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1.
Additional consumption of fuel in an intense traffic condition is inevitable. Excess fuel consumption may be avoided, if an optimal driving strategy is implemented subject to the surrounding condition of a vehicle and existing constraints. Development of an optimal driving strategy has been the subject of eco-driving. A model of optimal driving strategy has been developed and it has been applied for assessment of eco-driving rules. The model may be categorized as an optimal control and the objective function is minimization of fuel consumption in a given route. Vehicle speed and gear ratio are identified as control variables. The effect of working load has been considered according three engine running processes of Idle, part-load and wide open throttle. The model has then been applied to identify the optimal driving strategy of a vehicle in different traffic congestion based on eco-driving rules. 相似文献
2.
A key message of the Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change is that improved energy
efficiency is one of society’s most important instruments for combating climate change. This article reviews a range of energy
efficiency measures in the transportation sector as discussed in AR4 and assess their potentials for improving fuel efficiency.
The primary focus is on light-duty vehicles because they represent the largest portion of world transport energy use and carbon
dioxide emissions; freight trucks, a rapidly expanding source of greenhouse emissions, are also discussed. Increasing energy
efficiency can be achieved by improving the design and technology used in new vehicles, but vehicle technology is only one
component of fleet fuel economy. Measures that create strong incentives for customers to take energy efficiency into consideration
when buying and operating their vehicles will be crucial to policy success.
相似文献
Shigeki KobayashiEmail: |
3.
Doubts have been raised on whether the car industry will manage to reach the goal set by the Voluntary Agreement with the
European Commission, unless tougher measures are taken to reduce CO2 emissions. Taking a stance from the concept of downsizing, we study the historical development of two strategies: first,
shifting the market toward smaller cars, market downsizing; second, a technical downsizing, i.e., technical improvements that
have enabled a reduction of engine size. We focus on the Swedish new car market from 1975 to 2002. Analysis is done by combining
sales statistics with databases over car model parameters. The development of the top and bottom 10% and 20% of the car market
of various parameters points to an increased differentiation of the market; still, the market share of small models remains
low. We identify the potential for downsizing created by increase of maximum specific torque and power and conclude that these
have enabled the cylinder volume to stabilize around 2 l. Increase in engine size has also partly been dampened by the utilization
of supercharging. The potential savings of fuel use presented by the introduction of a sixth gear in manual gearboxes have
not materialized since gearshifts have not systematically been used to lower engine speed. We conclude that there are few
signs of a downsizing in the Swedish new car fleet. From a market perspective, larger cars are still dominant and the technical
potentials to reduce engine size have not been harnessed.
相似文献
Frances SpreiEmail: |
4.
Corinna Fischer 《Energy Efficiency》2008,1(1):79-104
Improved feedback on electricity consumption may provide a tool for customers to better control their consumption and ultimately
save energy. This paper asks which kind of feedback is most successful. For this purpose, a psychological model is presented
that illustrates how and why feedback works. Relevant features of feedback are identified that may determine its effectiveness:
frequency, duration, content, breakdown, medium and way of presentation, comparisons, and combination with other instruments.
The paper continues with an analysis of international experience in order to find empirical evidence for which kinds of feedback
work best. In spite of considerable data restraints and research gaps, there is some indication that the most successful feedback
combines the following features: it is given frequently and over a long time, provides an appliance-specific breakdown, is
presented in a clear and appealing way, and uses computerized and interactive tools.
相似文献
Corinna FischerEmail: |
5.
Despite the need for increased industrial energy efficiency, studies indicate that cost-effective energy efficiency measures
are not always implemented, which is explained by the existence of barriers to energy efficiency. This paper investigates
whether this holds for the Swedish pulp and paper industry, and if so, investigates the barriers inhibiting and the driving
forces stressing cost-effective energy efficiency investments. By so, this case study covers about 2% of the EU-25 industrial
end-use of energy. The overall results from a questionnaire show that there is an energy efficiency gap in the sector and
that the largest barriers were technical risks such as risk of production disruptions, cost of production disruption/hassle/inconvenience,
technology inappropriate at the mill, lack of time and other priorities, lack of access to capital, and slim organization.
As regards the driving forces for energy efficiency, the highest ranked driving forces were cost reductions resulting from
lower energy use, people with real ambition, long-term energy strategy, the threat of rising energy prices, the electricity
certificate system, the PFE. The results show that many of the barriers and driving forces were not solely market-related,
e.g., lack of time or other priorities, slim organization, other priorities for capital investments, lack of staff awareness,
and long decision chains indicate that firm-specific barriers plays an important role. These barriers may not be overcome
by market-related public policy instruments but is rather a consequence of how the energy issue is organized within the firms.
The second and the third largest driving forces, people with real ambition and a long-term energy strategy further support
this.
