计及无功功率成本及其资源价值的无功采购方法

电力市场中，满足负荷无功功率需求以及提供系统电压支持属于辅助服务的范围，一般由系统运行员（ISO）进行集中优化调度和控制计算，向相应的辅助服务提供者购买无功功率，并将成本分摊到用户。在分析无功和电压支持的特点，无功的生产成本和资源价值的基础上，文中提出了一种新的无功／电压辅助服务市场机制，并设计了向发电机，调相机等动态无功源采购无功功率的算法，该算法的特点是：考虑了无功的容量成本和电量成本；引入基于等效无功补偿法的无功价值因子，从而考虑了系统中不同位置无功源的资源价值差异，计及了无功分布对有功网损以及相应的有功功率生产成本的影响。IEEE14节点系统的算例表明，该方法能够优化无功采购成本，算法合理有效。     

电力市场下确定无功源价值的方法探讨

在电力市场下无功功率支持属于有偿辅助服务的范畴，必须通过竞争来获得，因此必须确定系统中无功源的价值。由于无功具有地域性的特点，导致不同位置和类型的无功源在系统中价值存在差异，因此提出了4种确定无功价值的方法：VS法、PV曲线法、ERC法和Back-up法，分析了不同方法的特点，最后以IEEE30节点系统为例进行了仿真计算，仿真结果表明无功源的价值取决于电网的结构、无功源的位置以及系统的运行状态。     

基于统一优化补偿的无功电力市场

开放的电力市场要求有竞争性的无功辅助服务,这就需要确定由不同无功源所提供的无功功率支持的价值并以此对无功辅助服务定价。本首次提出有效无功容量的概念,并建立了基于统一优化补偿的无功市场模型,然后将无功电力市场分解为无功容量市场和无功电量市场。强调应根据无功源对系统安全与稳定的贡献来确定由其提供的无功功率的价格,通过灵敏度研究证明了该方法的正确性。以IEEE-30节点系统和四川电网为例对无功功率价格进行了仿真和计算,结果表明了该方法是可行和合理的。     

应用微分同胚正规形提高静态电压稳定

无功功率的合理补偿是电力系统稳定性和安全运行的一个重要因素,为研究其补偿方式,采用微分同胚正规形理论分析电力系统的潮流方程,提出了以节点电压非线性参与因子为指标来衡量电力系统中不同节点无功功率对静态电压稳定性的影响程度的方法。根据最危险模式的节点电压非线性参与因子大小分配无功功率,可以得到合理的无功补偿方式,有效地增强电力系统的电压稳定性。将所提出的方法用于New England39节点系统的仿真结果表明,随着电压非线性参与因子之间差值的减小,无功补偿方式趋于合理,系统电压稳定性逐渐提高。因此,节点电压非线性参与因子是分析电力系统电压稳定性的一个有效指标,可以用该指标对无功进行合理的分配,从而提高电力系统静态电压稳定性。     

考虑无功裕度的电压自适应分区方法及主导节点的选择

针对当前二级电压分区未能较好实现动态无干预调节的现状,基于电压/无功灵敏度及模块度函数,该文提出一种随电网运行工况实时变化的自适应动态分区和主导节点选择方法。以每个无功源为分区中心,根据电压/无功灵敏度大小将负荷节点映射到对应的无功源;构建考虑无功裕度的改进模块度函数,以其为衡量指标进行区域合并自动形成最佳分区。引入其他区域节点对本区主导节点的抗干扰指标,结合主导节点在本区域的可观性和可控性指标,确定主导节点选择方案。从区域内无功源控制灵敏度、无功裕度及主导节点的可观性出发,对分区结果进行评估验证。最后,以IEEE39节点系统为例进行仿真分析,验证了所提方法的有效性和优越性。     

基于能量信息的电压稳定性量化指标研究

针对系统电压主要受无功影响的特点,从能量的角度,首先建立了考虑无功补偿和不考虑无功补偿条件下的节点能量函数模型,然后讨论了无功注入集合、电压和能量之间的关系,以此为基础,提出了基于能量信息的电压稳定性量化方法.该方法以无功注入集合影响下的有效能量为基准,以对应节点电压变化的能量值作为量化电压稳定性的裕度指标.将裕度指标随电压变化的灵敏度作为趋势指标,初步探讨了系统多种运行方式下,即由发电机无功出力、无功负荷以及电容器补偿等不同无功注入成分变化影响下的量化指标变化情况以及电网拓扑结构变化影响下的量化指标变化情况.在IEEE 30母线系统中对所提指标进行仿真,结果验证了该方法对评估电力系统电压稳定性的有效性和可行性.     

山东电网静态电压稳定和无功补偿评估

将连续潮流与戴维南等值方法结合,提出了各种潮流变化模式的静态电压稳定和无功补偿评估方法.首先,利用连续潮流计算递增电网潮流数据,然后求得各节点戴维南等值参数,基于戴维南等值参数构建了多种静态电压稳定裕度指标及最优无功补偿预估方法.针对山东电网2010年冬季实际预测数据,对多种运行方式下的静态电压稳定和无功补偿进行详细的...     

