甲基苯基碳酸酯歧化反应研究进展

碳酸二甲酯(DMC)与苯酚通过酯交换法合成碳酸二苯酯(DPC)是一条清洁生产路线,该法一般分两步进行,研究发现,其中第二步甲基苯基碳酸酯(MPC)的歧化反应大都不能彻底进行,极大地制约了目标产物DPC的生成,因此,MPC歧化反应作为DMC与苯酚发生酯交换反应生成DPC的关键步骤,对其进行深入的研究有着重要意义。本文综述了MPC歧化反应热力学、动力学、催化剂以及合成工艺方面的研究进展,尤其对MPC歧化反应的动力学问题和平衡限制问题进行了详细讨论,指出打破平衡限制的合理途径是采用减压歧化工艺,而高选择性地生成DPC取决于催化剂的性能,多相催化剂的研究开发应作为今后主要的研究方向。最后对国内研究现状进行了评价和展望,旨在加快我国聚碳酸酯行业的工业化进程。     

环氧乙烷与甲胺合成N-甲基二乙醇胺的热力学分析

使用ABW法、费多斯基团加和法等,计算了N-甲基二乙醇胺(MDEA)的基础数据及其热力学数据,对环氧乙烷(EO)与甲胺合成MDEA的化学反应进行系统的热力学分析,提供了理论上该合成工艺所需条件。建立了该反应的反应焓变、Gibbs自由能变以及反应平衡常数对反应温度的变化关系。得出结论为该反应为自发放热反应,降低温度,反应有利于向MDEA合成的方向进行;若温度过低,反应速率减慢,目标产物产率下降。在工业生产中,该合成反应一般控制温度在100—150℃,反应器内的压强一般为3—6 MPa。     

碳酸二甲酯与苯胺合成苯氨基甲酸甲酯催化研究

以碳酸二甲酯(DMC)和苯胺为原料,在锌基催化剂作用下直接生成苯氨基甲酸甲酯(MPC)。筛选了一系列无机、有机锌化合物,发现醋酸锌是合成MPC的高效催化剂。以醋酸锌为催化剂,考察了原料摩尔比、反应时间、反应温度等对反应的影响。结果表明,在DMC与苯胺摩尔比9,反应温度170℃,反应时间2 h时,苯胺的转化率达到99%,MPC选择性大于90%,催化体系具有较好的工业应用前景。     

碳酸二甲酯与苯胺合成苯氨基甲酸甲酯催化研究

以碳酸二甲酯(DMC)和苯胺为原料,在锌基催化剂作用下直接生成苯氨基甲酸甲酯(MPC)。筛选了一系列无机、有机锌化合物,发现醋酸锌是合成MPC的高效催化剂。以醋酸锌为催化剂,考察了原料摩尔比、反应时间、反应温度等对反应的影响。结果表明,在DMC与苯胺摩尔比9,反应温度170℃,反应时间2 h时,苯胺的转化率达到99%,MPC选择性大于90%,催化体系具有较好的工业应用前景。     

苯氨基甲酸酯催化合成研究进展

综述了国内外苯氨基甲酸酯合成方法和催化剂的研究进展,重点阐述了近年来以苯胺和碳酸二甲酯(DMC)为原料,合成苯氨基甲酸甲酯(MPC)催化剂的研究进展.同时对今后催化合成路线的研究和发展进行了讨论和分析,由苯胺和DMC合成MPC,副产物甲醇回收合成DMC,是零排放绿色工艺,其研究方向是开发出活性和选择性高的负载型催化剂.     

