总体方案阶段星载天线电磁兼容的仿真

为适应卫星总体方案阶段对星载天线电磁兼容的快速预测需求,提出了Antenna Magus和FEKO软件相结合的快速仿真方法。首先利用Antenna Magus建立天线的初级模型,再无缝导入FEKO软件并优化得到分析所需天线模型,最后进行天线对之间的隔离度仿真。并对某型号卫星总体方案阶段论证中增加S中继终端分系统带来的天线电磁兼容问题进行了仿真,仿真结果与实际测量结果一致,表明仿真方法可有效应用于卫星工程实践。     

Correction de rotation continue en mesures de champs proches

In near-field techniques applicable to large antennas the measurements are often made through the scanning of a meridian of the desired surface for different orientations of the test antenna. Utilisation of a probe array permits a rapid analysis of the field along that meridian. As shown in this paper, it is not necessary to stop the movement of the antenna during measurements along the meridian, if a simple scheme for continuous rotation of the test antenna is utilised.     

A probe for making near-field measurements with minimaldisturbance: the optically modulated scatterer

We describe an optically modulated scatterer as an electric-field probe for measuring radio-frequency and microwave fields. It has a high spatial resolution and the ability to operate very close to conducting and dielectric objects without appreciable distortion of the field to be measured. Thus, it can scan close to antennas and diffracting metal structures. We describe how the electric field is deduced from the measurements and present gain measurements and far-field patterns deduced from near-field scans of antennas. The results are tested by comparing them with those obtained by established measurement techniques     

Full-wave analysis and wide-band design of probe-fed multilayered cylindrical-rectangular microstrip antennas

The input impedance and radiation pattern of the probe-fed multilayered cylindrical-rectangular microstrip antennas (PMCMSA) are analyzed by using a novel approach which combines the conformal finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) and Gedney's unsplit version of the perfectly matched layer absorbing boundary condition method and the Green's functions in cylindrically stratified media. The near fields of such antennas and the current distributions on the patches are obtained by the conformal FDTD method numerically and then the modified spectral-domain Green's functions in arbitrary cylindrically stratified media are used to determine the radiation pattern. The effect of the small radius of the probe on the performance of antennas is investigated through the thin-wire algorithm in cylindrical coordinates. A simple design scheme of the probe-fed cylindrically stacked antennas is also proposed for increasing the impedance bandwidth.     

Center-fed microstrip patch antenna

A novel feeding scheme for microstrip patch antennas is presented, which consists of a coaxial probe and shorting pin separated by a narrow slot centrally cut at the radiating patch. The impedance and radiation characteristics of a conventional probe-fed microstrip patch antenna and the proposed microstrip patch antenna are experimentally examined and compared. The effects of the slot length on the antenna operation are also discussed.     

以循环移位控制为基础的相控阵天线快速测量方法研究

为了解决相控阵天线快速测试问题,本文研究了一种相控阵天线测量的新方法。该方法中相控阵天线和测试探头均不动,利用相控阵天线中各移相器的移相状态可循环移位控制的特点和相控阵天线一些已知可信的信息,从而使测量具有极高的效率。文中对一相控阵天线模型采用该测量方法的测量全过程进行模拟,验证了该方法的正确性和高效性。     

An External Calibration Scheme for DBF Antenna Arrays

A novel calibration scheme is presented that is especially suited for complex digital beamforming (DBF) antenna arrays at millimeter-wave frequencies. Calibration data is extracted by sampling the field of each radiator at certain locations near the array by fixed probe antennas. A scalable calibration model for evaluation of the measured data is described. First tests are performed on a small passive array representing a unit cell of larger arrays. The calibration scheme is subsequently applied to and tested on a 64 element DBF transmit antenna array.      

High frequency techniques for antenna analysis

A summary of various high-frequency techniques is presented for analyzing the electromagnetic radiation from antennas in the presence of their host environment. These techniques provide physical insight into antenna radiation mechanisms and are found to be highly efficient and accurate for treating a variety of practical antenna configurations. Examples to which these techniques have been applied include open-ended waveguide antennas, horn and reflector antennas, and antennas on aircraft and spacecraft. The accuracy of these techniques is established via numerical results which are compared with those based on other independent methods or with measurements. These high frequency methods can be combined with other techniques, through a hybrid scheme, to solve an even greater class of problems than those which can be solved in an efficient and tractable manner by any one technique alone     

Analysis of a choke ring groundplane for multipath control inGlobal Positioning System (GPS) applications

