~(125)I和~(131)I对大鼠甲状腺损伤的生物效应比较

本研究用1.5月龄的雄性Wistar大鼠600只,随机分为实验组和对照组,每组50只动物。实验组动物一次腹腔注射不同放射性强度的~(125)I或~(131)I溶液后观察2年。活存的动物用乙醚麻醉,心脏取血收集血清并解剖取甲状腺称重。以血清中T_3、T_4、r-TSH水平,相对甲状腺重量比较~(125)I和~(131)I的生物效应。结果表明,相对甲状腺重量减至对照的80％和60％时,~(125)I和~(131)I的等效剂量比值分别为1.5和1.2,若以血清中T_3、T_4和r-TSH的相对含量进行比较,其等效剂量的最大估计比值分别为2.1,19和4.5。 总之,~(125)I和~(131)I导致同样或类似的生物效应,所需~(125)I的剂量比~(131)I剂量高1.2—19倍,其结果因观察指标不同而异。本研究获得的资料,可供内照射剂量控制限定和防护标准的修订以及评价放射性碘进入体内后危险度做参考。     

放射性碘的同位素在家兔甲状腺内蓄积的特点和碘化钾减少蓄积的作用

放射性碘是早期裂变产物中对人体危害最大的一种放射性核素。它的主要作用是对甲状腺的损伤。因此,研究放射性碘在机体内代谢特点和阻断甲状腺对放射性碘的吸收与减少蓄积的问题,是内照射防护的重要课题之一。 在早期裂变产物中,放射性碘的组成是较复杂的,包括~(131)I和短半衰期的~(132)I、~(133)I、~(135)I等(后者简称“短碘”);而且随裂变产物冷却时间的不同,各种放射性碘的组分也发     

核事故和核武器试验后牛,羊甲状腺中的^137Cs和^131I

切尔诺贝利核电站事故后,作者 Van Middles worth 每两周测量一次联邦德国乌尔姆(Ulm)地区牛甲状腺中放射性铯和碘的浓度,结果表明铯的最高平均浓度几乎与~(131)I的最大值同时出现。因此、可以考虑把落下灰早期甲状腺中所增加的~(137)Cs 同所增加的~(131)I 的比值作为落下灰源中~(137)Cs 同~(131)I 比值的指数。     

~(123)I在甲状腺吸~(123)I功能及显象检查方面的应用

国内甲状腺吸碘功能及显象检查均以~(131)I为示踪剂。近年来,鉴于加速器生产的短半衰期放射性同位素的迅速发展,国外已逐步以~(123)I来代替~(131)I进行显象和功能研究。1981年起我们用上海原子核所研制成功的放射性~(123)I做甲状腺吸~(123)I功能和显象检查,现将结果作如下报导。     

核电站排出物中放射性碘的生物学意义

本文概述核电站排出物中放射性碘的生物学意义:进入机体的途径与分布、放射性碘的致癌效应、有关致癌效应的修饰因子、临床上使用碘-131的经验,碘-131诱发甲状腺肿瘤的动物实验和碘-129的致癌效应。     

碘-131内污染所致甲状腺损害的剂量效应关系和剂量限值

本文根据UNSCEAR,BEIR,NCRP,ICRP报告和其它有关资料对~(131)I所致甲状腺癌、甲状腺结节和甲低腺功能低下的剂量效应关系与剂量阈值进行评述。~(131)I致甲状腺癌发生于核爆落下灰照射的居民,~(131)I致甲状腺癌死亡的终生危险为大约8×10~(-4)Gy~(-2)。甲状腺结节的发生率是甲状腺癌的大约3倍。目前尚无碘同位素医疗照射引起甲状腺癌和结节发生率增加的报道。~(131)I治疗甲亢可以引起甲状腺功能低下,其阈剂量不会大于20Gy。     

~(123)Ⅰ-邻碘马尿酸的动物实验和临床初步应用

放射性核素标记的邻碘马尿酸是检查肾功能和肾血流量的放射性药物。标记邻碘马尿酸的放射性核素大多采用碘的同位素,常用的为~(131)I,也有用~(123)I标记。本文通过动物实验和放射自显影术了解~(123)I-邻碘马尿酸在动物体内和肾内的分布,并与~(131)I-邻碘马尿酸进行临床应用对比,以评价其优缺点。     

碘[131I]化钠诊断胶囊活度筛选仪的研制

碘[~(131)I]化钠诊断胶囊活度筛选仪为解决微居级碘[~(131)I]化钠诊断胶囊活度测量均匀性问题而研制的自动化设备。碘[~(131)I]化钠诊断胶囊活度筛选仪采用了核探测技术及自动化技术相结合的方式,提高了自动化测量的程度,缩短了活度测量时间,大幅降低人工活度测量的强度,减少了工作人员的操作剂量。     

