钠钙氯化物在乳糖水中热力学性质的确定

在298.15 K时利用电动势法确定四元体系氯化钠-氯化钙-乳糖-水不同组成(乳糖质量分数分别为0,5%,10%和15%)时的热力学性质。利用Pitzer离子作用模型拟合实验数据,获得了氯化钠和氯化钙在乳糖水混合溶剂中的Pitzer模型参数。进一步计算了氯化钠和氯化钙从纯水到乳糖水混合溶剂中的迁移吉布斯函数。获得了氯化钠和氯化钙混合电解质在乳糖水混合溶剂中的混合参数θ(Na Ca)和ψ(Na Ca Cl)。计算了298.15 K时四元体系中氯化钠和氯化钙的平均离子活度系数。结果发现:利用Pitzer高阶静电作用模型计算混合电解质在混合溶剂中的平均离子活度系数,能获得较为满意的结果。     

HCl-NaCl-C2H6O2-H2O体系中HCl热力学

在乙二醇和水为混合溶剂中加入HCl和NaCl组成四元系,在恒定溶液总离子强度I＝1.00mol•kg^-1,改变混合溶剂中乙二醇质量分数w（5%、15%和20%）的条件下,组成下列电池 Pt,H₂(10⁵Pa )│HCl(m), C₂H₆O₂(w), H₂O (1-w)│AgCl-Ag (A) Pt,H₂(10⁵Pa )│HCl(m_A), NaCl(m_B), C₂H₆O₂(w), H₂O (1-w)│AgCl-Ag (B) 根据测得电池(A)的电动势,确定混合溶剂中AgCl-Ag电极的标准电极电动势,讨论了HCl的迁移性质.利用电池（B）的电动势,计算出HCl 的活度系数γA.结果表明,在溶液中总离子强度保持恒定,HCl 的活度系数服从Harned规则.在溶液组成恒定时,lgγ_A是温度倒数1/T的线性函数,进一步讨论了混合物中 HCl的相对偏摩尔焓.     

原电池电动势法测定热力学函数实验改进

常规电动势法测定热力学函数存在电动势的温度系数不稳定,仍至无法估计或修正等问题。使用改进型盐桥,在20~50°C温度范围内,对比测定了两支参比电极(氯化银和甘汞电极)组成的原电池的电动势。结果表明,其温度系数为正(2.22×10~(-4)V℃~(-1)),反应的热力学函数变化值Δ_rG_m(298 K)、Δ_rS_m(298 K)和Δ_rH_m(298K)分别为-52.87 k J·mol~(-1)、-67.14 J·K~(-1)·mol~(-1)、-69.98 k J·mol~(-1)。与热力学函数理论值相比,其相对误差分别为3.7%、-2.4%和-2.5%。满足基础物理化学实验教学要求。     

电解质溶液热力学性质的研究进展

从电解质溶液的经典理论、半经验模型和统计力学3方面综述了电解质溶液热力学性质的研究进展,并对各种理论和模型在理论与实践方面的局限性作了相关评述。从分子、离子角度对电解质溶液的热力学性质进行研究比较,探讨了其宏观热力学性质与微观结构的相关性。展望了电解质溶液热力学理论近期研究的热点和未来的发展方向。     

三元体系KCl-K2B4O7-H2O在318.15 K下热力学活度系数及相平衡实验和预测

四川盆地地下卤水含有丰富的液态钾硼资源,针对该卤水体系开展相应热力学性质和相平衡的研究,是揭示地下卤水中硼钾富集规律和资源开发所必需的关键性基础工作。含硼钾的KCl-K₂B₄O₇-H₂O三元体系是该卤水重要的子体系。应用离子选择性电极测量无液接电池K-ISE|KCl (m₁),K₂B₄O₇ (m₂)|Cl-ISE的电动势,体系中混合溶液总离子强度为0.01～1.00 mol·kg^-1,K₂B₄O₇离子强度分数y_b分别为0.8、0.6、0.4、0.2和0。利用测定的电动势值和Nernst方程计算出混合溶液KCl-K₂B₄O₇-H₂O中KCl的平均活度系数,然后应用多元线性回归和非线性规划求解拟合出3...     

