振动时效对NiTi记忆合金回复特性与相变行为的影响

研究了振动时效对约束态下NiTi形状记忆合金的力学性能与相变行为的影响,用自制的拉伸机测试了振动与未振动NiTi合金在自由加热过程中的回复应变,用万能拉伸实验机测试了NiTi合金的力学性能,用DSC测试了NiTi合金的相变行为.结果表明,随着振动幅度的增加,NiTi合金丝在自由加热过程中输出的两段回复应变减小;随着振动时间的延长,NiTi合金输出的回复力减小,最多约80MPa.DSC结果表明约束态振动后再变行马氏体逆相变温度升高,相变潜热减小,而继承变形马氏体和热诱发马氏体相变潜热增加.所有结果均直接或间接表明,振动时效降低了NiTi形状记忆合金产生的回复力.这可能是由于振动在NiTi合金中产生了微观塑性变形,降低了回复力.     

真空固溶及时效处理后NiTi合金的两步逆相变

利用真空炉对NiTi形状记忆合金进行了固溶处理，并对固溶处理及时效后合金的相变行为及力学性能进行了研究。结果表明，时效处理及预应变后合金丝的DSC曲线上均有两个逆马氏体相变峰，并随着预应变的增加，两个逆马氏体相变温度均升高。预应变后的合金丝在自由加热过程中能够输出两段回复应变，分别对应于两步逆马氏体相变。     

NiTi形状记忆合金丝的约束回复应力输出特性及本构模型

为促进工程结构领域对形状记忆合金(SMA)这一智能驱动材料的应用,研究了预应变大小和热循环次数对Ti-50.8(质量分数,%)Ni SMA丝的约束回复应力-温度曲线、最大约束回复应力、逆相变特征温度、相变温度区间和相变滞后温度区间等约束回复应力输出特性的影响,并在试验数据集合的基础上建立以温度和完全热循环次数为输入、约束回复应力为输出的BP神经网络(即按照误差逆向传播训练的神经网络算法)迟滞模型。结果表明:最大约束回复应力和马氏体逆向变特征温度随预应变的增加而增加;6%预应变的NiTi SMA丝在第一次热循环中约束回复应力最大,逆向变特征温度值最高。经过五次热循环后,NiTi SMA丝的约束回复应力-温度曲线逐渐稳定。该神经网络迟滞模型的数值计算结果与试验数据较为吻合,平均绝对误差不超过5%,且简单实用、精确度高,具有一定的工程指导意义。     

温度和应变率对NiTi记忆合金相变转化率的影响

为了探讨温度和应变率对NiTi记忆合金相变转换率的影响,本文利用准静态试验机和分离式Hopkinson压杆的恒应变率技术对板条状和圆柱状试样进行了不同应变率的试验,同时通过改变温度检查相变转换的速度,结果表明:在较低的10-2/s应变率下,NiTi记忆合金伪弹性变形过程自身就会有6.5℃温升,这意味着在高应变率下其性能是温度与率的耦合效应;随外界环境温度的增加,NiTi记忆合金的相变恢复速率由递增趋于一稳态值,当温度超过365K时,恢复速率趋缓至约0.014mm/s;随应变率增加,相变转换率会趋于极限,即应力诱发的奥氏体向马氏体相转化阶段在应变率超过6000/s时基本不变,表明更高的应变率已不能引起NiTi相变转换。     

NiTi纤维增强粘弹性基体与弹性基体复合材料的力学特性

借助Voigt混合律,针对马氏体逆相变过程,建立了NiTi纤维增强Kelvin粘弹性基体与弹性基体两种复合材料的应力-应变关系.在同样的升温过程及应力作用下,对两种复合材料的变形(应变)、约束态NiTi纤维逆相变开始温度进行了分析对比;升温、加载经历一段时间后,限制两种复合材料的应变为固定值,分析其受力特征.分析有助于了解NiTi纤维增强粘弹性基体与弹性基体复合材料的力学性能.     

NiTi形状记忆合金的性能测试与表征

从NiTi形状记忆合金(Shape Memory Alloy，SMA)性能评价和智能结构研究的角度出发，分析了SMA的应力、应变、温度、电阻以及相变之间的关系。通过分阶段和不同变量组合，对SMA的力学、热学和电学特性进行了实验研究。建立了拉伸状态下形状各异的应力一应变曲线通用物理模型，并进行了数值模拟。结果表明：SMA在马氏体相变，特别是R相变时出现一系列物理、力学性质的异常变化，其本构关系呈现高度非线性；数值模拟结果与实验结果较好地吻合；采用应力、应变、电阻、温度四坐标同步测量是对SMA性能评价的重要方法和有效手段。     

热循环对预应变NiTi记忆合金丝/铝基复合材料马氏体逆相变的影响

采用热压法将0.26mm的NiTi合金丝复合于铝中,利用SEM,DSC,热膨胀仪等实验手段研究了热循环对预应变为4%的NiTi合金丝/铝基复合材料马氏体逆相变的影响。结果表明,在第一次加热过程中,马氏体逆转变开始温度明显升高;第二次加热过程中逆转变开始温度比未预应变样品略有降低;随热循环次数增加,逆相变开始温度降低;当循环次数超过30次后,逆转变温度几乎保持不变。并对热循环过程中的马氏相变过程进行了分析讨论。     