放射性碘比活度测定

本文报道了以二碘甲腺原氨酸(3,5-T_2)为起始物,用碘-131、碘-125标记制备三碘甲腺原氨酸(T_3),用自身置换法和放射免疫分析法测定~(125)I-T_3的比活度,从而求出Na~(125)I的比活度,为测量放射性碘的比活度提供了一种新的途径。同时,用碘离子选择性电极测定Na~(125)I、Na~(131)I溶液中总的碘含量,放射性活度用经过校准的4π电离室测量装置测定,求出放射性碘的比活度。不同的方法所测得的结果相近。国产Na~(125)I、Na~(131)I制剂中碘-125、碘-131的丰度分别为50％和6％左右。本文还讨论了Na~(125)I、Na~(131)I制剂中碘的来源。     

高精度放射性药液自动分装系统的研制

为了提高放射性碘[~(131)I]化钠口服溶液批量分装精度和效率,采用可编程逻辑控制器(PLC)作为设备的核心控制部件,通过触控屏及上位机设置分装参数,研制了一套高精度自动化分装碘[~(131)I]化钠口服溶液的设备。自动分装系统分装精度达到微升级,性能稳定,并有良好的人机界面,操作方便快捷,可为多种放射性药液分装提供技术保证。     

Biological distribution of 131I-labeled anti-nucleus antigen monoclonal antibody chTNT in patients with pulmonary metastases from differentiated thyroid carcinoma

This work is to study the in vivo biological distribution of 131I-labeled mouse/human chimeric monoclonal antibody (131I-chTNT) in patients with pulmonary metastases from differentiated thyroid carcinoma.Ten patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma were injected intravenously with a single dose of 131I-chTNT (5 MBq.kg-1 body weight).Radioactivity of blood and urine samples was measured at different time points.The in vivo stability and the metabolic status of 131I-chTNT were detected with supersaturated trichloroacetic acid.Continuous imaging was performed to outline the region of interest (ROD and estimate the intake level on the whole body,major organs and tumor lesions at different time points.The serum time-radioactivity curve of 131I-ehTNT accorded with the two-compartment model after a single intravenous injection:T1/2(h)=65.28±14.83,AUC0-t(MBq.h.mL-1)=8.93±1.32,AUC0-∞(MBq-h-mL-1)=10.58±2.19,and CL(mL.min-1.kg-1)=1635±359.The time-radioactivity percentage curve of 131I-chTNT urine excretion accorded with the one-compartment model after a single intravenous injection:T1/2(h)=99±10,and accumulative (31±9) % radioactivity of the injected dose was excreted in urine in one week.The percentages of serum 131I-ehTNT in radioactive components at 24,48 and 72 h were over 95% and it was still (88±7)% at 168 h.As for chemical composition of radioactive substances in urine,radioactivity in urine samples originated from free 131I by 100%.Radioactivity of 131I-chTNT after intravenous administration was mainly concentrated in the lung and liver,least in the brain.Radioactivity of tumor tissues reached the maximum at 24 h and the tumor/normal tissue (T/N) ratio reached the maximum (1.28～3.83) during 3～7 d.The characteristics of in vivo biological distribution of 131I-chTNT in patients with pulmonary metastases from differentiated thyroid carcinoma are favorable for its therapeutic application for the metastasis tumors.     

131I治疗甲状腺机能亢进症的临床评价

为探讨^131I治疗甲亢的临床应用价值,采用常规手法触诊对甲状腺估重,按每g甲状腺实际吸收剂量计算^131I的给药剂量,给药方式均为一次口服。服药后3个月复查,包括症状、体征及血清垂体－甲状腺轴激素。结果表明,105例中基本治愈者80例（76．2％）,基本治愈但有早期甲减者16例（15．2％）,本组^131I一次治疗的有效率为91．4％;复发者9例（8．6％）,经第二次治疗后病情亦得到控制。说明^131I治疗Graves甲亢的治愈率高、复发率低、简便易行,若运用^131I的治疗剂量合适,可以将早期甲减发病率控制在可接受的范围内。     

Thyroid gland irradiation doses for moscow inhabitants following the reactor accident at Chernobyl

Conclusions As a result of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant accident, there was a significant increase in the contamination level of the environment by a series of radionuclides, and specifically iodine isotopes. The iodine isotope content of the atmosphere was lower than the permissible level, and quickly diminished with time.The thyroid gland irradiation doses of the population accumulated, for the most part, as a result of the entry of¹³¹I into the milk supply.The entry of¹³¹I into the population continued only for a short period of time, and the total thyroid gland irradiation dose was lower than permissible levels.Translated from Atomnaya Énergiya, Vol. 68, No. 1, pp. 49–51, January, 1990.     

