普朗克常数h测定与质量量子基准的最新研究进展

借助基本物理常数来定义新的国际单位制一直是国际计量界研究的热点,其中对于普朗克常数h的测量,出现过电流天平方案、电压天平方案、超导磁悬浮方案、功率天平方案和能量天平方案等多种电学方案。一旦普朗克常数h被精确测定,则可以用其来定义新的质量单位,实现质量基准的量子化。详细比较了现阶段各国应用电学方法测量普朗克常数h方案的原理、装置和进展,对将来普朗克常数h的精确测量以及质量量子基准的发展趋势进行了预测。     

关于计量单位向量子基准发展的趋势

本文从计量学的基本特性出发,讨论了计量单位由实物基准向量子基准发展的必然性,提出了 SI 的几个单位建立量子基准的初步构想,最后还指出了基本物理常数及共组合与计量单位的对应关系以及精测这些常数的重要性。     

普朗克常数精密测量的历史和现状

普朗克常数是量子世界和可观测量子效应的基本标志。作为物理学中基本物理常数之一,它的精确测定对于质量计量的物理基准建立、量子效应精密测量及早期宇宙大爆炸物理特性研究等都有重要意义。经过一百多年来各种间接和直接方法测量,普朗克常数的精确值2019年才被定义。系统地回顾了这一历史进程,并展望普朗克常数精密测量领域的未来发展。     

实现质量量子基准的两种途径

基于基本物理常数定义新的国际单位制成为21世纪国际计量界研究的热点,然而目前一些常数的测定 尚未达到所需的不确定度范围。质量量子标准研究更是目前计量领域研究的重点和难点。经过30多年的发展, 硅球法和功率天平法取得了重大进展,但目前发表的测量结果之间尚存在10^-7量级的偏差。通过详细比较各国实 现质量量子基准的两种途径,指出无论是依靠普朗克常数&还是阿佛伽德罗常数,在现阶段,取代国际千克原器尚有很长的一段路需要摸索。     

量子计量基准与基本物理常数

文章讲述了计量基准从实物基准到量子计量基准的发展过程，论述了基本物理常数的精密测定与量子计量基准的关系。指出了新一代量子计量基准的特点是基于微观物理学的规律，并设法把计量单位的定义与基本物理常数相联系。     

量子基准与基本物理常数

从二十世纪六十年代起，计量基准已逐步从“实物基准”过渡到“量子基准”时代，即用一些特定的原子系统中的量子效应来定义单位的量值，其准确度和稳定性均大大超过实物基准。但这样的量子基准还有其局限性，因此从八十年代起，人们又不断探讨另一种更好的方法，即用基本物理常数来作为计量基准，这样不仅有极高的准确度和稳定性，而且普适性极强。但这些工作难度非常大，还需长时间的艰苦实践。     

基本物理常数最新推荐值简评

基本物理常数与定义计量基本单位及重要的导出单位有密切的关系 ,例如用真空中光速的约定值定义长度单位米 ,用约瑟夫森常数和冯·克里青常数来确定电压单位和电阻单位等。本刊2000年第8期曾刊登了国际科技数据委员会(简称CODATA)在1999年正式发表的基本物理常数值的简表 ,共22个数值 ,本文对这组最新推荐值作一评述 ,使读者进一步了解这些常数与定义单位和有关基准量值的关系     

NRLM和IMGC固体硅密度基准双边比对的评述

为确定阿佛加德罗常数 ,意大利计量院 (IMGC)和日本国家计量研究院 (NRLM)分别建立各自的单晶硅球固体密度基准。本文介绍了两个硅球首次比对的结果 :NRLM以绝对法测量出IMGC硅球的质量和体积 ;IMGC采用液体静力法 ,通过比较两个硅球 ,测定NRLM硅球的密度。并且 ,双方还分别对IMGC硅球的直径进行了测量。测量结果的一致性很好 :密度不确定度 <0 .16× 10 -6,质量不确定度 <0 .1× 10 -6,体积不确定度 <0 .0 6× 10 -6,直径不确定度 <0 .0 4× 10 -6。     

NRLM和IMGC固体硅密度基准双边比对的评述

为确定阿佛加德罗常数,意大利计量院(IMGC)和日本国家计量研究院(NRLM)分别建立各自的单晶硅球固体密度基准.本文介绍了两个硅球首次比对的结果NRLM以绝对法测量出IMGC硅球的质量和体积;IMGC采用液体静力法,通过比较两个硅球,测定NRLM硅球的密度.并且,双方还分别对IMGC硅球的直径进行了测量.测量结果的一致性很好密度不确定度＜0.16×10-6,质量不确定度＜0.1×10-6,体积不确定度＜0.06×10-6,直径不确定度＜0.04×10-6.     

