Subcooled liquid boiling heat transfer under conditions of stepwise heat-load release

The results of experimental investigations of the effect of liquid subcooling below the saturation temperature on boiling heat transfer under conditions of an increase in a heating load are presented. Water and TS-1 kerosene were used as heat carriers. The obtained experimental data on subcooled liquid boiling heat transfer has been generalized by an empirical relation. __________ Translated from Inzhenerno-Fizicheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 80, No. 1, pp. 136–139, January–February, 2007.     

Heat transfer in pool boiling of propane under the conditions of different saturation pressures

The author presents results of an experimental investigation of heat transfer in pool boiling of propane on single horizontal tubes with a polished surface and with a porous coating under the conditions of different saturation pressures. It is shown that the effect of the pressure on the intensity of the heat transfer manifests itself differently on smooth and porous surfaces and depends on the heat-flux density; however this dependence is not monotonic. Translated from Inzhenerno-Fizicheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 73, No. 2, pp. 244–249, March–April, 2000.     

Calculation of the surface density of nucleation sites in nucleate boiling of a liquid

On the basis of an approximate analysis of flow in a liquid macrofilm on a heating surface the characteristics of nucleate boiling (surface density of nucleation sites, effect of the thermal conductivity of the wall on the averaged heat transfer) are estimated. Translated from Inzhenerno-Fizicheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 71, No. 1, pp. 176–181, January, 1998.     

Heat exchange processes near the boundary of a film boiling nucleus

Results are presented of an experimental investigation of the change in temperature, heat flux to the liquid, and rate of displacement of the isotherms near a film boiling nucleus propagating over a plane surface. The experiment was carried out in a liquid nitrogen bath at atmospheric pressure on the saturation line. The heater was a sapphire plate 1.2 mm thick having a heat transfer surface area of 77×22 mm². The following facts were established: 1) near the boundary of the film boiling nucleus a new heat exchange mechanism takes place caused by the instability of the liquid microlayer; 2) the maximum heat flux to the liquid is considerably greater than the critical heat flux; 3) the vapor film in the film boiling region grows gradually with increasing distance from the boundary, i.e., there is a smooth transition in terms of heat exchange intensity before the equilibrium film boiling level is reached. Pis’ma Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 25, 39–46 (November 12, 1999)     

加热方位对流动沸腾临界热流密度影响

为了研究重力场对流动沸腾临界热流密度的影响,搭建了两相沸腾换热实验系统。以蒸馏水为工质,采用单侧加热的窄缝通道,通过改变质量流速、入口过冷度和重力场与加热方位的夹角,考察不同加热方位临界热流密度特性和实验段流阻特性。分析了质量流速、入口过冷度、加热方位对流动沸腾临界热流密度的影响,并将实验数据与Ivey-Morris模型、Sudo模型和Wojtan模型的计算值进行了验证对比。结果表明:加热面呈0°放置时的临界热流密度最大,呈180°放置时最小,质量流速和入口过冷度的增大会加大临界热流密度。Sudo模型对本实验条件不适用;Ivey-Morris模型和Wojtan模型在加热面呈0°放置时与实验值符合情况良好,相对误差约在30%以内,其他加热方位时,计算值均大于实验值。     

Characteristic features of the boiling of emulsions having a low-boiling dispersed phase

The results of investigation of heat transfer from thin wires to a boiling emulsion, the dispersed phase of which is formed from a liquid with a boiling temperature much lower than the boiling temperature of the dispersion medium, are presented. Two variants of boiling of such an emulsion are possible: boiling of the dispersed phase alone and simultaneous boiling of the dispersed phase and dispersion medium. In the present work, only the first variant has been studied; it is distinguished by the following most important features: high superheat of the dispersed-phase droplets ΔT_sup of the emulsion and a wide temperature range of bubble boiling (50–200°C). For conventional heat carriers (pure liquids and solutions), the value of ΔT_sup does not exceed 1–10°C, with the bubble-boiling interval lying within the range from 5 to 20°C. __________ Translated from Inzhenerno-Fizicheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 79, No. 6, pp. 81–84, November–December, 2006.     

Effect of prolonged stay of the heat-transfer surface in water on the critical heat flux under steady and stepwise heat-release conditions

The author presents results of experimental investigations of the effect of prolonged stay of the heattransfer surface in water on the first critical density of the heat flux in boiling under steady and stepwise heat-release conditions. Translated from Inzhenerno-Fizicheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 73, No. 2, pp. 232–236, March–April, 2000.     

