油田供热站注汽锅炉安全运行管理

稠油油田开发过工过程中,热采技术的应用尤为普遍,注汽锅炉是油田热采技术中不可缺少的重要设备,也是供热站的主要运行设备,由于其运行过程中涉及诸多的安全因素,因此我们有必要对注汽锅炉进行安全管理和必要的制度要求,使得注汽锅炉设备安全、平稳、长久地为油田提供合格的注汽来源。     

热力注汽锅炉干度控制系统的应用

热力注汽锅炉是稠原油生产过程中重要的生产设备,其输出的饱和蒸汽维持一定的干度对满足石油开采的要求非常重要.实际在原来锅炉生产过程中,蒸汽干度的测量和控制都由操作工来手工完成.文章介绍在利用原有设备尽量减少新增设备的情况下,对现有锅炉进行改造,实现蒸汽干度自动控制的应用.     

投用汽水分离器提高注汽干度

投用高压汽水分离器,对于提高注汽质量有很大帮助,能起到更佳辅助采油的效果。     

降低油田注汽锅炉吨汽耗油的措施

油田注汽锅炉是以原油为主要燃料,锅炉在运行中自身耗油量比较大,一些热效率高的锅炉其经济性能高,燃料利用率高,可以降低燃料的消耗。而在稠油开发中,注汽锅炉是常年连续运转的,设备数量也很多,目前我矿运行的注汽锅炉数量已增加到8台,而且随着稠油开采规模继续扩大,油田注汽锅炉的数量还要迅猛增加。因此,如何降低油田注汽锅炉吨汽耗油量是稠油开采中一个十分值得研究的课题,如果能够认真组织实施的话,必将获得很好的经济收益。     

普通注汽锅炉提升为高干度注汽锅炉的可行性分析

1概述 注汽锅炉作为稠油开采的主要设备,从国外引进到不断的更新,已沿用了23年。随着稠油开采难度的不断增加,压力等级得到了不断提升,从17．2MPa发展到21MPa和26MPa。随着技术的不断进步,控制部分由继电器发展到PLC计算机控制。但在注汽质量主要指标—千度这一指标上,一直沿用小于80％,没有突破性发展。但随着稠油开采粘度及蒸汽驱开采范围的不断增大,需要的蒸汽干度越来越高,由于没有在注汽锅炉本体上做文章,而是在锅炉外部增加汽水分离器通过将湿蒸汽中的水分分离出来提高注汽干度。应用汽水分离器带来的不利因素是高压水的热量损失,即使增加热量回收装置也存有整体热效率低和污水外排影响环境的问题。     

高干度注汽锅炉水处理系统的设计

本文通过对普通注汽锅炉水处理系统制约注汽锅炉提高干度的不利因素分析,根据应用水质实际情况,通过理论计算,设计出了高干度注汽锅炉水处理系统。包含有原水供给、絮凝剂加药、细砂过滤器、超滤、反渗透脱盐、软化和控制系统七个系统组成。通过系统的运行,可使注汽锅炉进水水质指标达到注汽锅炉高干度运行的目的,为提高稠油油层开采率起到技术性保证。本系统是现有水处理系统的更新换代产品。可以在注汽锅炉上推广应用。     

注汽用水管网工程在油田生产中的应用

针对稠油区块开发速度的加快,油井转周注汽工作量逐渐增大,造成运输注汽用水费用不断增加的实际情况,本文通过分析区块油井分布及注汽周期特点,建立应用注汽用水管网工程,可有效节约运费,值得推广。     

探讨注汽锅炉热效率计算与提高对策

热效率就是锅炉输出的热量占燃料燃烧放出的热量的百分数。影响锅炉热效率的主要因素是排烟热损失、气体不完全燃烧热损失、炉体散热损失。其中排烟热损失是影响热效率的重要因素。通过对各项因素的分析,找出提高锅炉热效率的途径：降低排烟温度和过剩空气系数以降低排烟热焓,选用高效保温材料,提高辅射段、对流段、过渡段保温效果,降低炉体散热损失,调整合理的过剩空气系数,保证锅炉良好燃烧,降低气体不完全燃烧损失。     

热力开采注汽热效率研究

建立了热采注汽系统热效率的计算模型。根据滨南油田数据计算了2个注汽系统的热效率。提出了提高注汽系统热效率的三措施：（1）降低锅炉的过剩空气系数,（2）按最大允许热损失设计地面输汽管线的保温层厚度;（3）使用视导热系数小的隔热油管,按箍增加隔热结构,防止热封隔器的泄漏等。     

稠油井注汽系统热效率分析

建立了热采注汽系统热效率的计算模型。根据滨南油田数据计算了2个拄汽系统的热效率。提出了提高注汽系统热效率的三措施：（1）降低锅炉的过剩空气系数;（2）按最大允许热损失设计地面输汽管线的保温层厚度;（3）使用视导热系数小的隔热油管,按箍增加隔热结构,防止热封隔器的泄漏等。     

加强质量源头控制努力提高产品质量

产品质量问题关系到企业的形象和生命,全面加强企业质量管理,对于促进企业经济效益,维护企业和职工的利益,具有十分重要的现实意义.所以,要切实提高印刷企业产品质量水平,适应市场竞争能力,很重要的一点就是要认真把好质量源头控制关,消除各种质量隐患.     