山东电网静态电压稳定和无功补偿评估

将连续潮流与戴维南等值方法结合,提出了各种潮流变化模式的静态电压稳定和无功补偿评估方法.首先,利用连续潮流计算递增电网潮流数据,然后求得各节点戴维南等值参数,基于戴维南等值参数构建了多种静态电压稳定裕度指标及最优无功补偿预估方法.针对山东电网2010年冬季实际预测数据,对多种运行方式下的静态电压稳定和无功补偿进行详细的分析,确定电压稳定薄弱区域及相应的无功补偿策略,为山东电网运行和规划提供有益参考.     

一种利用小扰动电压偏离确定无功源配置地点的方法

提出了一种利用小扰动电压偏离配置无功源的方法.该方法根据就地无功补偿原则,兼顾系统不同运行方式,将系统发生无功小扰动之后,平均电压偏离较大的负荷节点作为补偿地点.在IEEE118节点系统上的仿真结果表明了该方法选出的补偿节点位于负荷中心附近或远离发电机的位置,具有较好的鲁棒性,能够有效降低网损.     

具有多目标量化评估特性的无功电压双阶段分区方法

针对现有无功分区中缺乏分区结果定量评价标准的问题,提出一种可以对分区结果进行量化评估的大电网双阶段无功电压分区方法。基于对数电压灵敏度计算各母线间的电气距离,利用K-均值对互联电网进行初始分区。提出表征无功电压分区标准的指标体系,通过权重设置构建适用于多目标优化的适应度函数,满足不同运行方式下的量化评估要求,最后,利用改进遗传算法求解帕累托最优分区。IEEE 118节点算例和某实际系统算例表明:所提出的双阶段无功电压分区方法在不同运行方式下都具有较好的分区效果,且计算结果可以量化评估,具有理论和工程实用价值。     

Voltage security constrained active and reactive power pricing considering reactive market power

Reactive power support and voltage stability are considered to be very essential for preserving system security. This paper proposes a new market-based approach for voltage security constrained active and reactive power pricing. The problem is modeled as a multi-objective OPF in which the social welfare and the distance to voltage collapse point are maximized at same time. An important feature of the proposed approach is using the reactive market power index, Herfindahl–Hirschman Index (HHI), to assign optimal weighting factors of the multi-objective function. In addition, in this method not only the reactive power is considered but typical price is also provided based on real costs. The results show that the proposed method allows market operators and participants to preserve the level of security and social welfare within acceptable range by controlling the weighting factors and monitoring the HHI with regard to reactive market power. Using the proposed method and considering reactive power market, a suitable range of weighting factor can be determined ensuring the optimal bidding as well as satisfying the voltage security of the system.     

Valuation of reactive power support services based on sensitivity and risk analysis

In deregulated power market environment system operators need to procure adequate reactive power support services to facilitate real power transactions and improve system security. However, reactive power produced by suppliers at different locations may have different effects on the economics and operating security of the system. Thus, the assessment of the value of these reactive power support services is an important issue to be dealt with. With this objective an evaluation methodology based on voltage sensitivity and risk analysis is proposed from the perspective of voltage regulation. The IEEE 14-node test system is used to illustrate and examine the features of the proposed methodology. Some interesting results are observed and discussed.     

A new approach for cost allocation and reactive power pricing in a deregulated environment

Power industry has been facing restructuring problems during the past decade. Appropriate management of reactive power is very essential for supporting power system security. Reactive power has dominant effects on real energy transfer. Furthermore, it can support the secure operation of the system as an ancillary service. However, most researches have been focused on active power as the main good transacted in electricity markets. On the other hand, while reactive power production cost is highly dependent on real power output, it is mainly confined to local consumption. As a result, to avoid market power and to maintain the secure operation of the system, a fair cost allocation method seems to be very essential. Appropriate pricing of reactive power as an ancillary service has been a challenging problem during the past decade. However, most methods proposed so far for reactive power pricing are essentially based on empirical approximations. In this paper, a new method for reactive power cost allocation is proposed. The method is based on calculation of the accurate cost which will be imposed on generators due to supporting reactive power. The proposed method is fair, accurate and realistic and it can be formulated very easily. Furthermore, a new approach based on tracing algorithm is proposed for pricing of reactive power which considers the cost of both active and reactive losses allocated to each generator. Application of the proposed method on IEEE 9-bus standard network confirms its validity and effectiveness.     

Two-stage optimization algorithm for short-term reactive power planning based on zonal approach

There are various methods for procurement of reactive power as an ancillary service in deregulated market environment. Reactive power market model based on voltage control zones and two-step optimal power flow algorithm is proposed in this paper. Zones are formed by splitting the power system or a control area of an interconnected power system into autonomous voltage sub-areas with sufficient reactive power reserves using the electrical distance method. Every zone formes a single reactive power market. First step of an optimization algorithm determines zonal reactive power prices based on generator's cost functions for reactive power production. Total cost minimization is the goal of the second optimization step where the final dispatching decision is made according to transmission losses and zonal reactive power prices respecting power system planned conditions and security constraints. Proposed algorithm is tested on IEEE 39 bus test system ensuring the system operator's minimal payment for reactive power and transmission losses, without jeopardizing power system security.     