不同反应原料合成碳酸二苯酯的热力学研究

采用密度泛函理论(DFT),对碳酸二苯酯(DPC)的不同合成反应路径进行了热力学分析。首先优化了反应中涉及的各种物质在气体状态下的稳定结构,在此基础上计算了各物质液体状态下的热力学性质,获得了碳酸二甲酯-苯酚(DMC-Ph OH),碳酸二甲酯-乙酸苯酯(DMC-PA)两种不同酯交换反应路径的焓变、熵变、吉布斯自由能变以及平衡常数。计算结果表明,两种合成反应均为吸热反应;从热力学角度来看,DMC-PA反应路径优于DMC-Ph OH反应路径,其反应平衡常数更大,利于DPC的生成。但两种合成路径各步反应的平衡常数KC均偏小,为提高DPC收率,需要在反应进行过程中,不断移走产物以打破热力学平衡限制。同时,从热力学角度分析,若DMC同Ph OH的反应采用"两步法",DMC同PA的反应采用"一步法",则较有利于DPC的生成。     

PbO-Yb2O3催化苯酚与碳酸二甲酯的酯交换反应

制备了一系列固体催化剂用于苯酚(PhOH)与碳酸二甲酯(DMC)酯交换合成碳酸二苯酯(DPC).其中,铅镱复合氧化物催化剂活性较高,能多次回收使用.用正交实验方法详细研究了该催化剂焙烧温度、催化剂组成及反应温度等影响因素.实验结果表明:选择铅镱物质的量比为2∶1,700℃下焙烧的催化剂,在n(PhOH)∶n(DMC)=2∶1,反应温度170℃,反应16 h时,得DMC转化率56.87%,DPC产率17.10%.碳酸甲苯酯(MPC)产率33.24%.该催化剂多次回收使用后仍有较好的活性.     

苯胺与甲醛合成4,4-二氨基二苯甲烷反应体系的热力学分析

苯胺与甲醛合成4,4-二氨基二苯甲烷（MDA）是一个复杂的反应体系。采用多种基团贡献法,计算了该反应体系涉及多种物质的基础热力学数据,以及主要反应的反应焓变、反应Gibbs自由能变以及各反应的平衡常数。结合热力学模拟计算,分析了体系温度、苯胺与甲醛的原料配比对该反应体系平衡转化过程的影响,并与实验数据进行对比验证。研究结果表明：由苯胺与甲醛合成MDA的反应为放热反应,升高体系温度有利于抑制副产物的生成,同时可获得较高的MDA收率。选取原料配比为3作为较优操作条件,可减少副产物的产生量,并降低后续产物分离能耗。     

Ti-β分子筛催化苯酚和碳酸二甲酯合成碳酸二苯酯

通过Hβ分子筛与TiCl4发生气固相反应,经FTIR和UV Vis漫反射谱表征,证明合成的载钛β分子筛是Ti β分子筛。研究了Ti β分子筛催化苯酚和碳酸二甲酯(DMC)合成碳酸二苯酯的反应,考察了反应时间、Ti β催化剂用量以及原料配比对反应的影响,比较了Hβ分子筛、纳米TiO2以及Ti β分子筛的活性。结果表明,175℃反应10h后各物质浓度不再有很大的变化,Ti β分子筛量为5g/(1mol反应物)时比较合适,n(DMC)/n(苯酚)最优值为0 5～1。反应10h,甲基苯基碳酸酯(MPC)和碳酸二苯酯(DPC)的总收率可达10 77%。发现Ti β分子筛的骨架钛是反应的活性中心。     

不同萃取剂下碳酸二甲酯合成工艺的性能评价

通过化工流程模拟软件Aspen Plus对酯交换法合成碳酸二甲酯(DMC)流程中各塔的主要操作参数进行优化分析,得到该工艺的最佳操作条件。在此基础上,比较选用不同萃取剂苯胺和乙二醇时该工艺流程的热力学效率和CO2排放量。结果表明,苯胺为萃取剂时,DMC工艺流程的热力学效率明显提高、能耗降低,CO2排放量也大幅度降低。     

Efficient synthesis of 1,6-hexamethylene diurethane through coupling transesterification and methoxycarbonylation with methyl phenyl carbonate as intermediate

