富含生理活性物质CLA强化鸡蛋的试验研究

选择60周龄的白来航产蛋鸡30只,分成3个组,各个组日粮中共轭亚油酸(CLA)的添加水平分别为0%、3%和6%,试验期30 d.结果表明,日粮中添加CLA对产蛋量、平均蛋重、料蛋比、产蛋率无显著影响(P＞0.05),明显降低蛋黄中总单不饱和脂肪酸含量;但能增加总饱和脂肪酸、总多不饱和脂肪酸及CLA的含量.Ⅱ组20 d蛋黄中CLA含量达最大.总之,饲粮中添加CLA可生产出富含CLA的鸡蛋.     

共轭亚油酸对动脉粥样硬化大鼠组织脂肪酸组成的影响

本研究通过比较老龄动脉粥样硬化大鼠的肾、肝、心和脑组织脂肪酸的变化，尤其是n-3多不饱和脂肪酸（PUFA）和n．6PUFA的变化，了解共轭亚油酸对大鼠组织脂肪酸组成的影响。本实验用SD动脉粥样硬化老龄大鼠，分别添加不同剂量的CLA（低剂量0．5g／kgbw·d；中剂量1．25g/kgbw·d和高剂量2．5g／kgbw·d）组和对照组进行实验，研究CLA对动脉硬化大鼠的肾、肝、心和脑组织脂肪酸含量和组成的改变。实验结果表明：CLA可以升高肾脏、肝脏和脑组织中n．3PUFA的含量，降低肝脏和心脏中n．6PUFA的含量和n-6／n-3的比值，CLA可能取代了组织中部分n-6PUFA。CLA在组织中的沉积各不相同，心脏中CLA的含量可达15．77％，而脑中CLA的含量仅为O．22％-0．53％之间。这些变化可能预示CLA可以改善动脉硬化大鼠的组织脂肪酸的含量和组成。     

无溶剂体系酶法催化酸解合成共轭亚油酸甘油酯

采用商业化固定化酶Novozym 435作为生物催化剂,催化共轭亚油酸(CLA)和葵花籽油的酸解反应合成富含CLA的结构脂质(CLA-SL).研究了在无溶剂体系中,底物摩尔比、酶用量、体系含水量、反应温度和反应时间对产物中CLA含量和Sn-2位CLA含量的影响.结果表明,最佳反应条件为:CLA与葵花籽油摩尔比3 :1,酶用量10%,体系含水量1%,反应温度55 ℃,反应时间36 h.在最佳反应条件下,产物中的CLA含量和Sn-2位CLA含量分别为15.7%和2.73%.     

热处理对乳中CLA含量的影响

目的:研究了不同热处理对乳中CLA含量的影响,同时探讨了UHT奶贮存过程中CLA含量的变化.方法:选用原料奶进行常规巴氏杀菌、煮沸和UHT热处理,分析样品的CLA含量,同时测定UHT奶贮存1、7、14、28d后CLA含量的变化.结果:原料奶中CLA含量最高,为5.306±0.097me/g脂肪酸,UHT奶中CLA含量最低,为4.772±0·180mg/g脂肪酸.下降10.06%.煮沸奶和UHT奶中CLA含量显著低于原料奶(P＜0.05),而常规杀菌奶与原料奶无显著差异(P＞0.05).在保质期内,UHT奶的CLA含量变化差异不显著(P＞0.05).结论:煮沸和UHT热处理会影响奶中CLA含量,UHT奶贮存过程中对CLA含量无显著影响.     

酶法合成共轭亚油酸单甘酯的研究

采用脂肪酶G50(来源于Penicillium camembertii)作为生物催化剂,催化共轭亚油酸(CLA)和甘油酯化生成共轭亚油酸单甘酯(MAG)。研究了在无溶剂体系中,底物摩尔比、酶加量、体系含水量、反应温度和反应时间对产物中MAG含量和CLA酯化率的影响。结果表明,最佳反应条件为:底物摩尔比n(甘油)∶n(CLA)=4∶1,加酶量300U/g(基于反应底物总质量),体系含水量1%,反应温度15℃,反应时间24h。在最佳反应条件下,CLA的酯化率达到84.98%,MAG的含量为68.40%,共轭亚油酸双甘酯(DAG)含量为16.58%。通过分析产物的脂肪酸组成,发现Penicillium脂肪酶G50对CLA异构体没有拆分效果。     