Internal irradiation of the thyroid gland in residents of Kaluga Oblast from results of <Superscript>131</Superscript>I content measurements performed in May 1986

The content of ¹³¹I in the thyroid gland of approximately 30000 residents of Kaluga oblast was measured in May 1986. The work was supported by calibration and verification of the measurement means and procedure. The data making it possible to evaluate the individual, average, median, and collective dose of internal irradiation of the thyroid gland in people of different ages in the populated points of the oblast are presented. The irradiation dose to the thyroid gland in children is much higher than for adults. It is found that the individual dose of internal irradiation to the thyroid gland is described by a nearly log-normal distribution. Some of the individuals examined have an individual dose which is several-fold higher than the average and median dose. This indicates the presence of groups with an elevated radiation risk; attention should be focused on this group first when medical-prophylactic and protective measures are taken. The data from Kaluga oblast, combined with similar results from Bryansk oblast and Belarus, have served as basis for reconstructing the individual absorbed irradiation dose to the thyroid gland and as dosimetric support of radiation-epidemiological studies using the case-monitoring procedure. Translated from Atomnaya énergiya, Vol. 105, No. 2, pp. 97–103, August, 2008.     

甲状腺癌患者^131I治疗后的辐射防护评价

目的107人次服用^131I治疗甲状腺癌后,评价其对陪侍人员可能产生的辐射危害。方法依据^131I治疗后SPECT全身核素显像结果,对甲状腺癌患者术后是否有甲状腺残存或其他组织或器官转移情况,将107人次分为A、B、C、D、E 5组,测量患者1 m处的当量剂量率,估算陪侍人员可能受到的照射剂量。结果陪侍人员在强化临床限制模式中受到的剂量低于正常临床限制模式;无甲状腺残留及转移组（C组）、局部转移组（颈部淋巴结或其他部位少量转移）（D组）和全身多发转移组（淋巴结、纵隔及肺脏等其他部位多处转移）（E组）只需临床限制2-3 d;而对于有残留甲状腺组织组（A和B组）,需临床限制7 d左右。结论出于辐射防护的考虑,甲状腺癌患者服用^131I后需要采取一定临床限制。     

甲状腺癌术后~（131）Ⅰ清除残留甲状腺与用量的关系

对手术后病理证实为甲状腺癌的３９例患者的残留甲状腺腺体进行首次１３１Ⅰ清除。结果表明，达到一次清除成功的合适１３１Ⅰ用量与残留甲状腺腺体的体积大小、甲状腺外摄１３１Ⅰ的转移灶范围大小有明显关系。     

碳酸锂在131I治疗Graves病中的应用

简要评述了碳酸锂对甲状腺摄碘率、甲状腺体积、甲状腺激素等的影响以及临床应用的适用范围.锂离子可以增加131I在甲状腺的停留时间,减少1311用量并提高治疗效果.同时,碳酸锂有抑制甲状腺合成、释放甲状腺激素的作用,可望通过服用碳酸锂减轻131I治疗后由于甲状腺激素水平升高引起的症状和体征.另外,由于碳酸锂有一定的升白细胞作用,因此碳酸锂与131I联合应用治疗Graves病(GD)有一定的适应症.     

分化型甲状腺癌患者的131I有效半衰期

通过测量分化型甲状腺癌患者在全甲状腺切除术后,接受131I治疗后对周围环境的辐射剂量率,采用单指数曲线拟合方法处理测量数据,计算出分化型甲状腺癌患者的131I平均有效半衰期为（14.6±6.5）h,该结果与国外文献报道均值接近,说明131I有效半衰期不存在人种差异性。对患者有效半衰期进行的统计学检验表明,患者有效半衰期与服药次数和年龄有负相关关系,与患者性别和服药量没有显著关系。     

Influencing factors of radioiodine therapy in hyperthyroidism in adults

The study was to evaluate factors affecting outcome of 131I therapy in hyperthyroidism for optimizing the method. Data from 213 patients who received 131I treatment from July 2003 to July 2005 in our department were retrospectively analyzed. Factors possibly contributing to the outcome of the 131I therapy were analyzed, including gen-der, age, history of antithyroid drug, thyroid volume, duration of disease and radioactive iodine uptake rate. Multivariate analysis was done. The rates of euthyroidism and hypothyroidism were 69% and 8.5%, respectively, after one time 131I therapy. Multivariate analysis of the patients showed no statistically significant factors affecting the outcome of 131I therapy. The study showed that 131I dose can be directly calculated, and this simplifies the dose-determined method and individualizes the therapy.