亚氨基二乙酸-氯化钠-水三元体系溶解度模型

根据电解质溶液理论,对Nass和P inho等人提出的氨基酸在NaC l水溶液中溶解度的UNIFAC模型特点进行了分析比较。采用Chen等人提出的电解质型三元体系NRTL活度系数关联方程,结合考虑Born项和P itzer-Debye-Hückel项对基团间长程相互作用力的贡献,在简化基础上,建立了计算IDA-NaC l-H2O三元体系溶解度数学模型。采用该模型对此体系0—60℃范围内的溶解度随温度变化关系进行关联计算,并与实测结果进行对比分析,结果令人满意,二者的平均相对误差为2.93%。按照基团静电作用机制,理论解释了NaC l浓度对IDA溶解度的影响规律。     

HCl－NaCl－DMS－OH_2O体系中HCl的活度系数

采用电动势法测定了ＨＣｌ＋ＮａＣｌ＋ＤＭＳＯ＋Ｈ_２Ｏ体系在２９８．１５～３１８．１５Ｋ范围内，总离子强度分别恒定在Ｉ＝０．１，０．２，０．５ｍｏｌ·ｋｇ~（－１）情况下的ＨＣｌ的活度系数。应用最小二乘法拟合，表明ＨＣｌ的活度系数遵守Ｈａｒｎｅｄ规则。从粒子间微观相互作用出发阐明了Ｈａｒｎｅｄ参数α_Ａ的物理意义，并给出了α_Ａ与温度和溶液离子强度之间的关系。     

电势法研究NaBr在甲醇-水混合溶剂中298.15K下的热力学性质

用Na离子选择性电极NaBr(m),MeOH(w),H_2O(100-w)Br离子选择性电极组成的电池测定NaBr在甲醇含量为0%、10%、20%、40%、60%、80%、90%和100%的甲醇-水混合溶剂,浓度在0.01～3.0mol/kg之间的平衡电势.用Pitzer方程关联实验结果得到每个实验点的NaBr的平均活度系数.结果发现,在一定的溶剂比例下,NaBr的平均活度系数先随它的浓度增加而下降,然后上升;当NaBr浓度固定时,它的平均活度系数随溶剂中甲醇含量增加而下降.NaBr在甲醇中有微弱的缔合.     

水-丙酸二元体系汽液平衡的热力学性质

用新型泵式沸点仪测定了在101.325kPa下水-丙酸二元系在不同液相组成时的沸点,用过量自由焓函数Q,采用间接法由Tpx推算了水-丙酸二元系的汽相平衡组成y。汽相的非理想性用截至第二项的维里系数的状态方程求出汽相混合物中组分逸度系数。二元体系活度系数的关联分别用Wilson模型、NRTL模型、Margules模型和vanLaar模型进行关联,用最小二乘法求出了它们的液相活度系数模型参数。用所得的液相活度系数来计算三个二元体系的过量吉布斯自由焓函数GE/RT。计算的泡点温度与实验测得的沸点温度吻合良好,由面积积分法检验这些模型参数计算的二元体系相平衡数据,得到很好的热力学一致性。     

298.2 K四元体系MgCl2-SrCl2-AlCl3-H2O相平衡实验及溶解度计算

采用等温溶解平衡法研究了298.2 K四元体系MgCl₂-SrCl₂-AlCl₃-H₂O的相平衡关系,测定了该体系的溶解度和平衡溶液的密度、折射率。根据实验数据,分别绘制了298.2 K该四元体系的空间立体图、相图、水图、密度-组成图和折射率-组成图。研究发现：298.2 K下,四元体系MgCl₂-SrCl₂-AlCl₃-H₂O无复盐或固溶体生成,稳定相图由2个共饱点、5条单变量曲线和4个结晶区组成。四个结晶区分别为MgCl₂·6H₂O、SrCl₂·6H₂O、SrCl₂·2H₂O和AlCl₃·6H₂O,其中SrCl₂·6H₂O结晶区最大,SrCl₂·2H₂O结晶区最小,说明SrCl₂·6H₂O更容易结晶析出。平衡液相的密度和折射率随着J（MgCl₂）的变化呈规律性变化。采用Pitzer模型进行了298.2 K四元体系MgCl₂-SrCl₂-AlCl₃-H₂O溶解度计算,对比发现,计算结果与实验结果基本吻合。     

Measurements and simulation for aqueous quaternary system MgCl2-SrCl2-AlCl3-H2O at 298.2 K