水分活度在共轭亚油酸结构酯制备中对酰基迁移的影响

以脂肪酶Lipozyme TLIM催化共轭亚油酸(CLA)和松籽油制备sn-2位含有CLA和松籽油酸(PLA)的结构脂,考察体系水分活度对CLA键入率和酰基迁移的影响。在水分活度0.22~0.80的范围内,松籽油中CLA的键入量随CLA水分活度的增加而增加,而酰基迁移也随着水分活度增加而增加。但是通过研究酰基迁移与CLA键入量的关系,发现当酰基迁移程度一定时(如0.6)水分活度越高总CLA键入量越高。因此,若要抑制酰基迁移则增大水分活度并相应的缩短反应时间,因为高水分活度体系中脂酶催化的反应速率加快;反之,若要促进酰基迁移则选用水分活度低的体系,并相应的延长反应时间,反应时间越长,体系越接近动力学平衡,Sn-2脂肪酸几乎等于总脂肪酸。本实验在反应温度60℃、加酶量10%、松籽油与CLA质量比为4:1、水分活度0.65的条件下反应18 h制备结构脂,在所得结构脂中CLA的含量为10.10%,PLA的含量为15.17%;甘油三酯中sn-2位脂肪酸组成中CLA达到7.41%,PLA含量为9.29%。     

不同脂肪酸甲酯化方法对共轭亚油酸分析的影响

共轭亚油酸(CLA)是亚油酸的位置和几何异构体,因其具有多种生物学功能而成为人们关注的焦点。气相色谱法是分析CLA的一种简便而有效的方法,通过分析可以确定CLA的组成和含量。气相色谱法分析CIA先涉及脂肪酸的甲酯化,脂肪酸的甲酯化方法可分为3大类,酸催化、碱催化和三甲基硅重氮甲烷(TMS)法。一般游离型脂肪酸的甲酯化可采用酸催化或TMS法,而三甘油酯型的脂肪酸可采用酸催化或碱催化法。主要探讨3种甲酯化方法在不同结构的CLA气相色谱分析中的异同,通过薄层层析(TLC)和气相色谱(GC)测定,发现甲酯化过程中脂肪酸酯化的程度各不相同,CLA甲酯化后组成发生了异构化。结果表明,CLA经过酸催化法后得脂肪酸含量为73.34%,而TMS法为82.47%;酸催化法后反反CLA(tt-CLA)含量为24.66%。     

碱异构化花生油制备共轭亚油酸工艺优化

目的:为了获得具有工业化前景的共轭亚油酸(Conjugated linoleic acid, CLA)制备工艺。方法:以花生油为原料,采用碱异构化法制备CLA。测定了花生油中的亚油酸相对含量,考察了反应时间、反应温度、醇油比、催化剂KOH用量等因素对CLA转化率的影响,并通过Box-Behnken试验优化制备条件。结果:花生油富含亚油酸(相对含量达27.85%),是制备CLA的良好原料;碱异构化花生油制备CLA的最优条件为：反应温度200℃,反应时间2.6 h,醇油比(m_{1,2-丙二醇}∶m_亚油酸)22∶1,KOH用量(质量分数)7%。在该条件下,CLA转化率为89.81%。结论:采用碱异构化花生油制备CLA的工艺可行,在最优工艺条件下,CLA转化率高。     

亚麻籽胶中酸性多糖和中性多糖的分离纯化

采用十六烷基三甲基溴化胺 (CTAB)络合法 ,利用离子交换柱层析和凝胶柱层析从亚麻籽胶中分离得到酸性多糖 (AFM -1 )和中性多糖 (NFM -1 )纯品 ,其分子质量分别为 7 62× 1 0 5u和 1 1 9× 1 0 6u ,总糖含量分别为 5 8 92 %和 84 93%,糖醛酸含量分别为 33 5 5 %和 6 5 8%,AFM-1中C、H和N的含量分别为 2 8 0 4%、5 89%和 0 80 %,红外光谱测定表明 ,AFM -1和NFM -1具有多糖的特征吸收 ,并且其糖环均为吡喃环。     