Reactive power market development considering power system security

In the new open access environment, in pursuit of profit, power producers tend to operate closer to the security boundaries and consequently, the voltage instability, which is caused by insufficient reactive power support, threats system security and reliability. This paper presents a day-ahead reactive power market based on uniform auction price scheme considering voltage security. First, expected payment function (EPF), identified earlier in the literature to construct a bidding framework for synchronous generators, is modified. Then, the modified EPF is used as the objective function of optimal power flow problem to clear reactive power market. Finally, the OPF, including overload, voltage drop and voltage stability margin in its constraints, is solved by binary coded genetic algorithm. The validity of the proposed reactive power market is studied based on the IEEE 24-bus reliability test system.     

基于安全运行范围的风电场静态电压安全分析

从静态电压安全角度出发,对风电场静态电压偏移进行分析,提出了风电场静态安全运行范围的概念;基于电压约束条件,通过对风电场外送功率的线性变换,建立了风电场的静态安全运行范围,定义了运行点至边界的安全运行距离,并进行风电场稳态运行工况下的电压预警研究;通过无功优化的方法改善风电场的静态电压安全,给出其计算方法。在DIgSILENT/PowerFactory仿真软件上进行了仿真验证,仿真结果验证了所提静态安全运行范围对风电场的适用性。基于此可实现风电场的静态电压预警和无功优化分析,为风电场的安全稳定运行提供方法支持。     

考虑电压稳定约束的无功规划研究综述

随着电力市场进程的加快,系统运行不断逼近极限,电压稳定已成为影响系统安全的焦点问题,而合理的无功规划对保持系统电压稳定具有重要意义。首先解释了考虑电压稳定约束的无功规划基本概念,接着对目前基于静态和动态电压稳定约束的无功规划模型和求解方法进行总结与评述,提出了该领域需要深入研究的五个关键问题,强调了考虑安全性和经济性的无功规划是当前该领域的发展趋势,最后指出了建立基于动态电压稳定裕度的无功规划模型是避免系统电压崩溃的关键。     

含风电接入的省地双向互动协调无功电压控制

为应对规模化风电接入对电网无功电压运行和控制的影响,结合现场实际,提出并实现了一种跨电压等级风电汇集区域风电场与传统电厂的无功电压协调控制方法。在控制中心内,研究并提出计及风功率波动和电网N-1安全约束的敏捷电压控制方法,该方法通过控制周期和控制模型的自适应调整,充分挖掘省调直控风电场的无功电压调节能力,抑制风电波动对电网电压的影响,保留足够的传统发电机动态无功储备。在控制中心间,研究并提出计及风电场调节能力的省地双向互动协调控制方法,通过地区电网内风电场与地调直控变电站的协调控制,发挥地调直控风电场的调节能力,减少地调直控变电站的电容电抗器动作次数,通过省地双向互动协调,协调省地双方无功调节资源,支撑末端地区电网电压,提高电网整体运行的安全性和经济性。所研发的实际控制系统已在江苏电网应用,仿真运行和实际闭环结果证明了该方法的有效性。     

基于N-1方式的无功优化规划

为解决传统无功规划以正常运行方式来寻求无功补偿方案的优化,往往不能满足系统在N-1事故方式下的电压安全性问题,为此提出了基于N-1方式的无功优化规划的数学模型,以系统发生N-1事故后的网络运行方式为对象,以系统年支出费用最小为目标函数,并满足各种物理约束和运行约束,从而能够保证系统在出现N-1事故时仍有足够的无功备用来维持电压安全水平。通过三步算法的流程,实现N方式和N-1方式的优化解耦,降低了求解规模。最后在IEEE6节点系统中进行计算验证了该模型的合理性,优化方案能够明显提高系统运行的安全性和经济性。     

电网在线暂态电压安全分析的降维方法

近年来,随着中国可再生能源的发展以及交直流混联电网的形成,电力系统暂态电压安全问题越来越突出。对于大电网进行在线暂态电压安全分析十分必要,但因存在维数灾问题导致其在线应用困难。关键挑战在于需要处理高维电压时序轨迹(时间维)、大量预想故障(故障维),以及众多节点和无功设备(空间维)。传统的无功电压分区方法无法应对以上挑战。为此,提出了一种面向暂态电压安全分析的降维方法,包括基于高维电压时序轨迹的暂态电压安全性量化评估方法、面向大量预想故障的代表性严重故障筛选方法,以及故障相依的动态电压分区方法。这3种关键方法分别从时间、故障和空间维度对原问题进行降维。基于IEEE 39节点系统和实际电网模型的仿真验证了所提方法的可行性和有效性。