数字图像相关中亚像素位移测量的曲面拟合法

曲面拟合法求解亚像素位移是数字图像相关亚像素位移定位中的一种重要方法,它具有抗噪声能力较强、精度高、计算效率高等优点,在实际应用中多被采用。就该算法中影响亚像素位移定位精度的各要素进行了详细讨论,并用计算机生成的模拟散斑图和金属试件的刚体平移实验进行了验证,结果表明,整像素搜索时选取不同的计算窗口对计算结果的影响最大,而文中所列的几种相关函数的选取对计算结果的影响则可以忽略。     

散斑分数傅里叶联合变换相关测量研究

提出数字散斑联合变换分数相关测量方法,利用分数相关可以锐化相关峰的作用,在数字散斑联合变换相关运算中用分数傅里叶变换代替傅里叶变换,提高测量精度。通过对散斑图像进行相位调制,有效地解决了分数傅里叶变换的移变性带来的谱移问题。编程模拟和对拉伸试件位移场测量的结果表明,只要选择合适的分数傅里叶变换级次和相位调制函数,可以使相关峰的半宽度从4～5pixel锐化到仅1pixel,得到优于傅里叶变换相关的理想输出。     

亚像素数字散斑相关测量中计算窗口的选择

提出了一种亚像素数字散斑相关测量计算窗口的选择方法.采用模拟散斑图像,利用亚像素数字散斑相关测量中的相关系数插值法、拟合法及梯度算法原理,研究了计算窗口大小对这三种计算方法的测量精度和计算效率的影响,得出了不同亚像素精度要求下,可选择的计算方法及其最佳计算窗口.研究结果表明,测量精度越高,所需的计算窗口越大,选择合适的计算窗口可以提高测量精度和效率.     

焊接动态位移场的激光电子散斑法测量

为提供一种能够全场测量整个焊接过程动态位移场的工具,建立了激光电子散斑法测量系统.应用于实际TIG焊接过程中,获得了焊接位移场的散斑原始图像.利用自开发软件,对图像进行灰度变换和直方图均衡化处理后,采用频域同态滤波的方法对图像进行降噪滤波处理.经降噪、二值化、细化、平整、拟合、标定等一系列处理后,即可自动生成相对动态位移场.结果表明,激光电子散斑法能够胜任焊接动态位移场的测量,且具有非接触、测量精度高、对环境的防震要求低、可在明光下操作、能进行全场测量的特点.     

散斑相关法标定电涡流传感器电压输出曲线

为了精确的测量电涡流传感器的距离-电压输出线性区间和线性位移精度,本文采用了显微散斑相关法对位移进行标定。首先,利用精度为5μm位移平台进行位移调节,得到位移和电涡流传感器输出电压的线性区间。然后,在线性区间内进行密集采样,通过显微照相系统采集散斑图,利用散斑相关法求出位移,得到更高精度的位移-电压曲线。分析了显微散斑照相的检测流程与检测精度;讨论了散斑尺寸对测量的影响。设计了测量光路参数：采用40×显微物镜配合20×读数显微镜可以实现64.5×的放大倍率。对40铬材料进行了位移-电压曲线标定实验,实验结果证明：本系统可以实现高精度的电涡流传感器位移标定,测量精度达到0.09μm,要实现更高精度的标定可以提高显微系统的放大倍率。     

数字剪切散斑干涉玻璃幕墙缺陷无损检测

玻璃幕墙是现代建筑的重要组成部分,检测其内部缺陷对建筑安全评估具有重要的意义。该文提出一种数字剪切散斑干涉玻璃幕墙缺陷无损检测方法,探索一种适用于玻璃幕墙检测的实验方法,通过对玻璃进行热加载,在温降阶段一定时间间隔前后利用四步相移法分别获取散斑相位图,接着提取温降前后相减的相位差图的相位差并计算全场形变的空间位移梯度,从而检测出玻璃幕墙的缺陷位置。实验结果表明,剪切散斑干涉技术能够检测出玻璃幕墙缺陷处形变的空间位移梯度及其缺陷位置,因此使用剪切散斑干涉技术对玻璃幕墙缺陷进行无损检测是一种有效的方法,对评估幕墙玻璃安全隐患具有重要意义。     

基于散斑图像梯度域的数字图像相关盲去模糊方法EI北大核心CSCD

针对复杂测量环境或高动态测量过程中出现的运动模糊问题,提出了一种灰度稀疏先验与参考图像梯度域先验相结合的散斑图像盲去模糊方法。该方法以灰度直方图峰值的L 0范数与参考图像梯度域分布建立优化函数正则项,使用二次分裂方法估计清晰图像,再以交替迭代的方式进行卷积核细化。在模糊核估计完成后,使用Richardson-Lucy非盲去卷积方法完成散斑图像的复原。实验结果证明:所提出的散斑图像盲去模糊方法与针对自然图像与文本图像的经典方法相比,获得了更优的图像去模糊效果,并提高了数字图像相关测量精度与鲁棒性。     