路面NiTi合金相变材料固溶处理及调温效果

NiTi合金相变材料试样经不同温度(400、500、600、700及800℃)保温不同时间(15、30、45及60min)后进行淬火处理,利用差示扫描量热仪测试其性能,研究不同固溶处理工艺对NiTi合金相变焓值、相变温度等性能的影响。将该NiTi合金相变材料作为功能组分,制备NiTi合金相变材料改性的沥青混合料,通过调温试验对比不同NiTi合金掺量的沥青混合料的调温效果。结果表明:固溶处理温度为400及500℃时NiTi合金的相变温度区间宽于600、700及800℃时的相变温度区间;该相变材料的马氏体转变与逆转变的焓值主要受处理温度影响,保温时间对焓值影响不大、对相变温度区间的影响规律相似;随着NiTi合金相变材料掺量的增加,调温效果越显著。     

NiTi形状记忆合金相变过程中的超声波声速特性

用超声脉冲反射法测试了NiTi形状记忆合金（SMA）在相变过程中的纵波声速,研究了合金声速随温度变化的规律。结果表明：在非相变温度范围内,NiTi合金声速随温度缓慢变化,但在发生相变的温度范围内,声速的变化趋势发生明显改变;测得NiTi合金的各相变温度与常规电阻法基本一致,与电阻法等其他测量相变温度的方法相比,纵波声速法具有简单易行、测量方便以及对工件无损伤等优点。     

超弹性NiTi合金率相关相变图案演化模拟

基于超弹性NiTi合金薄板在不同温度下的拉伸实验结果,采用三段线性弹塑性本构模型,通过热物理常数等效法考虑相变潜热对温升的影响,利用有限元软件ABAQUS对相变图案演化进行模拟,揭示相变图案演化的率相关性机理。模拟结果表明:超弹性NiTi合金在拉伸过程中发生应力诱发马氏体相变,宏观表现为局部相变带的萌生、扩展与合并;由于相变潜热的释放,相变带的萌生伴随着局部温升,温升的峰值与加载应变率密切相关;局部相变带与加载方向成一定夹角,角度为50°~65°;随着加载速率增加,试样从等温向绝热状态转变,相变应力与局部温升随之增加,相变更容易在低温区域萌生,导致相变带数量不断增加;模拟的超弹性NiTi合金在不同应变率下的相变图案及温度场演化与实验结果吻合较好,为阐明该合金的相变局部化演变过程提供了参考。     

原位内生NiTi合金复合材料的温度记忆效应(英文)

对NiTi形状记忆合金在冷轧变形后的不完全相变特征进行了研究.通过设计试样原始表面形状的方法,将具有不同位错密度的宏观区域引入形状记忆合金内部,使整个材料获得了复合材料的特征.结果表明,由于位错织构和马氏体变体界面的作用,使逆转变温度扩展到一个较大的温度范围,这将会进一步增加温度记忆效应的潜在应用价值.     

热处理对NiTi形状记忆合金的相变的影响

对含Ti 50.8%的NiTi形状记忆合金在300℃、400℃、500℃保温不同时间进行时效处理,然后通过差示扫描量热仪DSC对其相变温度点进行测定,发现经时效处理调节后,Af最大可下降20~30℃左右,而Ms变化不大。通过不同时效温度和保温时间的DSC曲线比较,得出热处理对其相变温度点的影响规律,即在300~500℃时效处理时,保温时间越短,Af降低越明显,在相同保温时间时,保温温度越低,Af降低越明显。     

变形量对NiTi形状记忆合金相变行为及恢复性能的影响

通过低温DSC测试仪、金相显微镜和拉伸试验机,研究NiTi形状记忆合金冷轧变形量对马氏体相变行和形状恢复率的影响。结果表明：冷轧变形生成的应力诱发马氏体和取向不同的丝织构及高密度位错,使得马氏体相变时界面迁移的阻碍作用增加,抑制了相变的发生;随冷轧变形量的增大合金的形状恢复率降低。     

Mg/NiTi复合材料的制备及阻尼性能

采用Mg粉的无压熔渗法制备Mg/NiTi复合材料以提高多孔NiTi合金的强度和阻尼性能。通过OM、SEM、EDS和XRD分析Mg/NiTi复合材料的显微组织结构,采用压缩实验分析其抗压强度、吸能能力,采用热机械分析仪分析其内耗和存储模量。结果表明:经Mg粉无压熔渗后,多孔NiTi合金的孔隙被Mg填充,其孔隙率由原来的50.38%下降至5.6%,且Mg与NiTi合金的界面结合良好。多孔NiTi合金主要由B2奥氏体相和B19'马氏体相及少量Ni₃Ti相和NiTi₂相组成;Mg/NiTi复合材料除增加了熔渗的Mg相外,还新生成了Mg₂Ni相。Mg的渗入未改变多孔NiTi合金相变行为,但提高了相变温度。Mg/NiTi复合材料的抗压强度可达554 MPa,较多孔NiTi合金提高了61%,压缩断裂方式也由多孔NiTi合金的孔壁崩塌断裂转变为Mg/NiTi复合材料的剪切断裂。Mg/NiTi复合材料的吸能较多孔NiTi合金有大幅提高。同时,Mg/NiTi复合材料的内耗值有所增加,而存储模量大幅提高,整体呈现出更佳的阻尼性能。      

