和热性质。利用XRD、SEM、IR、DSC等的分析结果表明,随着共溶剂中醇羟基数目的增多,所得水滑石中结晶水的水合程度提高。共溶剂与水滑石之间水滑石,晶粒形貌类似于纯水得到的水滑石。而以水/丙三醇及水/季戊四醇为溶剂得到的水滑石,晶形变的不规则,且伴随着粒径尺寸变小和晶粒团聚现象。同时,随着共溶剂中醇羟基数目的增多,层间结合水的释放温度提高,而层间CO2脱除和基本层上的羟基脱水温度则相应降低。     

Mg-Al水滑石的改性机理和吸附性能

用硫酸铵对镁铝水滑石进行改性,研究了镁铝水滑石的溶解性及硫酸铵的改性机理。结果表明,镁铝水滑石在pH 1.0-11.0范围内呈现出完全溶解、部分溶解和基本不溶三种溶解特性。硫酸铵的改性即为镁铝水滑石的部分溶解过程,层板中镁以Mg²⁺形态进入溶液,导致羟基铝(Al（OH）₆^3-)进入溶液形成Keggin结构(Al₁₃聚集体),Al₁₃聚集体附着在镁铝水滑石层板表面形成无定形Al（OH）₃,从而阻止镁离子进一步溶出。改性镁铝水滑石对Pb²⁺的吸附率提高了18.3%,是比表面积的增加、化学键合及静电吸附能力的提升所致。     

硼酸根插层锌镁铝水滑石的制备及其阻燃抑烟性能研究

采用成核／晶化隔离法和离子交换法分别制备了处于纳米尺寸的碳酸根镁铝水滑石和硼酸根锌镁铝水滑石。并将两种水滑石加入到聚醋酸乙烯脂中制备成复合材料，测试了复合材料的氧指数和无焰燃烧条件下的烟密度，考察了纳米LDHs对聚醋酸乙烯脂的阻燃及抑烟效果，并探讨了阻燃和抑烟机理。     

Mg-Al水滑石的制备及对水中氟离子的吸附效果研究

通过共沉淀法制备了Mg-Al水滑石,研究了镁铝摩尔比对Mg-Al水滑石的晶格结构、微观形貌、光谱性能的影响。以NaF溶液为模拟含氟废水,测试了Mg-Al水滑石对水中氟离子的吸附量和去除率,通过吸附模型研究了相应的吸附过程和机理。结果表明,Mg-Al水滑石外观为片层状结构,片层之间相互交叉堆积,镁铝比增大时,Mg-Al水滑石的层间距增大。水滑石对氟离子的饱和吸附量和去除率随着镁铝比的增大表现出先增大后减小的趋势,在吸附80 min时吸附量接近饱和,3Mg-Al水滑石的饱和吸附量达到最大值43.16 mg/g,去除率在120 min时达到最大值90.5%,经过5次吸附再生循环使用后,3Mg-Al水滑石对氟离子的去除率降至69.4%,保持率达到76.69%,具有良好的可重复利用性能。通过对Mg-Al水滑石吸附氟离子的数据进行拟合,发现Mg-Al水滑石吸附氟离子的过程更符合准二级动力学模型,主要以化学吸附作用为主。     

镁铝水滑石的制备与应用研究

镁铝水滑石因其阴离子的特殊性,具有诸多优点且应用广泛,引起了国内外诸多研究人员的关注。天然水滑石数量很少,而且大部分以尖晶石的形式出现,纯度极低,通过除去杂质得到纯度更高的天然水滑石成本非常高,因此通过人工合成获得高纯度的水滑石成为首选方法。目前我国合成水滑石(LDHs)的产量以15%左右的年增长率稳定增长,市场规模也维持15%以上高速增长。本文总结了近年来国内外镁铝水滑石的典型制备方法和应用,对比分析了各方法的优缺点以及最近几年镁铝水滑石在各领域的研究结果,最后对镁铝水滑石制备方法后续的研究与优化进行了展望。     

二维层状磁性镁铝水滑石的制备与表征

采用共沉淀法将磁性基质与镁铝水滑石组装制备二维层状磁性镁铝水滑石,考察了在一定的pH值、沉淀生成温度及陈化时间下,不同n(Mg2 )/n(Al3 ),n(Fe2 )/n(Mg2 )比值及焙烧温度对合成磁性镁铝水滑石结构的影响,并借助HRTEM、XRD、VSM、TG-DSC、FT-IR等手段对其晶型结构、磁学性能及结晶度等进行表征,结果表明镁铝水滑石在赋予磁性后,并没有改变其典型的层状结构,证实了将磁性基质与层状材料组装合成的可行性.     

氧化亚铜微米棒的制备及其机理

借助X射线衍射（XRD）和扫描电镜（SEM）表征，利用CuSO4·5H2O和NaC2H3O2·3H2O为主要原料，D-山梨醇为还原剂，水热还原制备了氧化亚铜微米棒。具体条件是：CuSO4·5H2O和NaC2H3O2·3H2O加入量为摩尔比1：4，D-山梨醇的加入与CuSO4·5H2O等摩尔量，水热180℃下反应12h。微米棒的直径小于1μm，长度在10μm以上，棒表面有晶体生长印迹。其机理是：C2H3O2-水解生成OH-，OH-与Cu^2＋生成Cu（OH）2，Cu（OH）2再被D-山梨醇还原生成Cu2O。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...