长度单位米的两代量子基准比较

建立复现准确度高、长期稳定、具有普适性的量子基准是计量学在新世纪的新追求。长度单位米的计量基准随着计量科学技术的发展,经历了由实物基准——氪-86光波长度基准（米的第一代量子基准）——与基本物理常数相联系的633nm氦氖激光波长基准（米的第二代量子基准）的变革过程。米的两代量子基准各有特点,从不同角度加以比较是一件很有意义的工作。     

圆柱形声学共鸣腔特征长度的精密计量

声学共鸣腔特征长度是声学法测量玻尔兹曼常数的一个重要参数,其测量不确定度的量值直接影响着玻尔兹曼常数k的不确定度大小。介绍了研制的高精度圆柱形声学共鸣腔特征长度测量系统,阐述了其中的关键技术,实现了对测量结果进行环境参数的实时修正。测试数据表明,该测量系统对圆柱形声学共鸣腔特征长度的测量不确定度为0.60μm,3次测量标准差为0.20μm。     

Nonlinear speech analysis algorithms mapped to a standard metric achieve clinically useful quantification of average Parkinson's disease symptom severity

The standard reference clinical score quantifying average Parkinson''s disease (PD) symptom severity is the Unified Parkinson''s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS). At present, UPDRS is determined by the subjective clinical evaluation of the patient''s ability to adequately cope with a range of tasks. In this study, we extend recent findings that UPDRS can be objectively assessed to clinically useful accuracy using simple, self-administered speech tests, without requiring the patient''s physical presence in the clinic. We apply a wide range of known speech signal processing algorithms to a large database (approx. 6000 recordings from 42 PD patients, recruited to a six-month, multi-centre trial) and propose a number of novel, nonlinear signal processing algorithms which reveal pathological characteristics in PD more accurately than existing approaches. Robust feature selection algorithms select the optimal subset of these algorithms, which is fed into non-parametric regression and classification algorithms, mapping the signal processing algorithm outputs to UPDRS. We demonstrate rapid, accurate replication of the UPDRS assessment with clinically useful accuracy (about 2 UPDRS points difference from the clinicians'' estimates, p < 0.001). This study supports the viability of frequent, remote, cost-effective, objective, accurate UPDRS telemonitoring based on self-administered speech tests. This technology could facilitate large-scale clinical trials into novel PD treatments.     

Hysteresis and Related Error Mechanisms in the NIST Watt Balance Experiment

The NIST watt balance experiment is being completely rebuilt after its 1998 determination of the Planck constant. That measurement yielded a result with an approximately 1×10⁻⁷ relative standard uncertainty. Because the goal of the new incarnation of the experiment is a ten-fold decrease in uncertainty, it has been necessary to reexamine many sources of systematic error. Hysteresis effects account for a substantial portion of the projected uncertainty budget. They arise from mechanical, magnetic, and thermal sources. The new experiment incorporates several improvements in the apparatus to address these issues, including stiffer components for transferring the mass standard on and off the balance, better servo control of the balance, better pivot materials, and the incorporation of erasing techniques into the mass transfer servo system. We have carried out a series of tests of hysteresis sources on a separate system, and apply their results to the watt apparatus. The studies presented here suggest that our improvements can be expected to reduce hysteresis signals by at least a factor of 10—perhaps as much as a factor of 50—over the 1998 experiment.     

