有无植物条件下明渠水流紊动特性对比

在可变坡水槽中,模拟了带枝杈植物对明渠水流的干扰作用,借助超声多普勒流速仪(ADV)测量了不同水深下垂线不同测点的瞬时流速,计算了各测点的三维时均流速、脉动强度及雷诺应力等紊动参数,通过与无植物干扰的明渠均匀流紊动特性进行对比,分析植物对水流紊动参数的影响规律。试验结果表明:在有植物明渠水流中,时均流速呈三区分布特征;脉动强度及雷诺应力均在植物顶部附近出现最大值;脉动强度明显增大,在3个方向上趋于接近;可以用植物顶部以上的雷诺应力分布推求摩阻流速。     

冰盖下典型复式断面河道水深平均流速的横向分布

开展冰盖下典型复式断面河道水深平均流速的横向分布规律研究,对于凌汛防治具有重要意义.本文在SKM法的基础上,结合双层假设理论,并将二次流项并入雷诺切应力项,建立了考虑河床摩擦、冰盖阻力、横向剪切湍流和二次流影响的准二维数学模型.与相应的物理模型实验结果对比发现,所提出的准二维数学模型能够合理预测复式断面河道各断面的水深...     

河道漫滩及湿地上淹没柔性植物水流的紊流特性

植物在河流生态的修复中起重要作用,因此对含植物明渠水流的紊流机理的研究显得非常重要。将河漫滩及湿地中含淹没柔性植物的水流视为充分发展了的紊流,在实验室中用特定材料模拟柔性植物,通过水槽试验用三维ADV对淹没柔性植物段紊流特性进行了测量研究,对试验结果计算分析表明含淹没柔性植物的垂向流速分布不再符合指数分布;其紊流具有明显的各向异性特性;植物冠层交界处,水流紊动交换强烈,该处紊流强度及雷诺应力出现最大值。     

变断面明渠柔性植物水流特性试验研究

在变断面明渠,利用ADV测量流速,研究断面突然扩大情况下模型植物和真实植物的水流特性。结果表明:在水流稳定区域,布设真实鸢尾草和塑料鸢尾草模型的流速分布、雷诺应力分布和紊动强度分布具有一定相似性;雷诺应力和紊动强度在相对水深为0.6～1.1区域达到峰值,且从峰值区域向两端递减,总体上植物下部区域的紊动强度比植物上部区域大;同种植物紊动强度沿x、z方向的分布形式存在较大差别,紊动强度存在明显各向异性。     

The mechanical energy equation for total flow in open channels

The mechanical energy equation is a fundamental equation of a 1-D mathematical model in Hydraulics and Engineering Fluid Mechanics. This equation for the total flow used to be deduced by extending the Bernoulli＇s equation for the ideal fluid in the streamline to a stream tube, and then revised by considering the viscous effect and integrated on the cross section. This derivation is not rigorous and the effect of turbulence is not considered. In this paper, the energy equation for the total flow is derived by using the Navier-Stokes equations in Fluid Mechanics, the results are as follows：（1） A new energy equation for steady channel flows of incompressible homogeneous liquid is obtained, which includes the variation of the turbulent kinetic energy along the channel, the formula for the mechanical energy loss of the total flow can be determined directly in the deduction process.（2） The theoretical solution of the velocity field for laminar flows in a rectangular open channel is obtained and the mechanical energy loss in the energy equation is calculated. The variations of the coefficient of the mechanical energy loss against the Reynolds number and the width-depth ratio are obtained.（3） The turbulent flow in a rectangular open channel is simulated using 3-D Reynolds averaged equations closed by the Reynolds stress model（RSM）, and the variations of the coefficient of the mechanical energy loss against the Reynolds number and the width-depth ratio are discussed.     