DMAIC流程在AC-pin铆接质量改进中的应用

通过对C企业AC-pin铆接过程系统实施六西格玛DMAIC流程来提高AC-pin铆接质量。首先,对问题进行定义,明确项目的改进范围和改进目标。接着,分析AC-pin铆接过程的主要缺陷类型,并对相关测量系统进行评价与改进。在此基础上,进一步分析导致AC-pin铆接缺陷的根本原因,并确定相应的改进方案,使AC-pin铆接缺陷由先前的7000ppm降到500ppm以下,同时产量得到显著提高。最后,对关键质量特性建立相应的控制方案和纠偏措施,以使改进成果得以保持。DMAIC流程在AC-pin铆接质量改进中的成功应用有助于促进六西格玛管理在我国企业的有效实施,提升企业的质量管理水平。     

汽包水位测量方法改进分析

本文分析归纳了传统汽包水位测量方法中的两个主要问题:多个测量仪表指示不一致问题;"虚假水位"问题。研究比较了两类新型测量装置,分析他们的优缺点。     

Hydrogen-Assisted Cracking in Boiler Steam Drums

A statutory inspection of a boiler steam drum that had seen 10 years of service revealed a few scattered cracks on the inner surface of the drum. The drum was used in the refinery and petrochemical industry. Remnant life assessment, including inspection of other drums, showed presence of several cracks in two out of seven boiler inspected. In situ microstructural analysis revealed a variation in the microstructure in the cracked regions compared to the microstructure in uncracked regions. Additionally, a wide variation in hardness was associated with the microstructural variation. Detailed study on a sample extracted from a cracked region demonstrated that the cracking occurred in a crescent zone similar in appearance to that of a heat affected zone (HAZ) generally associated with a spot weld or other sources of hot spots in the material. Subsequent examination of more samples confirmed that repair welding was carried out at several places on the inner surface of the drums before installation and commissioning and all the cracks were around the repair welds. The failure occurred by crack initiation in the HAZ of the repair welds and the cracks then propagated progressively across the inner surface of the drums. The failure mechanism was identified to be cold cracking and the failure analysis showed that all the factors required for cold cracking, namely, vulnerable microstructure, residual stresses and hydrogen atmosphere, during welding had been present in the drum material.     

Chloride Pitting of Steam Generator Boiler Coils

In this case study, pitting observed on boiler coil samples were analyzed. Chloride pitting was confirmed by chlorides identified in energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectra and maps. The pitting failure was caused by initial chloride fluxing of the oxide/scale layering, followed by a chloride concentrating mechanism. The observed pitting can be prevented by water treatment to eliminate the halide ions followed by boiler scale and deposition control treatment.     

结果质量控制利于提高检测质量

实验室应分析质量控制的数据,当发现质量控制数据将要超出预先确定的判断依据时,即采取有计划的措施来纠正出现的问题,防止报告错误的结果,进而有效地提高了实验室检测质量。     

Process Development and Product Quality of Micro-Metal Powder Injection Molding

Injection molding has been found to be an efficient and cost-effective manufacturing technique for the production of a wide variety of parts and components at both macro- and microscale. This is attributed to the application of robust design and process development. However, every manufacturing technique is challenged by quality issues and part defects, but tackled by continuous improvement framework(s). This systematic monitoring and control approach of dimensional accuracy, mechanical properties, and surface quality of the finished part strongly depend on process conditions at different production stage. Therefore, the aim of this study is to review process development of micro-metal injection molding; focusing on critical factors influencing part quality and optimization of process parameters. The critical factors that influenced the finished part quality are part design, mold design, material selection, machine, and process conditions. Optimizing mold temperature, melt temperature, injection speed, injection pressure, cooling time, packing, and holding parameters improve the quality of the molded part. This trend of process development of injection molding gave rise to a broad scope of applications with brighter future potentials for the next decades, particularly for medical and electronics applications.     

蒸汽锅炉增容改造的方案与实施

文章介绍将某橡胶公司SH20-25/400-AII型锅炉改造成SH25-25-AII型的技术措施及具体施工方法.     

TRIZ: Engineering Methodologies to Improve the Process Reliability

Research of solutions to problem in existing processes often deals with the tendency to follow mental schemes because of the psychological inertia. This study illustrates a knowledge‐based systematic methodology of inventive problem solving for the effective development of new systems and solutions, a theory that consists of theoretical foundation, analytical and knowledge‐based tools, applicable in conjunction with other creativity and engineering methodologies. The TRIZ (Theory of Inventive Problem Solution) applicability in process reliability can develop new and effective solutions thanks to the examination of contradiction, different prospective, and points of view. The systematic innovation process provides a platform to integrate heterogeneous resources and tools opening the problem‐solving methodology to new and different interdisciplinary approaches. The deconstruction and identification of issues to analyze the problems in their context and in relation to other factors are adopted in many areas of industrial production as well as in the more general problem‐solving matters. In particular, this study will show how TRIZ can be used in process optimization rather than research and development where this methodology is commonly adopted. This case represents a practical application of the TRIZ to increase quality and reliability in regard to a manufacturing process of an industry that designs and builds molds and equipment for the production of aluminum food containers. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.