A reaction coupling system of transesterification and methoxycarbonylation with methyl phenyl carbonate (MPC) as intermediate was established to efficiently prepare 1,6-hexamethylene diurethane (HDU) from 1,6-hexamethylene diamine (HDA). The feasibility of the system was explored using the thermodynamics analysis, the reaction mechanism and the experiment results. The optimal reaction was carried out to get higher HDU yield. The thermodynamic analysis showed that the methoxycarbonylation of HDA with MPC, the Gibbs free energy of which was negative, was a spontaneous process. Furthermore, the equilibrium constant of the methoxycarbonylation of HDA with MPC was much greater than that of the transesterification of dimethyl carbonate (DMC) with phenol, so the reaction coupling could be realized under mild conditions. The reaction mechanism analysis indicated that phenoxy anion was the key species for reaction coupling. Higher MPC concen-tration was detected when sodium phenoxide was used as transesterification reactant with DMC, since the phenoxy anion of sodium phenoxide could be dissociated more easily. Sodium phenoxide was more suitable to prepare HDU through reaction coupling. A yield of HDU as high as 98.3%could be reached under the optimal con-ditions of mPhONa/mDMC=0.027 and nDMC/nHDA=8/1 at 90 °C in 2 h.     

碳基固体酸的制备及其催化合成碳酸甲丙酯

以葡萄糖为原料制备了碳基固体酸催化剂,利用碳酸二甲酯（DMC）与正丙醇的酯交换反应为探针反应,考察了制备条件对碳基固体酸催化活性的影响。结果表明,在碳化温度350 ℃、碳化时间2 h、磺化温度130 ℃、磺化时间10 h、浓硫酸与碳材料的质量比为100∶1的条件下,制备的固体酸具有较好的催化活性;当n(丙醇)∶n(DMC)=2∶1、反应温度90 ℃、反应时间5 h、催化剂用量占原料总质量4%时,碳酸甲丙酯（MPC）选择性超过90%,收率达到40%左右。催化剂催化活性较稳定,连续催化反应4次活性没有明显下降。     

二苯脲与碳酸二甲酯合成苯氨基甲酸甲酯研究

以氧化铅为催化剂,考察了温度、时间、催化剂的量及原料配比等条件对合成苯氨基甲酸甲酯反应的影响,确定了适宜的反应条件,并试验了不同附载型固体催化剂,发现以三氧化二铝为载体效果最好。结果表明,附载型固体催化剂可使二苯脲的转化率达到94.7%,苯氨基甲酸甲酯收率可达98.2%。     

A new process for the synthesis of diphenyl carbonate from dimethyl carbonate and phenol over heterogeneous catalysts

The two-step synthesis of diphenyl carbonate (DPC) from dimethyl carbonate (DMC) and phenol has been compared in liquid phase and gas phase, both over heterogeneous catalysts. In the first step, equilibrium yields of methyl phenyl carbonate (MPC) in the transesterification of DMC and phenol were very low at low temperatures in the liquid phase although reaction rates were fast. This endothermic reaction was more favorable at high temperatures in the gas-phase reaction. Titanium oxide catalysts supported on SiO₂ or activated carbon were found to be effective in a continuous gas flow reactor. In case of the second step, the disproportionation of MPC, selective formation of DPC was not feasible in the gas-phase reaction due to extensive side reactions. However, there was no by-product in the liquid-phase reaction over the TiO₂/SiO₂ catalyst. Therefore, our proposed two-step synthesis process consists of the gas-phase transesterification of DMC and phenol followed by the liquid-phase disproportionation of MPC to DPC, both over the TiO₂/SiO₂ catalyst. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Kinetics studies of dimethyl carbonate synthesis from urea and methanol over ZnO catalyst

A kinetic experiment of dimethyl carbonate (DMC) synthesis by urea methanol over ZnO catalyst was carried out in an isothermal fixed-bed reactor. A kinetic model based on the mole fraction was proposed and the kinetic parameters were estimated from the experimental results. The model predictions were compared with the experimental data and fair agreements were found. The effects of the reaction temperature (443–473 K), space time (0–4.7 h mol⁻¹ kg _cat ) and urea mass percent (5–9%) in feed on DMC mole fraction were investigated. It was found that the reactions are mainly influenced by the reaction temperature and space time rather than urea mass percent in feed. The experimental and simulated results indicated that the reaction from MC to DMC was the rate-controlling step in the DMC synthesis process from urea and methanol. It is important to remove the DMC and byproduct ammonia to achieve a high selectivity of DMC. This implies that reactive distillation might be used in the DMC synthesis on an industrial scale to achieve a higher selectivity of DMC.     