Flow Boiling Heat Transfer in Two-Phase Micro Channel Heat Sink at Low Water Mass Flux

Boiling heat transfer at water flow with low mass flux in heat sink which contained rectangular microchannels was studied. The stainless steel heat sink contained ten parallel microchannels with a size of 640 × 2050 μm in cross-section with typical wall roughness of 10–15 μm. The local flow boiling heat transfer coefficients were measured at mass velocity of 17 and 51 kg/m²s, heat flux on 30 to 150 kW/m² and vapor quality of up to 0.8 at pressure in the channels closed to atmospheric one. It was observed that Kandlikar nucleate boiling correlation is in good agreement with the experimental data at mass flow velocity of 85 kg/m²s. At smaller mass flux the Kandlikar model and Zhang, Hibiki and Mishima model demonstrate incorrect trend of heat transfer coefficients variation with vapor quality.     

CO_2水平管外池沸腾换热的实验研究

对自然工质CO2在不同沸腾压力下的光管、机械加工表面强化管(Turbo-EHP)水平单管管外电加热池沸腾进行了实验研究。从核态沸腾的角度分析了光管、强化管管外沸腾换热系数随热流密度、沸腾压力的变化规律,通过对热流密度在10~50k W/m2、蒸发压力在2~4 MPa范围内的换热数据分析拟合得出光管时CO2在该范围下的换热关联式,拟合关联式的计算值和实验值的误差在±8.73%以内。新的拟合关联式的计算值与已有关联式的预测值的偏差在±15%之内。在热流密度范围内强化管的强化倍率在1.50~1.72之间。研究结果对进一步深入研究CO2池沸腾换热及蒸发器的设计具有指导意义。     

添加表面活性剂的沸腾换热强化研究进展

从沸腾换热特性及其影响因素、沸腾汽泡行为和沸腾换热关联式等方面综述了添加表面活性剂的沸腾换热强化研究现状。现有研究指出界面吸附、分子结构、粘度、溶解特性等因素对表面活性剂溶液沸腾换热的作用机制与表面活性剂种类和溶液浓度密切相关,但是蒸汽携带活性剂、非离子活性剂浊点、加热方法、系统压力、参数耦合等因素对表面活性剂溶液沸腾换热的影响规律的研究还需深入开展。在沸腾汽泡行为方面,表面活性剂溶液沸腾汽泡行为与水存在较大差异且与活性剂种类有关,表面活性剂溶液沸腾汽泡行为的理论研究还需加强。此外,现有文献建立的表面活性剂溶液沸腾换热模型及关联式存在验证所用的实验数据较少、模型参数难以确定等不足。最后,在总结现有研究进展的基础上对表面活性剂溶液沸腾换热的后续研究工作提出了建议。     

Special features of boiling of a slightly subcooled liquid

Slightly subcooled boiling is characterized by the fact that vapor bubbles that form at active sites on the heater surface grow continuously and, having attained a maximum size, separate and float. The frequency of bubble separation, which determines the rate of heat transfer, depends on the degree of subcooling of the boiling liquid. Translated from Inzhenerno-Fizicheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 71, No. 6, pp. 993–995, November–December, 1998.     

Observation and analysis of the detachment frequency of coalesced bubbles in pool boiling liquid nitrogen

The detachment frequency of coalesced bubbles is one of the important parameters in the boiling heat transfer model at high heat flux. Although some researches on detachment frequency of coalesced bubbles have been done for common liquids, the work on cryogenic liquids is relatively insufficient. A visual experimental apparatus was built for observing the boiling in liquid nitrogen. The growth process of coalesced bubbles was recorded by a high-speed camera, emphasizing on the detachment frequency of coalesced bubbles from the circular, horizontal heating surfaces. The effects of the heating surface material, the surface diameter and the heat flux on the detachment frequency were analyzed. The available empirical correlations from common liquids are compared with our experimental data to check their applicability in liquid nitrogen, where the detachment frequency is 13.47 s⁻¹.     

Nucleate and film pool boiling heat transfer to saturated liquid helium

Pool boiling heat transfer from a square copper heating surface to liquid helium has been investigated experimentally. The study includes both nucleate and film boiling regimes, the measurements of maximum and minimum heat fluxes and superheats of the heating wall in the pressure region from 0.445 up to 0.98 P/P_c. The results are compared with the available experimental data and correlations.     

Critical thermal load in saturated boiling of liquids

The critical velocity of vapor flow from the heating surface in boiling is found based on the analogy of bubbling and boiling phenomena. The relation for the critical thermal load q_cr is found from the assumption that this quantity corresponds to the maximum vapor velocity. The expression obtained in this work for q_cr describes experimental data on the saturated boiling of water, ethanol, and benzene at different pressures. __________ Translated from Inzhenerno-Fizicheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 81, No. 2, pp. 259–263, March–April, 2008.     