利用反相高效液相色谱法测定梨汁中有机酸的种类和含量

研究了利用HPLC法分离测定梨汁中有机酸的条件 ,同时对来源于不同产地和品种梨汁中的有机酸的种类和含量进行了测定 ,并应用SAS统计软件对各有机酸含量之间的相关性进行了分析。结果表明 ,选择 0 0 1mol/LK2 HPO4 磷酸盐缓冲液 (pH 2 5 5 )和体积分数 3 %甲醇做流动相 ,流动相流速为 0 5mL/min ,柱温为 3 0℃ ,紫外检测波长为 2 1 0nm时 ,可以较好地分离和测定果汁中常见的 1 1种有机酸 ,该方法相对标准偏差 0 72 %～ 2 99% ,回收率 91 1 %～ 1 0 6 5 % ,各种酸的线性相关系数r>0 9996,具有较高的准确度和精确度 ;梨汁中的主要有机酸有苹果酸、柠檬酸、琥珀酸、莽草酸、酒石酸、奎宁酸、乳酸和富马酸 ,其中苹果酸含量最高 (为 1 1 4× 1 0 3～ 3 0 9× 1 0 3mg/L) ;不同品种梨汁中各有机酸含量差别较大 ,其中琥珀酸与乳酸和富马酸 ,莽草酸与柠檬酸和奎宁酸的含量之间表现出极显著相关性。     

CONJUGATED LINOLEIC ACID CONCENTRATIONS IN COOKED BEEF CONTAINING ANTIOXIDANTS AND HYDROGEN DONORS

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is a potential anticarcinogenic compound found in beef. The ability of antioxidants and hydrogen donors to influence CLA concentrations in ground beef during cooking (broiled, 80C) and storage was determined. Addition of food additives such as carnosine, cysteine, ascorbate, whey protein concentrate or beef plasma to ground beef did not result in any significant increases or decreases in CLA concentrations in freshly cooked beef. Additives which inhibited formation of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in stored meat including 2.0% WPC, 0.5 and 2% beef plasma, ascorbate (0.5%) and carnosine (0.5%) were not any more effective at increasing or decreasing total CLA concentrations than additives which did not inhibit lipid oxidation during storage (0.5% WPC and 0.5% cysteine). Lack of changes in CLA in the presence of antioxidants suggests that these additives could be used to inhibit flavor deterioration of cooked beef products without decreasing CLA concentrations.     

Innovations in beef production systems that enhance the nutritional and health value of beef lipids and their relationship with meat quality

Consumers are becoming more aware of the relationships between diet and health and this has increased consumer interest in the nutritional value of foods. This is impacting on the demand for foods which contain functional components that play important roles in health maintenance and disease prevention. For beef, much attention has been given to lipids. This paper reviews strategies for increasing the content of beneficial omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and reducing saturated fatty acids (SFA) in beef. Particular attention is given to intramuscular fat (IMF) and the relationships between fatty acid composition and key meat quality parameters including colour shelf life and sensory attributes. Despite the high levels of ruminal biohydrogenation of dietary PUFA, nutrition is the major route for increasing the content of beneficial fatty acids in beef. Feeding grass or concentrates containing linseed (rich in α-linolenic acid, 18:3n-3) in the diet increases the content of 18:3n-3 and its longer chain derivative eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3) in beef muscle and adipose tissue, resulting in a lower n-6:n-3 ratio. Grass feeding also increases docasahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3). Feeding PUFA rich lipids which are protected from ruminal biohydrogenation result in further enhancement of the PUFA in meat with concomitant beneficial improvements in the ratio of polyunsaturated:saturated fatty acids (P:S ratio) and n-6:n-3 ratio. The main CLA isomer in beef is CLA cis-9, trans-11 and it is mainly associated with the triacylglycerol lipid fraction and therefore is positively correlated with level of fatness. The level of CLA cis-9, trans-11 in beef is related to (1) the amount of this isomer produced in the rumen and (2) synthesis in the tissue, by delta-9 desaturase, from ruminally produced trans vaccenic acid (18:1 trans-11; TVA). Feeding PUFA-rich diets increases the content of CLA cis-9, trans-11 in beef. Trans-fatty acids in foods are of rising importance and knowledge of the differential effects of the individual trans isomers is increasing. TVA is the major trans 18:1 isomer in beef and as the precursor for tissue CLA in both animals and man should be considered as a neutral or beneficial trans-isomer. Increasing the content of n-3 PUFA in beef can influence colour shelf life and sensory attributes of the meat. As the content of n-3 PUFA increases then sensory attributes such as "greasy" and "fishy" score higher and colour shelf life may be reduced. Under these situations, high levels of vitamin E are necessary to help stabilise the effects of incorporating high levels of long chain PUFA into meat. However, grass feeding not only increases n-3 PUFA and CLA but, due to its high content of vitamin E, colour shelf life is improved. It is evident that opportunities exist to enhance the content of health promoting fatty acids in beef and beef products offering opportunities to add value and contribute to market differentiation. However, it is imperative that these approaches to deliver "functional" attributes do not compromise on the health value (lipoperoxidation) or the taste of beef products.     