相似文献
Mikael OttossonEmail: |
6.
Shuzo Murakami Mark D. Levine Hiroshi Yoshino Takashi Inoue Toshiharu Ikaga Yoshiyuki Shimoda Shuichi Miura Tomoki Sera Masahiro Nishio Yasuhiro Sakamoto Wataru Fujisaki 《Energy Efficiency》2009,2(2):179-194
This paper outlines the energy consumption and greenhouse gas emission trends in the residential and commercial sectors in
Japan. The results showed that the increase in residential energy consumption in Japan is mainly caused by the widespread
use of heating equipment, hot water supply apparatus, and other household electrical appliances. On the other hand, it was
indicated that the increase in commercial energy use is mainly due to the increase of the floor area of buildings, particularly
hotels, hospitals, and department stores. The paper also describes political measures to promote energy conservation, including
the building energy conservation standard, Comprehensive Assessment System for Building Environmental Efficiency, top runner
programs, financial incentives, and the dissemination of the Cool Biz concept. Finally, the projections of CO2 emissions until 2050 are presented.
相似文献
Hiroshi YoshinoEmail: |
7.
Energy efficiency in agriculture is an underanalyzed aspect of a potential climate change mitigation strategy. According to
the Fourth Assessment Report, experts report only medium agreement and medium evidence that energy efficiency can provide
substantial reductions (Smith et al. 2007). This paper estimates the CO2 mitigation potential achievable through improvements in energy efficiency in the US agriculture sector. The data are presented
in three formats: the cost data or break-even points of each technology, a marginal abatement supply curve expressed in terms
of reduction in energy use by fuel category, and a marginal abatement supply curve expressed in terms of CO2 emission reductions by fuel category. The largest sources of energy use in the sector were identified as motors used in irrigation
systems or other pumping operations; farm machinery such as tractors used in daily farm operations; and space conditioning,
such as HVAC systems for livestock and crop-drying systems.
相似文献
Michael GallaherEmail: |
8.
Edson Adriano Vendrusculo Guilherme de Castilho Queiroz Gilberto De Martino Jannuzzi Herculano Xavier da Silva Júnior José Antenor Pomilio 《Energy Efficiency》2009,2(3):271-286
The purpose of this paper was to present the results of a life cycle cost analysis concerning the purchase and operation of
a more efficient popular refrigerator model compared with a baseline design in Brazil. The summarized results may be useful
for organizations working to promote sustainable energy development. This paper specifically focuses on refrigerators, since
their energy consumption is predicted to constitute over 30% of the total average domestic electricity bill in Brazilian households.
If all new Brazilian refrigerators had an energy efficiency at the level consistent with the least life cycle cost of ownership,
it would result in an annual savings of 2.8 billion dollars (US$) in electricity bills, 45 TWh of electricity demand, and
18 Mt of CO2 emissions, with a respective payback period of 7 years which is less than half the average estimated lifetime of a refrigerator.
The analysis was conducted following the guidelines of similar analyses available from the US Department of Energy and the
Collaborative Labeling and Appliance Standards Program.
相似文献
Edson Adriano VendrusculoEmail: |
9.
Harold Wilhite 《Energy Efficiency》2008,1(2):121-130
The subject of efficient technologies and how to get them into the homes and hands of users has been at the centre of energy
efficiency policy from its inception. What the record shows is that efficient technologies may well increase the efficiency
of energy throughput but that promised reductions in energy demand seldom pan out. Confronted with this problem, the usual
policy approach has been to work harder to get markets, incentives and information to loosen up the ‘barriers’ to technology
penetration. Social scientists have been recruited to facilitate markets with better information and incentives, in other
words, to improve the behaviour of energy end-users. The paper argues that both technologists and behaviouralists have oversimplified
the ways that technologies and socio-cultural contexts interact to affect energy-using practices. The concept of distributed
agency is introduced to capture the theoretical link between technology and behaviour. The examples of air conditioning and
food refrigeration are used to illustrate these points.
相似文献
Harold WilhiteEmail: |
10.
Industrial energy efficiency and climate change mitigation 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Ernst Worrell Lenny Bernstein Joyashree Roy Lynn Price Jochen Harnisch 《Energy Efficiency》2009,2(2):109-123
Industry contributes directly and indirectly (through consumed electricity) about 37% of the global greenhouse gas emissions,
of which over 80% is from energy use. Total energy-related emissions, which were 9.9 GtCO2 in 2004, have grown by 65% since 1971. Even so, industry has almost continuously improved its energy efficiency over the
past decades. In the near future, energy efficiency is potentially the most important and cost-effective means for mitigating
greenhouse gas emissions from industry. This paper discusses the potential contribution of industrial energy-efficiency technologies
and policies to reduce energy use and greenhouse gas emissions to 2030.
