Failure analysis of the adhesive joint of microwave ferrite phase shifter

Failure investigation is carried out on the adhesive joint of microwave ferrite phase shifter. Though, practically, the failure mode of microwave ferrite phase shifter can be described as the fracture of adhesive joint between ferrite and microwave dielectric ceramic, the failures of adhesive layer could be found in various ways and at various stages of manufacture, assembly and service. They may be due to the strength degradation caused by moisture environment, or the voids defects originated from dehydration effect of the adhesive as well as the contamination during manufacturing. With the help of SEM, FTIR and TGA, both the normal and failed samples of microwave ferrite phase shifter were selected, compared and analyzed. Recommendations for the structural design and the adhesive process are presented, and the responsibility of the failures was charged to the negligence of the manufacturer of the microwave ferrite phase shifters.     

A microwave phase shifter based on a planar ferrite-ferroelectric thin-film structure

Microwave phase shifters employing slot transmission lines based on thin ferroelectric films of barium strontium titanate and thin single-crystalline films of yttrium iron garnet ferrite have been experimentally studied for the first time. The phase shifters admit double electronic control based upon the phenomenon of hybridization of the electromagnetic wave propagating in a slot delay line on the ferroelectric film and the spin wave propagating in the ferrite film. At a bias voltage of 150 V applied to electrodes of the slot lines with 50- and 150-μm-wide slots, the phase shift amounted to 53° and 26°, respectively.     

Microwave ferrite materials and devices

The crystal structure of ferrites including garnets and their methods of preparation are first reviewed. This is followed by an examination of microwave ferrite devices and their application to actual systems. Sufficient theoretical details as well as an extensive though not exhaustive list of references are included for ready reference. The most widely used microwave ferrite device is the isolator, a device which possesses nonreciprocal properties. The function of this device in various configurations is therefore studied in some detail. Then, ferrite-phase shifters, including the latching variety, circulators, modulators, power limiters, switches, amplifiers, delay lines, and filters are examined in turn. Microwave ferrite devices, in particular isolators and circulators, are commonly used in the laboratory. Other devices, such as modulators, limiters, and switches, are used respectively in microwave systems in carrier modulation, receiver protection, and antenna switching, etc. Much of the ferrite device research and development in recent years has been concerned with theY-junction circulator and the coincidence power limiter.     

Hardware-assisted initialisation for constant modulus algorithm adaptive antenna

A cost-effective approach for initialisation of an adaptive antenna based on the constant modulus algorithm (CMA) is proposed. The technique utilises 1 bit phase shifters and a power detector, which are normally integrated with a multibeam antenna, to determine the maximum power beam direction. Consequently, the beam is exploited as an initial beam for CMA. Development of hardware-assisted initialisation is discussed. In addition, field programmable gate array implementation of a CMA processor and associated control circuitry is presented. Several simulations are performed to evaluate the performance of the proposed initialisation technique. In addition, the developed prototype is tested with a phase array antenna designed for operation at the IMT2000 frequency of 1.95 GHz. Experimental results confirm superiority of the proposed technique.     

Linear scanning array with bulk ferroelectric-integrated feed network

Variable ferroelectric delay line technology has been utilized to implement a proof-of-concept, continuous scanning, ferroelectric integrated phased array antenna system. S₂₁ phase shifts of up to 157° have been achieved from the phase shifter itself via analogous variation of a DC bias. When integrated into a phased array, beam scanning of at least ±12° is achieved prior to any optimization. Some of the key material requirements, fabrication procedures, characterization, and assembly of the ferroelectric material are revealed. The design, integration, and performance of the array system using such phased shifters are presented     

S波段移相器用锂铁氧体的制备

探讨了用于S波段移相器的低饱和锂铁氧体的制备。LiTi组合的替代可以获得低饱和磁感应强度锂铁氧体材料(4πMs<1000 Gs)。通过其它微量掺杂的复合以及工艺控制,制得锂铁氧体的介电常数在16.65~17.90之间。介电损耗角正切(tanδε<10-3)很小。     

高频MnZn功率铁氧体研究进展

Mn Zn铁氧体因具有高磁导率、高饱和磁通密度、低损耗而成为高频磁性元件的首选材料,其高频损耗的降低对开关电源的小型化和高效化有重要影响。介绍了高频Mn Zn铁氧体材料的损耗构成和控制机理,总结了国内外高频Mn Zn铁氧体材料研究和开发的发展现状,并对高频Mn Zn铁氧体材料的发展前景进行了展望。     

Atomic engineering of mixed ferrite and core-shell nanoparticles

Nanoparticulate ferrites such as manganese zinc ferrite and nickel zinc ferrite hold great promise for advanced applications in power electronics. The use of these materials in current applications requires fine control over the nanoparticle size as well as size distribution to maximize their packing density. While there are several techniques for the synthesis of ferrite nanoparticles, reverse micelle techniques provide the greatest flexibility and control over size, crystallinity, and magnetic properties. Recipes for the synthesis of manganese zinc ferrite, nickel zinc ferrite, and an enhanced ferrite are presented along with analysis of the crystalline and magnetic properties. Comparisons are made on the quality of nanoparticles produced using different surfactant systems. The importance of various reaction conditions is explored with a discussion on the corresponding effects on the magnetic properties, particle morphology, stoichiometry, crystallinity, and phase purity.     