手持式激光测距仪"测距标准偏差综合评定"的扩展不确定度

在确定的函数关系(数学模型)中,因变量(输出量)随自变量(输入量)的变化规律完全由数学逻辑所确定,自变量到因变量的传递系数(灵敏系数)也可由因变量的标准差和自变量的标准差之比所决定,而与自变量的来历(测量的或者给定的)没有关系[1].本文根据这一基本原理,采用模拟自变量随机变化的方法,成功计算了手持式激光测距仪的测距固定偏差和比例偏差系数的测量不确定度,从而计算出测距标准差综合评定的扩展不确定度,同时解决了复杂的数学模型中多个输入量到输出量的灵敏系数和输出量的不确定度的计算问题.     

Learning dynamics explains human behaviour in Prisoner's Dilemma on networks

Cooperative behaviour lies at the very basis of human societies, yet its evolutionary origin remains a key unsolved puzzle. Whereas reciprocity or conditional cooperation is one of the most prominent mechanisms proposed to explain the emergence of cooperation in social dilemmas, recent experimental findings on networked Prisoner''s Dilemma games suggest that conditional cooperation also depends on the previous action of the player—namely on the ‘mood’ in which the player is currently in. Roughly, a majority of people behave as conditional cooperators if they cooperated in the past, whereas they ignore the context and free ride with high probability if they did not. However, the ultimate origin of this behaviour represents a conundrum itself. Here, we aim specifically to provide an evolutionary explanation of moody conditional cooperation (MCC). To this end, we perform an extensive analysis of different evolutionary dynamics for players'' behavioural traits—ranging from standard processes used in game theory based on pay-off comparison to others that include non-economic or social factors. Our results show that only a dynamic built upon reinforcement learning is able to give rise to evolutionarily stable MCC, and at the end to reproduce the human behaviours observed in the experiments.     

Hamilton's law of variable mass system and time finite element formulations for time‐varying structures based on the law

Traditional principles of mechanics are primarily conceived for constant mass systems, which are only valid if mass is gained or lost at null velocity with respect to an inertial reference frame for variable mass systems, thus the numerical algorithms for time‐varying structures based on these principles are only suitable for this special case. In this paper, Hamilton's law of variable mass system is derived based on Meshchersky's fundamental equation, and two classes of novel time finite element formulations for linear systems with arbitrary continuous time‐varying parameters are developed based on the previous law. The formulations are verified extensively through numerical examples in which the convergence and effectiveness of algorithms are evaluated. Numerical examples demonstrate that compared with the algorithms for time‐varying structures that developed based on traditional principles of mechanics, the proposed algorithms provide extended capabilities in both time‐varying mass problems that mass is gained or lost at any velocity (such as rocket problem) and moving‐mass problems (such as vehicle‐bridge interaction problem) besides the time‐varying stiffness and damping problems, the proposed algorithms have a wider range of application. In particular, Hamilton's law of variable mass system provides a solid theoretical foundation for further research on the algorithm design for time‐varying structures. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Sliding-induced non-uniform pre-tension governs robust and reversible adhesion: a revisit of adhesion mechanisms of geckos

Several mechanisms have been proposed in the literature to explain the robust attachment and rapid, controllable detachment of geckos'' feet on vertical walls or ceilings, yet, it is still debatable, which one is ultimately responsible for geckos'' extraordinary capabilities for robust and reversible adhesion. In this paper, we re-examine some of the key movements of geckos'' spatula pads and seta hairs during attachment and detachment, and propose a sequence of simple mechanical steps that would lead to the extraordinary properties of geckos observed in experiments. The central subject under study here is a linear distribution of pre-tension along the spatula pad induced by its sliding motion with respect to a surface. The resulting pre-tension, together with a control of setae''s pulling force and angle, not only allows for robust and strong attachment, but also enables rapid and controllable detachment. We perform computational modelling and simulations to validate the following key steps of geckos'' adhesion: (i) creation of a linear distribution of pre-tension in spatula through sliding, (ii) operation of an instability envelope controlled by setae''s pulling force and angle, (iii) triggering of an adhesion instability leading to partial decohesion along the interface, and (iv) complete detachment of spatula through post-instability peeling. The present work not only reveals novel insights into the adhesion mechanism of geckos, but also develops a powerful numerical simulation approach as well as additional guidelines for bioinspired materials and devices.