In this paper a computational scheme is presented for accurately predicting the farfield amplitude and phase characteristics of Global Positioning System (GPS) antennas flush-mounted to a corrugated groundplane. The algorithm developed is particularly well-suited in beamshaping of (GPS) antennas in order to provide a high level of multipath rejection. The usefulness of the analytical model has been verified by the excellent agreement achieved between experimental data and predicted amplitude and phase patterns     

A practical method for measuring the complex polarization ratio of arbitrary antennas

A technique for measuring the complex polarization ratio of an arbitrary antenna is presented. The technique requires the use of two antennas which are not circularly polarized but are otherwise arbitrary. Only reciprocity and linearity are assumed. Six amplitude and phase measurements are performed, two measurements for each pair of antennas. The complex polarization ratio of each antenna is then calculated from the six measurements. The specific details of the measurement technique are described and some measurement results presented.     

Space flight tests of attitude determination using GPS

Preliminary space flight results of attitude determination using GPS are presented from a spacecraft in low Earth orbit. Relative position measurements accurate to the sub-centimetre level are made among multiple GPS antennas mounted on the space vehicle. A Trimble Navigation TANS Quadrex (a GPS receiver specially adapted for attitude determination by Stanford University) is used as a differential carrier phase sensor for the flight. Four GPS antennas are mounted on the zenith face of RADCAL, a polar orbiting, gravity-gradient-stabilized Air Force Space Test Program Satellite, built by Defense Systems, Inc. The four antennas are equally spaced about the perimeter of the 30 inch diameter cylindrical spacecraft bus. The Quadrex receiver measures the phase of the L-band GPS carrier (1575 MHz) at each of up to four antennas for up to six GPS satellites simultaneously. From these measurements, an initial assessment of attitude determination in space is performed in post-processing. For RADCAL, the attitude solution is greatly overdetermined. In a preliminary evaluation of system performance, the system accuracy is determined through measurement self-consistency. Analysis of the attitude motion in the context of a gravity gradient dynamic model yields further insight into the system performance.     

Electric-field distribution near rectangular microstrip radiatorsfor hyperthermia heating: theory versus experiment in water

A rectangular microstrip antenna radiator is investigated for its near-zone radiation characteristics in water. Calculations of a cavity model theory are compared with the electric-field measurements of a miniature nonperturbing diode-dipole E-field probe whose 3 mm tip was positioned by an automatic three-axis scanning system. These comparisons have implications for the use of microstrip antennas in a multielement microwave hyperthermia applicator. Half-wavelength rectangular microstrip patches were designed to radiate in water at 915 MHz. Both low (epsilon r = 10) and high (epsilon r = 85) dielectric constant substrates were tested. Normal and tangential components of the near-zone radiated electric field were discriminated by appropriate orientation of the E-field probe. Low normal to transverse electric-field ratios at 3.0 cm depth indicate that the radiators may be useful for hyperthermia heating with an intervening water bolus. Electric-field pattern addition from a three-element linear array of these elements in water indicates that phase and amplitude adjustment can achieve some limited control over the distribution of radiated power.     

One bit feedback for quasi-orthogonal space-time block codes based on circulant matrix

During the last few years, a number of Quasi- Orthogonal Space-Time Block Codes (QOSTBC) have been proposed for using in multiple transmit antennas systems. In this letter, based on circulant matrix, we propose a novel method of extending any QOSTBC constructed for 4 transmit antennas to a closed-loop scheme. We show that with the aid of multiplying the entries of QOSTBC code words by the appropriate phase factors which depend on the channel information, the proposed scheme can improve its transmit diversity with one bit feedback. The performances of the proposed scenario extended from Jafarkhani?s QOSTBC as well as its optimal constellation rotated scheme are analyzed. The simulation results suggest that there is a significant Eb/No advantage in the proposed scheme which is able to be designed easily.     

正交频分复用和调频复合探测体制研究

针对正交频分复用探测体制存在的问题,提出一种新的正交频分复用和调频复合无线电引信探测体制与测距信号处理方案。新复合探测体制利用调频引信的特点抑制本地发射天线向接收天线的泄漏,利用OFDM信号的时频特性,在时域和频域分别通过相关检测进行距离粗估计和频域比相检测进行距离精估计。仿真结果表明,文中的测距方案能够克服多频比相法模糊距离和测距精度的矛盾,获得较高的测距精度。     