基于ObjectARX的三维分形参数化绘图系统的研究

三维分形图形对自然景物的模拟具有较好的效果,为方便三维分形图形在AutoCAD软件中的使用,对三维分形图形的参数化设计进行了研究,并基于ObjectARX开发了三维分形参数化绘图系统。以三维分形岩石为例介绍了该绘图系统的参数化设计过程,即在研究三角形中点位移法生成分形曲面的基础上,提出了一种改进的中点位移法算法,使其生成为多面体,通过对多面体的参数控制可使之生成形态各异的三维分形岩石,经过着色渲染后,具有较强的真实感。     

非接触数字图像相关应变测量的仿真与实验研究

数字图像相关法测量全场位移和应变是一种新的实验力学方法.该测量算法中相关函数和子区大小的选择是影响最终应变测量精度的重要因素.本文采用已知应变变形的仿真散斑图,研究了测量算法中主要相关函数和子区大小在正常光照与高斯不均匀光照条件下,对应变测量精度的影响.得出了不同测量要求下,可选择的相关函数和最佳计算窗口.通过实验验证与分析了此算法的测量精度.研究结果表明,数字图像处理技术测量应变的测试精度满足基本要求.     

基于Woodbury非线性方法的迭代算法对比分析

在结构局部非线性求解过程中,刚度矩阵仅部分元素发生改变,此时切线刚度矩阵可写成初始刚度矩阵与其低秩修正矩阵和的形式,每个增量步的位移响应可用数学中快速求矩阵逆的Woodbury公式高效求解,但通常情况下迭代计算在结构非线性分析中是不可避免的,因此迭代算法的计算性能也对分析效率有重要影响。该文以基于Woodbury非线性方法为基础,分别采用Newton-Raphson （N-R）法、修正牛顿法、3阶两点法、4阶两点法及三点法求解其非线性平衡方程,并对比分析5种迭代算法的计算性能。利用算法时间复杂度理论,得到了5种迭代算法求解基于Woodbury非线性方法平衡方程的时间复杂度分析模型,定量对比了5种迭代算法的计算效率。通过2个数值算例,从收敛速度、时间复杂度和误差等方面对比了各迭代算法的计算性能,分析了各算法适用的非线性问题。最后,计算了5种算法求解基于Woodbury非线性方法平衡方程的综合性能指标。     

基于亚像素边缘的摄像机标定板特征提取算法

目的在视觉测量领域,摄像机的标定精度是最终测量精确度的决定性因素,为了提高标定板特征的提取精度,提出一种基于亚像素边缘的提取方法。方法针对圆点标定板,首先采集标定板图像,对图像进行处理,获取像素级别边缘,然后以边缘像素点为中心,取3×3的数字窗口计算梯度方向,在梯度方向上进行像素点灰度的双曲正切拟合,获取亚像素级别边缘,最后对亚像素边缘按照圆形进行拟合,求得圆心坐标。结果实验表明算法的分辨率达到0.03个像素,精度可达0.1个像素。结论该算法具有稳定可靠,精度高,运算速度快等特点,能够应用于图像拼接和分割,特征提取和摄像机标定等领域。     

Subpixel Speckle Displacement Measurement Using a Digital Processing Technique

Abstract

This paper deals with the optical measurement of deformations and displacements of diffusing rough surfaces using changes in the speckle pattern obtained by laser illumination. A digitized speckle signal is obtained using a linear charge-coupled device photodetector that produces samples of one-dimensional signals of N pixels. A sequential numerical processing procedure is applied to detect the relative displacement of two speckle signals, corresponding to two different states of the surface; the accuracy is better than one micrometre. The principles of the method and the corresponding algorithms are described. Experimental results are given and these include an analysis of the deformation of video structure under directional traction.     

Effects of Window Size on Accuracy and Spatial Resolution in Windowed Phase‐Shifting Digital Holographic Interferometry1

Abstract: Phase‐shifting digital holographic interferometry is a new method to measure displacement distribution on the surface of an object. Usually holography has speckle noise, which leads to a large error in the analysis of displacement and strain distributions. We previously proposed windowed phase‐shifting digital holographic interferometry (windowed PSDHI). The use of this method leads to accurate displacement analysis, decreasing the effect of speckle patterns. However, noise reduction involves a defect, which renders the spatial resolution low. In this paper, by comparing the conventional noise reduction method using spatial averaging with the windowed PSDHI on spatial resolution, the effectiveness of noise reduction is discussed.     