明渠均匀流污染带的最大信息熵理论

引入最大信息熵原理渠均匀流中的污染带问题进行研究，给出了在恒定源和横向均匀线源情况下稳态污染带浓度场和带长的解析解，传统的不受岸壁干扰时的浓度场公式是本文公式的特殊情形。     

部分冰盖下水流水力特性数值模拟

运用Fluent软件建立雷诺应力模型,模拟不同冰盖覆盖度下恒定均匀流流场,从纵向时均流速、二次流、雷诺应力、紊动能等方面揭示部分冰盖下水流的水力特性。结果表明：岸冰的形成会导致冰盖下水流在断面上重新分配,明流区流速增大,冰盖下流速减小;横向动量交换产生复杂的二次流结构,涡体形状、数量、大小和位置随着冰盖覆盖度的增加而变化;雷诺应力断面分布较复杂,冰盖附近区域雷诺应力为负值,负值区范围与冰盖覆盖度密切相关,并凸向明流区;冰盖、边壁和床面的粗糙度不同导致紊动能在断面上的分布呈现出明显的差异,冰盖区紊动能大于明流区的值,反映出岸冰对冰盖下水流结构影响的复杂性。     

AERATION EFFECT OF SUBMERGED JET ON HYDRAULIC CHARACTERISTICS

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Bottom shear stress in unsteady sewer flow.

The properties of unsteady open-channel turbulent flow were theoretically and experimentally investigated in a circular cross section channel with fixed sediment deposits. Velocity and turbulence distribution data were obtained using an ultrasonic velocity profiler (UVP). Different uniform flow conditions and triangular-shaped hydrographs were analysed. The hydrograph analysis revealed a dynamic wave behaviour, where the time lags of mean cross section velocity, friction velocity, discharge and flow depth were all evident. The bottom shear stress dynamic behaviour was estimated using four different approaches. Measurements of the velocity distribution in the inner region of the turbulent layer and of the Reynolds stress distribution in the turbulent flow provided the analysed data sets of the bottom shear stress. Furthermore, based on the Saint Venant equation, the bottom shear stress time behaviour was studied using both the kinematic and the dynamic flow principles. The dynamic values of the bottom shear stress were compared with those for the steady flow conditions. It is evident that bottom shear stress varies along the generated flood hydrograph and its variation is the function of the flow unsteadiness. Moreover, the kinematic flow principle is not an adequate type of approximation for presented flow conditions.     

再论圆管明渠均匀流正常水深的直接计算公式

在总结前人圆管明渠均匀流正常水深计算公式的基础上,引入无量纲参数α和无量纲正常水深β,对圆管明渠均匀流基本方程进行数学变换,应用曲线拟合和优化原理,提出新的圆管明渠均匀流正常水深的直接计算公式;根据给水排水工程和水利工程设计规范的要求,并考虑工程实际情况,确定计算公式的工程适用范围。误差分析和计算实例表明:该公式形式简捷,精度较高,在工程适用范围内最大相对误差小于0.72%,可以方便工程设计人员在设计中直接使用。     

Prediction of boundary shear stress distribution in straight open channels using velocity distribution

Conventional methods for measuring local shear stress on the wetted perimeter of open channels are related to the measurement of the very low velocity close to the boundary.Measuring near-zero velocity values with high fluctuations has always been a difficult task for fluid flow near solid boundaries.To solve the observation problems,a new model was developed to estimate the distribution of boundary shear stress from the velocity distribution in open channels with different cross-sectional shapes.To estimate the shear stress at a point on the wetted perimeter by the model,the velocity must be measured at a point with a known normal distance to the boundary.The experimental work of some other researchers on channels with various cross-sectional shapes,including rectangular,trapezoidal,partially full circular,and compound shapes,was used to evaluate the performance of the proposed model.Optimized exponent coefficients for the model were found using the multivariate Newton method with the minimum of the mean absolute percentage error(MAPE) between the model and experimental data as the objective function.Subsequently,the calculated shear stress distributions along the wetted perimeter were compared with the experimental data.The most important advantage of the proposed model is its inherent simplicity.The mean MAPE value for the seven selected cross-sections was 6.9%.The best results were found in the cross-sections with less discontinuity of the wetted perimeter,including the compound,trapezoidal,and partially full circular pipes.In contrast,for the rectangular cross-section with an angle between the bed and walls of 90°,MAPE increased due to the large discontinuities.     

MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR THE FLOW WITH SUBMERGED AND EMERGED RIGID VEGETATION

The article summarizes previous studies on the flow in open channels with rigid vegetation, and constructs a mathematical model for submerged and emerged rigid vegetation. The model involves the forces balance in the control volume in one-dimensional steady uniform flow. For submerged vegetation, the whole flow is divided into four regions: external region, upper vegetated region, transition region and viscous region. According to the Karman similarity theory, the article improves the mixing length expression, and then gives an analytical solution to predict the vertical distribution of stream-wise velocity in the external region. For emerged vegetation, the flow is divided into two region: outer region and viscous region. In the two circumstances, the thicknesses of each region are determined respectively. The comparison between the calculated results and our experimental data and other researchers' data proves that the proposed model is effective.     

连续微弯弯道水力特性试验及模拟研究

为了研究河流的连续微弯弯道水力特性,通过建立曲折系数为1.07的连续弯道模型进行试验,并利用Reynolds应力模型进行模拟计算,从水面线、流速场、弯道环流及强度等方面研究了小曲折系数连续弯道水力特性。结果表明:Reynolds应力模型能够较好地模拟连续弯道水流;在同一断面,近凸岸的纵向流速垂线分布接近对数流速分布,近凹岸的纵向流速垂线分布呈随相对水深增大而先增大后减小的规律,呈现“凸肚”形;在弯道环流方面,呈现非对称的双环流结构;水面和槽底处的环流强度大于水体中部,凹岸的环流强度大于凸岸的环流强度。成果为研究小曲折系数弯道的河流水力特性提供了借鉴与参考。     

PIV EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH OF FLOW STRUCTURE IN RECTANGULAR CHANNEL WITH TRANSVERSELY PLACED SPIRAL COIL INSERT

The flow field in a rectangular channel with a transversely placed spiral coil insert is investigated by Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) measurements in both transverse and longitudinal sections. The experimental results show that multi-longitudinal vortices are induced downstream of the spiral coil and are distributed as a symmetrical vortex array along the horizontal central line of the transverse section. Along the mainstream, due to the spiral motion of the longitudinal vortices, the velocity fluctuates in a manner of the damped sinusoidal curve and the velocity component in the wall normal direction is improved in the channel. Compared with the flow field in a smooth channel it is found that the movement of the longitudinal vortices can cause a continuous disturbance near the channel walls and thus enhances the fluid velocity in the near wall region, which consequently leads to the reduction of the velocity gradient and a more uniform velocity distribution. With the increase of the Reynolds number, the induced longitudinal vortices gain strength and become straighter and closer to the channel walls, thus the turbulence intensity is further enhanced in this area.     

An analysis of dam-break flow on slope

The one-dimensional steep slope shallow water equations are used to model the dam-break flow down a uniform slope with arbitrary inclination, and analytical solutions are derived by the hodograph transformation and the Riemann＇s method in terms of evaluated integrals. An implicit analytical solution is obtained to evaluate the spatio-temporal distributions of dam-break flood hydrographs along the slope. For convenience, the solution for representative wave profiles and velocity distributions is shown in charts. Comparing with the Dressler＇s solution and WES experimental data, the analytical solution is seen reasonable.     

非淹没刚性植被流动阻力研究

摘要：水生植物环境中,水流受植被的阻碍作用,流动阻力增加。为了定量研究植被对水流的阻力,本文采用应力计对非淹没刚性植被的流动阻力进行了实验室测量。能量方程计算的拖曳力与应力计实测的拖曳力进行了对比,两者的一致性证明了拖曳力测力装置的有效性。对不同水深条件下的植被拖曳力的测量表明,非淹没刚性植被的流动阻力与速度的平方成正比,拖曳力系数受雷诺数和能量底坡的影响较大。     

单边突扩浅水回流水流结构研究

试验资料表明,回流段流速及底部切应力横向分布沿流向呈自相似性。根据相似原理,水深平均方程可化为常微分方程,经求解获得了无量纲速度剖面公式。验证表阴,速度剖面公式不仅适用于垂线平均流速剖面,而且也适用于沿水深各流层速度剖面。利用速度剖面公式计算的垂线平均流速场与实测值符合较好。拟合了无量纲切应力剖面公式,探讨了主回流区阻力分布规律。 此外,还分析了影响回流长度的因素,建立了回流长度经验公式。     

STUDY OF NONLINEAR LONG WAVE APPOXIMATION IN UNIFORM CHANNELS VIA HAMILTONIAN STRUCTURE

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