The triacylglycerol preparation of conjugated linoleic acid reduces lipid oxidation in irradiated, cooked ground beef patties

It is proposed that conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) would depress the lipid oxidation caused by irradiation of cooked, aerobically stored ground beef patties. The free fatty acid (FFA–CLA) and triacylglycerol (TAG–CLA) preparations of CLA were added at 0%, 1%, 2%, or 4% during the grinding process. Patties were irradiated at 1.5–2.0 kGy and frozen at −20 °C. Subsequently, the patties were tempered to 4 °C, cooked to 70 °C and held at 4 °C for 7 d. Enrichment of ground beef with CLA increased the cis-9,trans-11 and CLA trans-10,cis-12 CLA isomers in ground beef patties, even after cooking. Weight loss (P = 0.03) and percentage fat (P = 0.05) were higher in irradiated beef patties than in control patties. Irradiation decreased the concentration of α-linolenic acid (18:3n − 3) in the ground beef by over 60% (P = 0.07), whereas thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) values were higher (P = 0.004) in irradiated beef patties than in control patties. The 1% concentration of added TAG–CLA reduced TBARS in irradiated ground beef patties, whereas 2% and 4% FFA–CLA depressed TBARS (CLA type × percentage interaction P = 0.04). Irradiation increased the cardboard and painty aromatic attributes (P  0.05), and FFA–CLA preparation increased the painty aromatic attribute and afterburn aftertaste, but these effects were not observed with the TAG–CLA preparation (CLA type × treatment interaction P < 0.04). Adding 1% TAG–CLA to ground beef during grinding can reduce lipid oxidation in irradiated, cooked ground beef patties without the negative aftertastes associated with the FFA–CLA preparation.     

Effects of conjugated linoleic acid on color and lipid oxidation of beef patties during cold storage

The effects of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on color and lipid oxidation of beef patties were investigated. Ground beef was divided into three batches. The control patties were prepared with 90% lean meat and 10% tallow. The second treatment consisted of 90% lean meat with 9.5% tallow+0.5% CLA sources. The third treatment consisted of 90% lean meat with 8% tallow+2% CLA sources. The patties were wrap-packaged and then stored at 4° for 14 days. The CLA concentration significantly increased (P<0.05) by substituting CLA sources for fat. Storage of the patties did not alter the CLA concentration in beef patties. The treatment substituted with CLA sources had significantly lower TBARS (2-thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances) values (P<0.05) than the control. For oxymyoglobin contents and a* value, substituted CLA sources treatments had significantly higher values than the control. However, L* value significantly increased by substituting CLA sources for fat.     

Effect of slaughter season and muscle type on the fatty acid composition, including conjugated linoleic acid isomers, and nutritional value of intramuscular fat in organic beef

BACKGROUND: Consumer awareness regarding the intake of beef of organic origin is strongly associated with the beneficial outcomes to human health, the environment and animal welfare. In this paper the effects of slaughter season and muscle type on the fatty acid composition, conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomeric profile, total cholesterol, α‐tocopherol and β‐carotene contents and nutritional quality of intramuscular fat in organic beef (n = 30) are reported for the first time. RESULTS: Organic beef showed a very low total lipid content, with seasonal changes in the levels of some fatty acids, CLA isomers, n‐6/n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) ratio, total cholesterol and β‐carotene. In addition, differences between longissimus lumborum (relatively red) and semitendinosus (relatively white) muscles were found for many fatty acids, specific CLA contents, many CLA isomers and both PUFA/saturated fatty acid (SFA) and n‐6/n‐3 ratios. However, in spite of the seasonal and carcass variations, all organic meats analysed had values of beef similar to pasture‐fed cattle. CONCLUSION: From a nutritional perspective, organic meat from both slaughter seasons seems to have high CLA contents, PUFA/SFA and n‐6/n‐3 indices within the recommended values for the human diet. The data indicate that intramuscular fat in organic meat has a high nutritional value throughout the year. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

Grass-based ruminant production methods and human bioconversion of vaccenic acid with estimations of maximal dietary intake of conjugated linoleic acids

Reports on human conjugated linoleic acids (CLAs) intake vary, and usually don't consider food production methods and vaccenic acid (VA)-induced CLA biosynthesis in humans. The aim of this review was to estimate the achievable CLA intake considering both food sources produced by feeding patterns natural to animals and human VA bioconversion. Exogenous CLA supply from milk, cheese, lamb, and beef from grass-based ruminant production methods, was calculated to be about double that of estimates based on modern production methods (respectively, from the four sources: 1.25, 1.50, 1.44, and 0.69% of total fatty acids). Using available human consumption data this resulted in an estimated achievable CLA intake (including VA bioconversion) of between 711 and 1107 mg d^?1. Intake of products from natural grass-fed ruminants leads to a several-fold higher CLA food content and, along with consideration of endogenously formed CLA from VA, results in a substantially higher CLA availability than previously estimated.     

