微波集成电路（MIC）中Au／NiCr／Ta多层金属膜粗糙化机理的AFM研究

Au/NiCr／Ta多层金属膜通过磁控溅射沉积在Si(111)基片上。XRD分析其晶体取向，SEM观察薄膜断面形貌，AFM研究薄膜表面粗糙度。结果表明薄膜表面粗糙度与沉积温度有关，随着沉积温度100℃→250℃的改变，薄膜表面发生从粗糙→光滑→粗糙的变化过程。根据不同的沉积温度探讨了薄膜表面粗糙化机理。     

3D ES势垒对Cu(111)和Cu(001)晶面同质外延生长的影响（英文）

三维3D ES势垒直接影响着层间扩散,在Cu(111)和Cu(100)面2D ES势垒和3D ES势垒是不同的。本文主要研究了基于(1+1)维KMC模型,在这两个特殊的晶面上Cu薄膜的同质外延生长。观察两个面的生长情况,发现随着温度的增加薄膜的粗糙度逐渐减小,由于Cu(111)表面2D ES势垒较小,所以Cu(111)面粗糙度的下降的速度比Cu(100)要快,Cu(111)表面更有利于薄膜的生长。对于纳米棒的应用,在生长时间较短时两个面的生长速率逐渐减小,但是Cu(100)面的生长速度比Cu(111)面更快,随着生长时间的增加,这两个面会出现多层台阶,Cu(111)面的生长速度会逐渐增加,最终会超过了Cu(100)面。多层台阶出现后对两个面的影响是不同的。由于Cu(111)表面3D ES势垒较大,在Cu(111)表面会形成较多的多层台阶,Cu(111)面上多层台阶数有利于纳米棒的生长,然而在Cu(100)表面3D ES势垒较小,Cu(100)表面很难形成多层台阶,所以Cu(100)面上纳米棒的生长速度并没有增加。正是因为3D ES势垒的存在才会导致多层台阶的出现,较大的3D ES势垒有利于纳米棒的生长。     

3D ES势垒对Cu(111)和Cu(OO1)晶面同质外延生长的影响

三维3D ES势垒直接影响着层间扩散,在Cu(111)和Cu(100)面2D ES势垒和3D ES势垒是不同的.本文主要研究了基于(1+1)维KMC模型,在这两个特殊的晶面上Cu薄膜的同质外延生长.观察两个面的生长情况,发现随着温度的增加薄膜的粗糙度逐渐减小,由于Cu(111)表面2D ES势垒较小,所以Cu(111)面粗糙度的下降的速度比Cu(100)要快,Cu(111)表面更有利于薄膜的生长.对于纳米棒的应用,在生长时间较短时两个面的生长速率逐渐减小,但是Cu(100)面的生长速度比Cu(111)面更快,随着生长时间的增加,这两个面会出现多层台阶,Cu(111)面的生长速度会逐渐增加,最终会超过了Cu(100)面.多层台阶出现后对两个面的影响是不同的.由于Cu(111)表面3D ES势垒较大,在Cu(111)表面会形成较多的多层台阶,Cu(111)面上多层台阶数有利于纳米棒的生长,然而在Cu(100)表面3D ES势垒较小,Cu(100)表面很难形成多层台阶,所以Cu(100)面上纳米棒的生长速度并没有增加.正是因为3D ES势垒的存在才会导致多层台阶的出现,较大的3D ES势垒有利于纳米棒的生长.     

脉冲激光和磁控溅射沉积Mo薄膜研究

采用脉冲激光（PLD）和磁控溅射（MS）沉积技术制备了Mo薄膜，用扫描电镜（SEM）、白光干涉仪和X射线衍射仪（XRD）分别表征了薄膜的表面形貌和组织、表面粗糙度和薄膜密度。结果表明，PLD沉积的Mo的表面形貌受脉冲能量和基体温度的影响较大，能量越高、表面缺陷增多。MS沉积的Mo薄膜较致密，呈典型的柱状生长行为。PLD秽MS沉积的Mo薄膜的表面粗糙度均较好，R小于20nm。对实验结果进行了讨论。     

基于H—Si（100）表面上原子层沉积Al2O3的仿真研究

通过对原子层沉积过程的计算机仿真,分析不同沉积条件对沉积过程的影响.以H-Si(100)表面原子层沉积Al2O3的过程为基础,通过分析基片上不同表面功能团之间的相互作用,将整个沉积过程分为初始沉积和后续生长两个阶段.基于不同的阶段建立相应的前驱体到达事件模型、反应事件模型以及表面解吸事件模型.采用动力学晶格蒙特卡罗方法实现这一沉积过程的仿真.实现了不同温度、不同真空条件下Al2O3的原子层沉积仿真.结果表明:在一定的范围内,前驱体或基片的温度高,反应室真空度低,薄膜生长速率的增长快,表面粗糙度小;基片温度对于薄膜沉积过程的影响最大,其阈值约为200℃.而且薄膜的生长趋势由初始的三维岛状生长向二维层状生长逐渐转变.     