相似文献
Ernst WorrellEmail: |
11.
12.
Breaking down the silos: the integration of energy efficiency, renewable energy, demand response and climate change 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Edward Vine 《Energy Efficiency》2008,1(1):49-63
This paper explores the feasibility of integrating energy efficiency program evaluation with the emerging need for the evaluation
of programs from different “energy cultures” (demand response, renewable energy, and climate change). The paper reviews key
features and information needs of the energy cultures and critically reviews the opportunities and challenges associated with
integrating these with energy efficiency program evaluation. There is a need to integrate the different policy arenas where
energy efficiency, demand response, and climate change programs are developed, and there are positive signs that this integration
is starting to occur.
相似文献
Edward VineEmail: |
13.
Over the last few decades, several instruments have evolved to deal with similar energy and environmental challenges. For
instance, the economic literature prescribes separate tax or cap-and-trade systems to internalize negative environmental externalities
and subsidies to internalize positive externalities such as research and development. However, policy is not straightforward
because of the influence on cost and competition and concerns for regional employment, economic activity within certain industries
and any distributional effects. Tax discrimination, subsidies and regulations then undermine the efficiency of energy instruments.
To balance any environmental concerns, other instruments, including green and white certificates, have been created. While
innovative, these work as simple combinations of taxes and subsidies. While the extant literature thoroughly analyzes the
partial effects of these instruments, there has been little focus on their basics and the effects of aggregate taxes and subsidies.
This complexity calls for research on the efficiency of each instrument, including the administration and transaction costs
associated with holding a large set of instruments. We should consider the coordination and simplification of policy tools
before complicating the system further by introducing new, primarily equivalent, instruments.
相似文献
Annegrete Bruvoll (Corresponding author)Email: |
14.
Energy efficiency and greenhouse gas emissions are closely linked. This paper reviews agricultural options to reduce energy
intensities and their impacts, discusses important accounting issues related to system boundaries, land scarcity, and measurement
units and compares agricultural energy intensities and improvement potentials on an international level. Agricultural development
in recent decades, while increasing yields, has led to lower average energy efficiencies when comparing the 1960s and the
mid 1980s. In the two decades thereafter, energy intensities in developed countries increased, but with little impact on greenhouse
gas emissions. Efficiency differences across countries in the year 2000 suggest a maximum improvement potential of 500 million
tons of CO2 annually. If only below average countries would increase their energy efficiency to average levels of the year 2000, the
resulting emission reductions would be below 200 million tons of CO2 annually.
相似文献
Pete SmithEmail: URL: http://www.abdn.ac.uk/biologicalsci/staff/details/pete.smith |
15.
This study analyzes the role of energy intensity improvement in the short term (to the year 2020) and midterm (to the year
2050) in the context of long-term greenhouse gases (GHG) stabilization scenarios. The data come from the latest Emissions
Scenarios Database and were reviewed in the Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
In this study, quantitative decomposition analyses using the extended Kaya identity are applied to the stabilization scenarios
in Categories I to IV of Table SPM.5 in the AR4. Furthermore, quantitative decomposition analyses of Category IV scenarios
are conducted for major GHG-emitting countries, such as the USA, Western Europe, China, and India, by utilizing the large
number of reports in the database. This study provides in-depth analyses of the relationship between energy intensity improvement
and other major indicators. One finding is that energy intensity improvement plays an important role in the short term, and
the rate of energy intensity improvement is assumed to be around 2% per year as a median value across Categories I–III in
the midterm on the global scale. However, achieving stringent stabilization levels requires various other measures regarding
the use of less-carbon intensive fossil fuels, the shift to non-fossil fuel energies, and advanced technologies such as carbon
capture and storage.
相似文献
Tatsuya HanaokaEmail: |
16.
Evan Mills Gary Shamshoian Michele Blazek Phil Naughton Robert S. Seese William Tschudi Dale Sartor 《Energy Efficiency》2008,1(1):5-20
The high-technology sector – characterized by facilities such as laboratories, cleanrooms, and data centers – is often where
innovation first occurs. These facilities are sometimes referred to as the “racecars” of the buildings sector because new
technologies and strategies to increase performance often trickle down to other building types. Although these facilities
are up to 100 times as energy-intensive as conventional buildings, highly cost-effective energy efficiency opportunities are
often overlooked. Facility engineers are in the trenches identifying opportunities to improve energy productivity but often
are unable to make the broader business case to financial decision makers. This article presents the technical opportunities
for reducing energy costs, along with their broader strategic value for high-tech industries.
相似文献
Dale SartorEmail: |
17.