单台相机机载InSAR基线动态测量方法研究

该文提出一种对机载干涉合成孔径雷达(InSAR)基线的动态测量方法。通过在机载InSAR天线上布设一定数量的控制点,采用单台内方位元素精确标定的数码相机对天线进行实时监测。基于实时控制点图像所建立的共线方程和后方交会算法,解算出相机测量坐标系与控制点辅助坐标系之间的转换参数。将转换参数代入待测点坐标方程后,计算得到天线中心在测量坐标系下的实时三维坐标。在实验室进行的静态和动态模拟实验取得较好结果,验证了该文提出的InSAR基线动态测量方案的可行性。     

LTE多天线设备空间射频辐射特性分析

从空间多径信道角度出发,分析其信道特性,给出了一种在暗室环境中的多天线探头测试方法。通过实际测量,分析三种不同LTE多天线设备在SCME城区宏（微）小区多径空间单簇模型场景中的吞吐量性能差异。     

A DSFBC-OFDM for a Next Generation Broadcasting System With Multiple Antennas

In this paper, we propose a differential space-frequency block code-orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (DSFBC-OFDM) scheme as a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) transmission technique for next generation broadcasting system. A linear decoding method for DSFBC, which performs comparably to the ML decoding method, is derived for the cases of two or four transmit antennas. A simple table lookup method is proposed to improve the efficiency of the encoding/decoding process of DSFBC for the case of non-constant modulus constellations. This not only reduces the computational load, but also removes the necessity of channel estimation. Also, synchronization techniques with a DSFBC-encoded phase reference symbol (PRS) are discussed. Finally, an MIMO channel model for the next generation broadcasting system is developed by extending the 3GPP MIMO model to fit broadcasting environments. The MIMO channel model is then used to compare BER performances of differential space block code schemes for various channel environments. Simulation results show that the DSFBC-16QAM scheme using either four transmit antennas with one receive antenna or two transmit antennas with two receive antennas achieves a performance gain of 12 dB, with a data rate twice faster than that of the conventional DQPSK scheme     

The double-helix antenna and its variants, a new class of tunable endfire antennas

Endfire antennas develop maximum gain when the phase velocity of the surface wave traveling along the structure is adjusted to its optimum value determined as a function of antenna length and operating frequency. These antennas usually have a relatively small pattern bandwidth and, if maximum gain is desired, can be used over only a small frequency range. The antennas described in this paper inaugurate a new class of antennas that are tunable for maximum gain in the endfire direction over a wide frequency range; tuning is accomplished by changing the phase velocity continuously or in prescribed steps. Such antennas include certain configurations of the double helix (a novel type of endfire antenna) and its artificial and natural dielectric variants. Useful structures are obtained through parallel displacement of two juxtaposed elements or angular displacement of a scissors arrangement. Model measurements show that maximum gain can be obtained over a frequency range of more than 2:1. Tuning effects are illustrated in detail by means of near-field plots of a tuned dielectric antenna.     

Planar near-field scanning in the time domain .2. Sampling theoremsand computation schemes

For part 1 see ibid. vol.47, no.9, p.1280 (1994). Two computation schemes for calculating the far-field pattern in the time domain from sampled near-field data are developed and applied. The sampled near-field data consists of the values of the field on the scan plane measured at discrete times and at discrete points on the scan plane. The first computation scheme is based on a frequency-domain near-field to far-field formula and applies frequency-domain sampling theorems to the computed frequency-domain near field. The second computation scheme is based on a time-domain near-field to far-field formula and computes the time-domain far field directly from the time-domain near field. A time-domain sampling theorem is derived to determine the spacing between sample points on the scan plane. The computer time for each of the two schemes is determined and numerical examples illustrate the use and the general properties of the schemes. For large antennas the frequency-domain computation scheme takes less time to compute the full far field than the time-domain computation scheme. However, the time-domain computation scheme is simpler, more direct, and easier to program. It is also found that planar time-domain near-field antenna measurements, unlike single-frequency near-field measurements, have the capability of eliminating the error caused by the finite scan plane, and thus can be applied to broadbeam antennas     

Near fields of microstrip antennas

The paper presents an iterative method for the computation of the near fields of single layer microstrip patch antennas. A judicious combination of the advantages of the MPIE (mixed potential integral equation) method, the FFT algorithm and the biconjugate gradient leads to an efficient numerical solution. The scheme can deal with patches of arbitrary shapes and is capable of dealing with a very large number of unknowns. Near field computation is done in a straightforward manner by computing the weighted near fields. For illustration, three patches belonging to the family of generalized annular sector have been chosen. Computed results of input impedances with a coaxial probe excitation have been compared with measurements. Computed near field amplitudes have also been compared with measured results where possible. Computed far field characteristics have been correlated with the near field information