Welding and Joining of NiTi Shape Memory Alloys: A Review

NiTi is an increasingly applied material in industrial applications. However, the difficulties faced when welding and joining is required, limits its broader use in the production of complex shaped components. The main weldability problems associated with NiTi are: strength reduction, formation of intermetallic compounds, modification of phase transformation and transformation temperatures, as well as, changes in both superelastic and shape memory effects. Additionally, NiTi is envisaged to be joined to other materials, in dissimilar joints with more complex problems depending on the other base material. Thus, intensive research in welding and its effects on the joints performance has been conducted since the early stages of NiTi. This paper presents a detailed review of welding and joining processes applied to NiTi, in similar and dissimilar combinations considering both fusion and solid-state processes. Since laser is the most studied and applied welding process, a special section is devoted to this technique.     

Tensile behaviour of superelastic NiTi alloys charged with hydrogen under applied strain

ABSTRACT

The tensile behaviour of NiTi alloys is investigated after hydrogen charging during the austenite, half-transformation and martensite phases. The specimens are charged with different current densities and charging durations. During the tensile tests, the strain of the plateau transformation decreases due to hydrogen-induced residual martensite variants. This decrease becomes important when the charging happens during the martensite phase. Accordingly, the hydrogen ensures the stability of the phase in which the charging process occurs. Moreover, a heightening of transformation stress is noticed during the plateau. The transformation stress increases when the current density grows and the charging duration rises. This occurrence is caused by the interaction between the hydrogen and NiTi structures, where hydrogen delays the NiTi martensite transformation.

This paper is part of a thematic issue on Hydrogen in Metallic Alloys     

R-phase transformation in NiTi alloys

Abstract

In near equiatomic NiTi alloys, the thermoelastic transformation between austenite and the R-phase shows unique properties, which make the R-phase transformation very promising for applications. In the present paper, the fundamental issues related to the R-phase transformation, especially the effects of different thermomechanical treatments, are reviewed. Inspired by the literature review, recent work on controlling the R-phase transformation temperature by low temperature aging treatments is summarised.     

Anisotropic behavior of superelastic NiTi shape memory alloys; an experimental investigation and constitutive modeling

The effect of boundary condition on the mechanical behavior of superelastic NiTi shape memory alloys is investigated in this paper. Experimental tests were carried out on NiTi tubes subjected to tension and torsion with different boundary conditions including fixed and free end cases. Results revealed that anisotropy strain/stress appears in the material depending on the end boundary condition of the sample when martensite transformation occurs. This phenomenon is believed to be a result of anisotropy developed in NiTi during material processing and/or training procedures. Based on experimental findings, a new extension is considered to a 3-D phenomenological constitutive model to capture the anisotropic transformation strain/stress generation observed during different loading conditions. Numerical correlations between predicted and experimental data demonstrate the success of the modified model.     

Grain size effect on the R-phase transformation of nanocrystalline NiTi shape memory alloys

Development of nanoscale actuators and sensors in recent years calls for functional materials with small dimensions and high strengths. High strength nanocrystalline NiTi alloys which experience the R-phase transformation with a small thermal hysteresis are ideal candidates for these applications. To facilitate the application of the R-phase transformation in nanocrystalline NiTi alloys, this study investigated the effect of grain size on the R-phase transformation of a nanocrystalline Ti-50.2at.%Ni alloy. The nanometric grain size was created by severe cold deformation and low temperature anneal. It was found that in the recrystallized state, achieving nanoscale grain sizes (<100 nm) was effective in suppressing the B2→B19’ martensitic transformation and revealing the B2?R transformation. The B2?R transformation temperature was found to increase with the decreasing grain size within the range of 22–155 nm. The suppression of the B19’ martensite in nanograins is attributed to the limited space within the grains to allow the formation of self-accommodation structures to contain the large lattice distortion of the martensite.     

NiTi形状记忆合金丝输出应力与应变

本文研究了预应变ＮｉＴｉ形状记忆合金丝输出应力与应变及其关系。结果表明，预应变ＮｉＴｉ记忆合金丝输出应力与应变是非线性关系。输出应力由相变输出应力和弹性输出应力组成，相变输出应力随温度升高而升高，而与预应变几乎无关，相变输出开始和终止应力庶线性关系，输出应变由相变输出应变和弹性输出应变组成，相变输出应变随预应变增加而增加，随温度升颃是减少，输出是预应变和温度的函数。