空调蓄冷相变材料的最新研究

相变材料是一种新型的蓄冷材料,5～10℃的相变材料在空调蓄冷系统中的应用越来越受到重视,已成为国际研究的热点。叙述了用于空调蓄冷的相变材料的选择原则和有机、无机相变材料的优缺点,概括和评述了近年来相变蓄冷材料在开发新型材料、提高导热系数和降低过冷度等方面的研究进展,并展望了空调蓄冷相变材料的研究趋势。     

Evolution of sigma phase in 321 grade austenitic stainless steel parent and weld metal with duplex microstructure

Abstract

Samples of 321 stainless steel from both the parent and welded section of a thin section tube were subjected to accelerated ageing to simulate long term service conditions in an advanced gas cooled reactor (AGR) power plant. The initial condition of the parent metal showed a duplex microstructure with approximately 50% ferrite and 50% austenite. The weld metal showed three distinct matrix phases, austenite, delta ferrite and ferrite. This result was surprising as the initial condition of the parent metal was expected to be fully austenitic and austenite+delta ferrite in the weldment. The intermetallic sigma phase formed during the accelerated ageing was imaged using ion beam induced secondary electrons then measured using computer software which gave the particle size as a function of aging time. The measurements were used to plot particle size, area coverage against aging time and minimum particle spacing for the parent metal. During aging the amount of ferrite in the parent metal actually increased from ～50 to ～80% after aging for 15?000 h at 750°C. Sigma has been observed to form on the austenite/ferrite boundaries as they may provide new nucleation sites for sigma phase precipitation. This has resulted in small sigma phase particles forming on the austenite/ferrite boundaries in the parent metal as the ferrite transforms from the austenite.     

Variable toroidal ferrite phase shifter

Careful design of the magnetic bias circuit used in ferrite phase shifters can help to reduce space, weight and energy consumption. Low reluctance circuits must avoid air-gaps and this can be achieved using toroidal-shaped ferrite inserts positioned inside a rectangular waveguide. Here, these ferrite inserts are fabricated using a viscous plastic processing method that avoids machining and produces a continuous magnetic circuit. Finite-element methods are used to initially model the magnetostatic solution for the bias circuit before being used to analyse the microwave performance of a double toroid phase shifter. A closedform technique is introduced to model the dielectric slab waveguide impedance transformer. The final insertion loss was ,1 dB over the 9.5?10.3 GHz band and return loss of 20 dB was achievable. The phase shift calculation agrees to within 10% of the measured values.     

Ferrite helical devices

The ability to manufacture a ferrite helix has been demonstrated. A ceramic processing method called viscous plastic processing was applied to microwave ferrites and the electrical and microwave properties of the ferrite were characterised. VPP allowed the realisation of highly complex geometries, specifically a Ferrite helix. The applications of such a ferrite helix were also discussed, particularly uses such as resonance isolators and broad-band phase shifters. This work re-opens the field of helical ferrite devices, as a viable means of manufacture has been demonstrated.     

失效移相器中Li-Zn铁氧体片的开裂原因

利用扫描电子显微镜对失效移相器中开裂Li-Zn铁氧体片进行了显微组织观察,对其开裂原因进行了分析.结果表明:压制工艺中聚乙烯醇(PVA)粘结剂添加过多导致铁氧体片致密度及均匀性降低,这是铁氧体片服役过程中开裂的主要原因;另烧结温度过低,导致烧结致密化不充分,气孔率偏高,这是铁氧体片在服役过程中开裂的另一个原因.较佳的P...     