电场对Au/SiO_2及Au-Ag/SiO_2表面结构与原子迁移特性的影响

利用扫描俄歇微探针（SAM）和原子力显微镜（AFM）研究了SiO2衬底上在外加直流电场作用下沉积的Au薄膜及Au－Ag复层薄膜的表面形貌、结构变化及电迁移扩散行为。结果表明：①在衬底表面施加水平方向电场辅助沉积制备的Au薄膜其表面显示出平整的椭球形晶粒，并沿外电场方向呈织构取向。与未加电场的热蒸发沉积膜相比，具有较为均匀、有序的表面微观结构。②SiO2表面Au-Ag复层薄膜在直流电场作用下，Au，Ag物种同时向负极方向作走向迁移扩散，这与Au－Ag复层薄膜在Si（111）表面电迁移时Au，Ag分别向两极扩散的特点不同，反映了衬底性质对表面原子电迁移的影响。③Au－Ag复膜在电迁移过程中还发生了表面原子聚集状态的变化，原来沉积排布的细小晶粒在电迁移扩散过程中出现不均匀长大，导致薄膜表面粗糙度显著增加。     

基于原子层沉积技术制备氧化钽薄膜及其特性研究

本工作以单晶硅为衬底,乙醇钽和水分别为钽源和氧源,研究原子层沉积技术制备氧化钽薄膜的工艺,考察了乙醇钽温度、衬底温度、脉冲时间等工艺条件对氧化钽薄膜的生长速率、粗糙度和表面形貌等特性的影响.通过椭偏仪、原子力显微镜、扫描电子显微镜以及高分辨X射线光电子能谱测试分析表明,制备获得的氧化钽薄膜表面光滑,粗糙度小于1 nm,薄膜生长速率受工艺参数的影响较大,其中在乙醇钽源瓶温度170℃、脉冲时间0.1 s以及衬底温度200℃时,氧化钽的生长速率为0.253?/cycle.本工作基于原子层沉积高性能氧化钽薄膜的工艺研究,将对氧化钽薄膜在介质材料、存储介质以及光学涂层等领域的应用奠定基础.     

Si（111）衬底上沉积LaNiO3薄膜的取向控制和导电性能研究

通过金属有机物沉积的方法在Si（111）衬底上成功制备出了高度（100）和（110）取向的LaNiO3薄膜。研究了不同热处理过程、薄膜厚度、前驱体溶液对LaNiO3取向的影响,以及厚度热处理温度、（100）方向的取向度与薄膜方阻之间的关系。LaNiO3薄膜的相结构由XRD（X射线衍射）分析,薄膜的晶粒大小和表面粗糙度由AFM（原子力显微镜）分析。     

磁控溅射制备铁掺杂氮化铜薄膜的研究

采用反应磁控溅射法在氮气分压0.5Pa、基底温度100℃条件下,在玻璃基底上分别制备了氮化铜薄膜和铁掺杂氮化铜薄膜.XRD显示氮化铜薄膜择优(111)晶面生长,铁掺杂使氮化铜薄膜的结晶程度减弱.AFM显示铁掺杂使氮化铜薄膜粗糙度增加.铁掺杂不同程度地提高了氮化铜薄膜的沉积速率和电阻率.     

微波集成电路(MIC)中Au/NiCr/Ta多层金属膜粗糙化机理的AFM研究

Au/NiCr/Ta多层金属膜通过磁控溅射沉积在Si(111)基片上。XRD分析其晶体取向 ,SEM观察薄膜断面形貌 ,AFM研究薄膜表面粗糙度。结果表明薄膜表面粗糙度与沉积温度有关 ,随着沉积温度 10 0℃→ 2 5 0℃的改变 ,薄膜表面发生从粗糙→光滑→粗糙的变化过程。根据不同的沉积温度探讨了薄膜表面粗糙化机理     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...