Solid-liquid equilibria of the aqueous quaternary system MgCl₂-SrCl₂-AlCl₃-H₂O at 298.2 K was studied by using the isothermal dissolution equilibrium method. The solubility, density, and refractive index of the aqueous quaternary system were measured. The corresponding space diagram, stable phase diagram, water content diagram, and the diagrams of density vs composition, refractive index vs composition were constructed based on the experimental data. The results show that there is no double that salt or solid solution was formed in the quaternary system. The stable phase diagram of the quaternary system MgCl₂-SrCl₂-AlCl₃-H₂O at 298.2 K consists of two invariant points, five isothermal dissolution curves, and four crystallization regions. The four crystallization regions correspond to four single hydrate salts magnesium chloride hexahydrate (MgCl₂·6H₂O), strontium chloride hexahydrate (SrCl₂·6H₂O), strontium chloride dihydrate (SrCl₂·2H₂O), and aluminum chloride hexahydrate (AlCl₃·6H₂O). With a view to the crystallization regions, the crystallization region of salt SrCl₂·2H₂O is the smallest, while the crystallization region of salt SrCl₂·6H₂O is the largest, meaning SrCl₂·6H₂O can be more easily separated from solution than other coexisting salts in this system at 298.2 K. The densities and refractive indices of the solution at equilibrium change regularly with the change of J(MgCl₂) of the solution. The Pitzer model is used to calculate the solubility of the 298.2 K quaternary system MgCl₂-SrCl₂-AlCl₃-H₂O. The comparison found that the calculated results are basically consistent with the experimental results.     

五元体系HCl-NaCl-CaCl2-H3BO3-H2O在298.15K的Pitzer模型及其应用研究

采用等温溶解法测定了三元体系CaCl₂-H₃BO₃-H₂O在298.15 K的溶解度和液相的折射率,该三元体系为简单共饱型,有1个共饱点,2条溶解度曲线和2个单盐结晶区,分别为CaCl₂·6H₂O和H₃BO₃。结合本文测定和文献中的溶解度数据,拟合了五元体系HCl-NaCl-CaCl₂-H₃BO₃-H₂O中含H₃BO₃的Pitzer参数,结合固相的溶解平衡常数,构建了该五元体系的Pitzer模型,并计算了该五元体系及其子体系的溶解度。根据Pitzer模型和计算相图,对氯化钠、氯化钙共存卤水中硼酸的分离进行了计算,获得了分离过程中的析盐顺序和卤水组成的变化规律。计算结果表明酸性条件下更容易实现H₃BO₃的分离。     

KCl-PEG4000-H2O三元体系288、298、308 K相平衡测定及计算

采用等温溶解平衡法研究了288、298、308 K下三元体系KCl-PEG4000-H₂O的相平衡关系,绘制了相应的相图、密度-组成图和折射率-组成图。研究发现：288、298、308 K下,三元体系KCl-PEG4000-H₂O无分层现象,只存在固液相平衡关系,其平衡相图由不饱和液相区(L)、一固一液区(S+L)和两固一液区(2S+L)构成,且两固一液区随温度升高减小。KCl溶解度随着溶液中PEG4000含量不断增加而减小。溶液中PEG4000含量小于0.50时,盐析率受温度影响较小;含量大于0.50时,盐析率随着温度升高呈减小趋势。采用修正后的Pitzer方程进行了三元体系KCl-PEG4000-H₂O (288、298、308 K)溶解度计算,对比发现,理论计算值与实验值吻合较好。     

AlCl3·6H2O在FeCl3-CaCl2-HCl-H2O体系中溶解度的模拟和测定

在25~60 ℃的条件下,采用静态法测定了AlCl₃·6H₂O在FeCl₃-CaCl₂-HCl-H₂O体系中的溶解度。同时以OLI软件为平台,采用Bromley-Zemaitis活度系数模型预测了该温度范围内AlCl₃·6H₂O在FeCl₃-CaCl₂-HCl-H₂O体系中的溶解度,并将实验和预测结果做了对比。结果表明,在FeCl₃-HCl-H₂O和CaCl₂-HCl-H₂O这2个体系中,温度对AlCl₃·6H₂O溶解度的影响均可忽略;在相同温度和盐酸浓度下,随着FeCl₃和CaCl₂浓度的增大,AlCl₃·6H₂O的溶解度均减小;在相同温度、相同FeCl₃和CaCl₂浓度下,盐酸浓度对AlCl₃·6H₂O在2个体系中溶解度的影响均显著,随着盐酸浓度的增大,AlCl₃·6H₂O的溶解度急剧减小。比较后发现,实验数据和模型预测值吻合良好。     