Robust phase-unwrapping method for phase images with high noise content

We present a robust method of phase unwrapping that was designed for use on noisy phase images with arbitrary fringe patterns. The method proceeds by first identifying distinct regions between fringe boundaries in an image and then phase shifting the regions with respect to one another by multiples of 2π to unwrap the phase. Image pixels are segmented between interfringe and fringe boundary areas by fitting a plane model using least squares to overlapping domains centered on all pixels. The method is tolerant of fringe gradient degradation caused by noise, filtering artifacts, and finite instrumentation bandwidth.     

Least-squares phase estimation with multiple parameters in phase-shifting electronic speckle pattern interferometry

We have developed an accurate and robust phase-estimation method in phase-shifting electronic speckle pattern interferometry. Unlike other methods that assume a constant phase within a fitting window, our method treats the phase variation with a gradient. A cost function that can utilize the information of pixel positions is formulated on the basis of a least-squares criterion. Powell's iteration method is applied to it to derive the phase and its gradient. An automatic consistency-checking routine and an algorithm that improves the initial guess of the iteration are developed for severe situations with large noise and steep phase variations.     

数字图像技术在航空铝合金形变测量中的应用

利用DIC(Digital image correlation)非接触全场应变测量系统分析2024铝合金板材静态拉伸应变场。对散斑质量参数、图像采集系统参数进行正交试验优化。优化结果表明,影响散斑质量的主次因素及最优结果分别为:散斑半径0.02in,散斑密度50%,散斑分布随机性69%;影响图像采集系统的主次因素及最优结果分别为:子集大小59个像素,步长值12个像素,相机间的角度20~25°,光圈值5.6~8。采用该优化参数测量无孔及不同开孔尺寸铝合金板材静态拉伸应变场。首先,对无孔试样裂纹两侧取点,研究裂纹扩展趋势,判定裂纹源及相应载荷。其次,研究长短轴之比及开孔面积对力学性能的影响,并沿孔径方向取点,分析局部应变情况。研究表明,越靠近开孔位置,应变越集中。减小开孔面积,降低开孔的长短轴之比,可以有效降低试样的应变集中系数,延长使用寿命。最后,对比分析非接触测量方法、引伸计法及Patran建模仿真方法试验结果。     

High-resolution laser speckle correlation for displacement and strain measurement

A laser speckle correlator with high optical magnification is presented, and its performance in the measurement of strain is demonstrated experimentally. Two separated areas on a test specimen are illuminated with laser beams, and displacements of each area are measured by performance of laser speckle correlation on successive magnified images. The interplay of magnification, lens aperture, surface roughness, pixel spacing on the CCD array sensor, and the attainable precision of correlation are investigated theoretically and experimentally. Resolutions that are usually considered accessible only to interferometric techniques are achieved: displacement resolutions of less than 50 nm and strain measurements of less than 10 mustrain across distances of the order of 10 mm are demonstrated. At high magnification, speckle decorrelation due to out-of-plane displacement becomes a stringent restriction, and surface height correlation effects may limit speckle contrast and broaden speckle correlation peaks.     

PSF dedicated to estimation of displacement vectors for tissue elasticity imaging with ultrasound

This paper investigates a new approach devoted to displacement vector estimation in ultrasound imaging. The main idea is to adapt the image formation to a given displacement estimation method to increase the precision of the estimation. The displacement is identified as the zero crossing of the phase of the complex cross-correlation between signals extracted from the lateral direction of the ultrasound RF image. For precise displacement estimation, a linearity of the phase slope is needed as well as a high phase slope. Consequently, a particular point spread function (PSF) dedicated to this estimator is designed. This PSF, showing oscillations in the lateral direction, leads to synthesis of lateral RF signals. The estimation is included in a 2-D displacement vector estimation method. The improvement of this approach is evaluated quantitatively by simulation studies. A comparison with a speckle tracking technique is also presented. The lateral oscillations improve both the speckle tracking estimation and our 2-D estimation method. Using our dedicated images, the precision of the estimation is improved by reducing the standard deviation of the lateral displacement error by a factor of 2 for speckle tracking and more than 3 with our method compared to using conventional images. Our method performs 7 times better than speckle tracking. Experimentally, the improvement in the case of a pure lateral translation reaches a factor of 7. Finally, the experimental feasibility of the 2-D displacement vector estimation is demonstrated on data acquired from a Cryogel phantom.