铁电陶瓷/铁氧体复合材料的相结构与介电性能

研究了铁电陶瓷/铁氧体混合烧结体的相结构与介电性能。在900℃制备出铁电陶瓷/铁氧体复合材料,该复合材料是介电材料相与铁氧体材料相共存的复相陶瓷。铁电陶瓷/铁氧体复合材料的介电性能在低温区域主要是介电材料相起作用,而铁氧体材料主要在高温部分对复合材料的介电性能起作用。采用两相混合分布的介电常数计算公式拟合了复相陶瓷的介温曲线,并提出修正指数因子α和β,建立修正方程。      

用精矿粉和Mn3O4制备高性能功率软磁MnZn铁氧体

用精矿粉代替Fe2O3、用Mn3O4代替MnCO3作为原材料，因为减少了Mn离子在反应中的变价机率，提高了配方中Mn离子的准确性，精矿粉的主要成分Fe3O4相变为α-Fe2O3的温度与Mn铁氧体生成温度接近，所以使固相反应更安全，能制备出高性能功率软磁MnZn铁氧体。适量的掺杂CaCO3、V2O5及Bi2O3可以进一步降低样品功耗；制备过程中，采取一些特殊工艺措施及适当烧结温度能进一步提高样品磁性能，使其综合性能基本达到日本TDK的PC30水平。     

Spatial Non-Cyclic Geometric Phase in Neutron Interferometry

We present a split-beam neutron interferometric experiment to test the non-cyclic geometric phase tied to the spatial evolution of the system: the subjacent two-dimensional Hilbert space is spanned by the two possible paths in the interferometer and the evolution of the state is controlled by phase shifters and absorbers. A related experiment was reported previously by some of the authors to verify the cyclic spatial geometric phase. The interpretation of this experiment, namely to ascribe a geometric phase to this particular state evolution, has met severe criticism. The extension to non-cyclic evolution manifests the correctness of the interpretation of the previous experiment by means of an explicit calculation of the non-cyclic geometric phase in terms of paths on the Bloch-sphere. The theoretical treatment comprises the cyclic geometric phase as a special case, which is confirmed by experiment.     

移相器材料Zn、Ti、Sn替代锂铁氧体

为了研制高性能自动跟踪同步通信卫星相控天线阵中的移相器材料,采用普通陶瓷工艺,并加入微量杂质：Bi₂O₃、NiO、Co₂O₃和MnCO₃,且利用氧气氛烧结制备了目前尚未见报道的铁氧体Li_0．625Zn_0．1Ti_0．25Sn_0．1Fe_1．925O₄．结果表明,该材料具有较高的居里温度和较低的介电损耗.并对锂铁氧体Li_0.5（1-y）Zn_yFe_{2.5（1-0.2y）}O₄的微波特性进行了讨论.     

Acoustical evaluation of a prototype sector-vortex phased-array applicator

A prototype sector-vortex phased-array applicator for ultrasound hyperthermia was constructed and acoustically evaluated. The array transducer consists of special lead-titanate ceramic elements of 16 sectors and two tracks attached on a element is driven by a complementary pair of power MOSFETs at 750 kHz. An annular focal field approximated by the Mth order Bessel function is theoretically predicted to be formed when the array elements are driven with a phase distribution that rotates M (相似文献   

Aging kinetics of CF3 cast stainless steel in temperature range 300–400°C

Abstract

Castings to the ASME SA351 CF3 specification used in modern pressurised water reactor nuclear power stations are mainly austenitic, but contain up to 20% ferrite, and as a result are subject to loss of toughness in service at about 300°C. To show adequate end of life toughness, tests are being carried out on material with accelerated aging above 300°C. Data on the kinetics of embrittlement are required, and it must also be shown that the significant metallurgical changes are the same at both temperatures. The kinetics has been investigated using Charpy impact specimens aged at 300, 350, and 400°C and it has been related to the hardening of the ferrite and to the microstructural changes in this phase. The activation energies determined for the embrittlement, for the hardening of the ferrite, and for the underlying spinodal reaction in the ferrite are consistent with that for chemical diffusion in this system.

MST/1187     

Ultimate performance limitations of high-power ferrite circulators and phase shifters

The power-handling capability of circulators and phase shifters in rectangular waveguide is analyzed. It is shown that an appropriate measure of the suitability of microwave ferrites for high-power applications is given by the "high-power figure of merit"F_{hp}* = 4piMgamma^{2}h_{crit}/omega^{2}mu'. Here γ is the gyromagnetic ratio, hcritthe critical RF field, ω the (angular) frequency,mu"the imaginary part of the diagonal component of the permeability tensor. In applications to nonlatching devices,Mis the saturation magnetization; in applications to latching devices it is the remanent magnetization. The figures of merit of various rare-earth substituted garnets are reported. The figures of merit obtained to date are approximately 2. Theoretical analysis indicates that significantly larger figures of merit can be Obtained only at the cost of reducing the saturation magnetization. It is concluded that for circulators using theH-plane configuration and having an insertion loss of 0.5 dB the maximum attainable peak power level is of the order of 50 MW. For latching twin slab phase shifters (E-plane configuration) having an insertion loss of 1 dB the maximum attainable peak power level is estimated to be 80 kW.