Effects of Enrichment with Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (Omega‐3 and Conjugated Linoleic Acid) on Consumer Liking of Beef Aged for 7 or 21 d Evaluated at Different Locations

The effect of different animal diets supplemented with linseed (source of omega‐3 fatty acids: n‐3) and/or conjugated linoleic acid (CON: control, LIN: 10% linseed, CLA: 2% conjugated linoleic acid, LINCLA: 10% linseed plus 2% CLA) on consumer liking of beef aged for 7 or 21 d was assessed in 3 Spanish cities. Overall, tenderness, juiciness, and flavor liking of beef were evaluated by consumers (n = 720) using 9‐point scales. Hedonic scores assigned by consumers did not differ (P > 0.05) for beef from animals fed the different diets and aged for 7 or 21 d. Consumer scores showed an increasing trend in beef liking with aging time. Consumers from Pamplona assigned lower (P < 0.05) hedonic scores for beef liking than consumers from Barcelona and Zaragoza. Linseed and/or CLA can be fed to improve the fatty acid profile in beef with minimal impact on consumer liking. Consumer ratings seem to depend on regional tastes and preferences.     

Factors influencing proportion and composition of CLA in beef

Bovine meat is criticised for the bad nutritional image of its lipids and fatty acids. However, with dairy products, beef is the major source of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) which could have several human health benefits. The present study compared, from data of five nutritional experiments on bovine animals performed by the laboratory, the impact of factors linked to the animals (breed, age, sex, type of muscle) and to feeding conditions (basal diet, lipid supplements) on the CLA proportion and composition in muscles. Among these factors, linseed supplementation was an efficient way to increase CLA proportion in beef (+22% to +36%) but was highly modulated by the nature of the basal diet, and by intrinsic factors (breed, age/sex, type of muscle) since these ones could modulate CLA proportion in beef from 24% to 47%. Moreover, these factors modified also the proportion of cis,trans-CLA, related to cis,cis- and trans,trans-isomers. Specific biological properties of these latter isomers should be determine to understand the consequences of intramuscular CLA isomer variations for the health of consumers.     

Low‐Fat Beef Patties with Augmented Omega‐3 Fatty Acid and CLA Levels and Influence of Grape Seed Extract

The effects of raising the omega‐3 fatty acid (FA), conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), or omega‐3 FA plus CLA levels on beef by means of dietary supplementation and of adding grape seed extract (250 mg/kg meat product) in beef patties stored at 2 ± 1 °C in aerobic packaging under simulated retail display conditions for 6 d was evaluated by measuring the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), pH, and instrumental color measurement values and by means of sensory analysis. The pH, instrumental color measurements, and sensory attribute values for patties made from beef with augmented omega‐3 FA and/or CLA contents were similar to the values for the control patties made from beef from animals fed a conventional diet. Adding GSE lowered oxidation levels on day 6 (P < 0.001) and did not affect the instrumental color or sensory analysis results during the display period. This suggests that omega‐3 FA and CLA‐augmented beef could be used to make low‐fat beef patties having characteristics similar to those of conventional beef patties while being more in keeping with currently recommended nutritional guidelines.     

Conjugated Linoleic Acid Reduces Lipid Oxidation in Aerobically Stored, Cooked Ground Beef Patties

ABSTRACT: The effect of direct addition of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on lipid oxidation was studied. CLA and/or fat trim (4% by weight) were added to the lean trim (96%). Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were determined on days 0, 3, and 7 for cooked or raw patties stored aerobically at 4 °C. Addition of CLA during the grinding process increased CLA isomers in both raw and cooked ground beef and decreased TBARS production ( P < 0.01). CLA caused a greater reduction in TBARS over storage time in cooked patties than in raw patties ( P= 0.006). The concentrations of 18:2n–6 and CLA isomers decreased with storage time. CLA increased 18:2n-6, whereas most fatty acids were decreased by the addition of CLA. CLA did not affect percentages of fat and moisture, cooking loss, or meat color (L*, a *, b *) ( P > 0.60).