David J. Crossley 《Energy Efficiency》2008,1(4):267-281
Tradeable energy efficiency certificates are created in Australia as part of a larger baseline-and-credit emissions trading
scheme, the Greenhouse Gas Reduction Scheme (GGAS) that operates in the State of New South Wales and the Australian Capital
Territory. GGAS aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions associated with the generation and use of electricity through project-based
activities to offset the production of emissions. GGAS applies in two jurisdictions that are part of a wholesale electricity
market operating across a total of six jurisdictions and this imposes some constraints on scheme design. Nevertheless, GGAS
has developed a set of comprehensive operational systems and procedures to validate energy efficiency projects and verify
the abatement they produce. To the end of calendar year 2006, nearly ten million energy efficiency certificates have been
created under GGAS, representing nearly ten million tonnes of CO2-e abatement. Some significant issues have arisen regarding
the creation of certificates from the mass distribution of small energy-efficient household appliances. However, the experience
with GGAS still demonstrates that tradeable energy efficiency certificates can be an effective mechanism for incentivising
greenhouse gas emissions abatement in the context of a baseline-and-credit emissions trading scheme.
相似文献
David J. CrossleyEmail: URL: www.efa.com.au |
18.
In a tradable white certificate (TWC) scheme, each certificate issued represents a certain amount of energy saved. Used in
conjunction with an energy-saving obligation on certain parties in the energy supply chain and with rules for trading, monitoring
and verification established, an efficient market for energy savings in sectors not covered by the European Union (EU) Emissions
Trading Scheme can be established. However, a plethora of other mechanisms are already in place to promote a more sustainable
use of energy in Europe. This paper analyses the interactions (both potential and realised in existing schemes) between TWCs
and other policy instruments including tradable green certificates, the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme, the European
Union Energy Performance in Buildings Directive as well as taxes, subsidies and loans. Measures implemented through a TWC
scheme that reduce the consumption of electricity can make targets under a tradable green certificate scheme easier to attain.
Where a tradable green certificate scheme contains relative targets, the target should be increased to achieve the same absolute
amount of renewable power. A TWC scheme can also reduce the number of allowances electricity generators will need to surrender
under the EU Emissions Trading Scheme. By reducing the available emission rights in the National Allocation Plans, this effect
is possible to counteract.
相似文献
Domenico GaudiosoEmail: |
19.
A number of European countries have introduced market-based instruments to encourage investment in energy efficiency improvement
and achieve national energy savings targets. Some of these schemes are based on quantified energy savings obligations imposed
on energy distributors or suppliers, coupled with a certification of the energy savings (via white certificates), and a possibility
to trade certificates. The paper describes the concept and the main elements of a tradable white certificate scheme, where
appropriate giving examples from existing schemes in Europe. It discusses design and operational features that are key to
achieve the overall savings targets, such as delineation of the scheme in terms of obliged parties, eligible projects and
technologies, institutional structure, and processes to support the scheme, such as measurement and verification. Finally,
the paper looks at a number of open issues, most importantly the possibility of creating a voluntary market for white certificates
via integration into the carbon market.
相似文献
Paolo BertoldiEmail: |
20.
Jeffrey Harris Rick Diamond Maithili Iyer Christopher Payne Carl Blumstein Hans-Paul Siderius 《Energy Efficiency》2008,1(3):175-188
We argue that a primary focus on energy efficiency may not be sufficient to slow (and ultimately reverse) the growth in total
energy consumption and carbon emissions. Instead, policy makers need to return to an earlier emphasis on “conservation,” with
energy efficiency seen as a means rather than an end in itself. We briefly review the concept of “intensive” versus “extensive”
variables (i.e., energy efficiency versus energy consumption) and why attention to both consumption and efficiency is essential
for effective policy in a carbon- and oil-constrained world with increasingly brittle energy markets. To start, energy indicators
and policy evaluation metrics need to reflect energy consumption, as well as efficiency. We introduce the concept of “progressive
efficiency,” with the expected or required level of efficiency varying as a function of house size, appliance capacity, or
more generally, the scale of energy services. We propose introducing progressive efficiency criteria first in consumer information
programs (including appliance labeling categories) and then in voluntary rating and recognition programs such as ENERGY STAR.
As acceptance grows, the concept could be extended to utility rebates, tax incentives, and ultimately to mandatory codes and
standards. For these and other programs, incorporating criteria for consumption, as well as efficiency, offers a path for
energy experts, policymakers, and the public to begin building consensus on energy policies that recognize the limits of resources
and global carrying capacity. Ultimately, it is both necessary and, we believe, possible to manage energy consumption, not
just efficiency, in order to achieve a sustainable energy balance. Along the way, we may find it possible to shift expectations
away from perpetual growth and toward satisfaction with sufficiency.
相似文献
Hans-Paul SideriusEmail: |