Production of glycerol carbonate via reactive distillation and extractive distillation:An experimental study☆

A process for the production of glycerol carbonate (GC) is proposed with the transesterification of glycerol (GL) and dimethyl carbonate (DMC) with CaO as catalyst by reactive distil ation and extractive distil ation. The perfor-mance of solvents in separating DMC-methanol azeotrope and the effects of operation parameters on the reactive distillation process are investigated experimental y. The results indicate that both the GL conversion and GC yield increase with the DMC/GL molar ratio, reflux ratio, final temperature of tower bottom, and CaO/GL molar ratio and decrease as the recycle number of CaO increases. The calcium concentration in the residual reaction mixture also decreases remarkably as the DMC/GL molar ratio increases. At DMC/GL molar ratio 4.0, reflux ratio 1.0, final temperature of tower bottom 358 K, and CaO/GL molar ratio 0.05, both the GL conversion and GC yield can reach above 99.0%, and the mass concentration of calcium in the product is less than 0.08%.     

无水硅酸钠催化酯交换合成碳酸二甲酯

以廉价的Na2Si O3·9H2O为原料,通过简单的焙烧处理,制备了系列无水硅酸钠,并将其作为固体碱催化剂应用于碳酸乙烯酯(EC)与CH3OH酯交换合成碳酸二甲酯(DMC)的反应。采用TG-DTA、XRD和Hammett指示剂法对无水Na2Si O3进行表征。结果表明,焙烧温度对无水Na2Si O3的碱强度、总碱量及催化活性没有显著影响。当焙烧温度为200℃时,样品(Na2Si O3-200)的碱强度(Ho)为15.0~18.4,总碱量为10.9 mmol/g。以Na2Si O3-200为催化剂,考察了原料配比、温度和时间对酯交换合成DMC反应的影响。当CH3OH与EC的摩尔比为10∶1,在65℃反应2 h后,EC转化率与DMC收率可分别达到89%和88%。即使在室温条件下,Na2Si O3-200也能有效地催化EC与甲醇酯交换反应的进行。此外,经过4次使用后,Na2Si O3-200的催化活性没有出现明显下降的趋势。     

催化氧化邻羟基甲苯制备邻羟基苯甲醛的热力学分析

引言邻羟基苯甲醛(o-hydroxybenzaldehyde,OHBA)是重要的有机合成中间体,广泛应用于医药工业[1-2]、农药[3-5]、食品香料与香精、电镀[6]、石油化工和合成纤维等领域。目前合成邻羟基苯甲醛的方法很多,从原料的角度主要可以分为以邻羟基苯甲醇、邻羟基苯甲酸、苯酚和邻羟基甲苯为原料的合成方法[7]。其中由于邻羟基甲苯廉价易得,且以其为原料的空气/氧气直接氧化法[8-12]环境污     

精馏法分离辛酸-癸酸体系的热力学分析

常压精馏法分离辛酸-癸酸这一体系可能会使辛酸、癸酸在加热过程中发生分子间脱水缩合形成辛酸癸酸酐这一副反应。文中采用二参考流体法,ABW基团贡献法,Fedors基团加和法及Joback估算法估算了该反应体系的相关物质的基础数据及热力学数据,进行了系统的热力学分析。文章考察了反应焓变、Gibbs自由能与温度的变化关系,结果显示在精馏操作的温度范围内,反应焓变随温度的增大而减小且恒大于0,反应Gibbs自由能亦随温度的增大而减小且恒大于0。说明采用常规的精馏方法对该物系进行分离时,辛酸、癸酸分子间脱水缩合形成辛酸癸酸酐这一副反应无显著影响,为工业生产中精馏法分离该体系提供了一定的理论依据。