CaSO4-Ca(OH)2-H2O体系中硫酸根的平衡浓度

测定了25℃时不同pH值下CaSO4-Ca(OH)2-H2O三元体系中SO42-的平衡浓度,考察了Na+离子的影响. 结果表明,pH值在3.0~12.0范围内SO42-平衡浓度最小,为0.01235 mol/L,基本不受pH值的影响;Na+的存在使溶液中SO42-的平衡浓度增大,且二者呈线性关系. 应用Pitzer电解质溶液理论对体系进行了活度修正,计算结果与实验测定结果基本一致. 研究结果为含SO42-工业废水处理提供了一定的理论依据.     

Experimental and first‐principles study of Ti–C–O system: Interplay of thermodynamic and structural properties

The thermodynamic properties and vacancy formation mechanism of Ti–C–O system were investigated by means of empirical calorimetry method and first‐principles calculations. The heat of combustion of titanium oxycarbides (TiC_1?xO_x, 0≤x≤1) solid solution were first measured by burning the materials in oxygen bomb calorimeter through sophisticated design experimental environment. The mixing enthalpy of the reaction (1?x)TiC + xTiO=TiC_1?xO_x was further calculated based on the measured data. Mixing enthalpy was also calculated via efficient first‐principles method based on the density functional theory. The vacancies in TiC_1?xO_x were described as two kinds of models that are disordered and segregated vacancies in titanium oxycarbides solid solution. The calculation results with segregation model show good agreement with the calorimetric results. The heat capacity values were further calculated to deduce the mixing and formation Gibbs free energy. The additive law of the heat capacity and entropy means that the structure of titanium oxycarbides tends to be in order, and this result shows a good agreement with the segregated model in TiC_1?xO_x. These results are explained on the basis of the interplay between thermodynamic and structural properties, which offered the important theoretic foundation for the novel titanium production process.     

LAS/AEO-9/乙二醇/水拟三元体系的相行为和流变性能

用偏光显微镜和RS75控制应力流变仪研究了LAS(直链烷基苯磺酸钠)/AEO-9(脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚)/乙二醇/水的拟三元体系的相行为.发现在靠近LAS/乙二醇/水一侧整个液晶区只出现层状相液晶相、无六角相液晶相;而在靠近AEO-9/乙二醇/水一侧的相行为变化比较典型,随着表面活性剂浓度增大,由胶束溶液逐渐向六角相液晶和...     

Optical properties of Eu3+/Pr3+ doped Zn4O(BO2)6 synthesized by solid-state reaction

Zn₄O(BO₂)₆ based on the [B₂₄O₄₈] sodalite-cage structure fixed by the inside [Zn₄O₁₃] clusters is expected to be a new class of solid-state lighting material with perfect thermal and mechanical stability. Herein, in the current work, we have respectively introduced non-equivalent rare-earth cations Eu³⁺ and Pr³⁺ into Zn₄O(BO₂)₆ host to design white and green emission materials by a novel solid-phase sintering method at lower temperatures. Zn₂B₆O₁₁ replacing B₂O₃ or H₃BO₃ as raw materials can effectively avoid the impure products caused by the uncontrollable volatilization of B₂O₃ or H₃BO_3. The newly designed light-emitting materials of Zn_4(1-x)O(BO₂)₆: xRe³⁺ (ReEu or Pr), including Zn₄O(BO₂)₆ host, have good absorption capacity in the ultraviolet region. Under ultraviolet irradiation, Zn₄O(BO₂)₆, Zn_4(1-x)O(BO₂)₆: xEu³⁺and Zn_4(1-x)O(BO₂)₆: xPr³⁺ emit the blue, white and green lights, respectively. In addition, all these materials can effectively degrade methylene blue, in which Zn_4(1-x)O(BO₂)₆: xPr³⁺ has the highest efficiency. The luminescence and degradation mechanisms of Zn₄O(BO₂)₆, Zn_4(1-x)O(BO₂)₆: xEu³⁺and Zn_4(1-x)O(BO₂)₆: xPr³⁺ have been adequately explained by their electronic structures based on the first principle calculations. The current study confirms that the doping of Eu³⁺/Pr³⁺ in Zn₄O(BO₂)₆ can broaden its applications as photoluminescent and photocatalytic materials.