Heat transfer in boiling of water in a fill of spherical elements

An experimental study has been made of heat exchange in bubble and transient regimes of boiling in spherical-element fills as applied to the cores of nuclear reactors with spherical fuel microelements based on uranium dioxide with multilayer ceramic coatings. Critical dependences describing experimental data and making it possible to calculate the heat-transfer coefficient in such regimes of boiling have been obtained. __________ Translated from Inzhenerno-Fizicheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 80, No. 4, pp. 35–39, July–August, 2007.     

Influence of thermophysical properties on pool boiling heat transfer of refrigerants

The correct prediction of the heat transfer performance of the boiling liquid within the evaporator of a refrigeration unit is one of the essential features for the successful operation of the whole unit. A theoretically consistent calculation method for the heat transfer coefficient α in nucleate boiling, which should be based on the physical phenomena connected with vapour bubbles growing, departing and sliding on the wall and with the interactions of bubbles and of neighbouring nucleation sites within the microstructure of the heating surface, does not yet exist, despite the increasing number of papers on the subject in the recent past. Instead, the predictive methods for α available at present are empirical or semiempirical, especially for heat transfer conditions relevant in practice. Many of these correlations have been established in the form of power laws in which the relative influences of the main groups of variables on α are treated by separate factors. One of these may stand for the influence of the thermophysical properties of the boiling liquid or these properties will be included in several of the factors.New experimental results are presented for pool boiling heat transfer from a single horizontal copper tube (8 mm OD) to HFC-refrigerants (R32, 125, 134a, 143a, 152a, 227ea) and hydrocarbons (propane, i-butane). The results are compared to experimental data from the literature, and methods are discussed, how to incorporate the data in semiempirical correlations to describe the influence of the thermophysical properties of the fluids on the heat transfer performance.     

Heat transfer in nucleate boiling of different low boiling substances

Heat transfer coefficients for nucleate boiling of methane, ethane, ethylene, argon and carbon dioxide were determined using an apparatus for the precise investigation of pool boiling heat transfer in the low temperature range. The apparatus used a horizontal cylinder as the heating element. The influence of the thermophysical properties of the boiling liquid was established by comparing the absolute values of the heat transfer coefficients in a normalized boiling state, i.e. a saturation pressure equal to 10% of the critical pressure and a heat flux density equal to 2 × 10⁴ W m⁻². By including the results for a number of higher boiling liquids, which were investigated previously under similar experimental conditions, and using literature data for three very low boiling liquids, an empirical correlation is established which allows an approximate prediction of the absolute value of the heat transfer coefficient at nucleate boiling for substances of different molecular structure.     

Concerning the influence of thermal properties of heating surface material on heat transfer intensity of nucleate pool boiling of liquids including cryogenic ones

Two different points of view exist on the question of how a heating material influences the intensity of nucleate boiling heat transfer. The first is connected with side effects arising from an experimental study of such an influence due to changes of heating surface microirregularity and wetting conditions. The second reason depends on the nature of the relationship being studied because it is the most clearly manifested only for a sufficiently large thickness of heat-conducting walls. Taking these circumstances into account, we have worked out an experimental method enabling trustworthy data to be obtained, which confirm a noticeable influence of thermal properties of a heating surface material on nucleate boiling of cryogenic liquids.     

On simulation of transfer processes in the freeboard region of a steam-generator furnace with a circulating fluidized bed

A semiempirical, stationary, two-zone model of transfer processes in the freeboard region of a reactor with a circulating boiling layer has been constructed. The features of the aerodynamics, heat and mass transfer, and combustion of anthracite culm in the core and near-wall ring region of a flow in a KFS-0.2 pilot plant have been investigated in detail. __________ Translated from Inzhenerno-Fizicheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 79, No. 1, pp. 20–28, January–February, 2006.     

Influence of oil on nucleate pool boiling heat transfer of refrigerant on metal foam covers

Nucleate pool boiling heat transfer characteristics of refrigerant/oil mixture on metal foam covers were experimentally investigated. The refrigerant is R113, and the oil is VG68. The copper foams, having ppi (pores per inch) of 10 and 20, porosity from 90% to 98%, and thickness of 5 mm, are selected in this study. Experimental conditions include a saturation pressure of 101 kPa, oil concentrations from 0 to 5%, and heat fluxes from 0 to 80 kW m⁻². The experimental results indicate that the nucleate pool boiling heat transfer coefficient on copper foam covers is larger than that on flat heated surface by a maximum of 160% under the present experimental conditions; the presence of oil deteriorates the nucleate pool boiling heat transfer on copper foam covers by a maximum of 15% under the present experimental conditions, and the deterioration of oil on nucleate pool boiling heat transfer on copper foam covers is lower than that on a flat heated surface. A correlation for predicting the nucleate pool boiling heat transfer coefficient of refrigerant/oil mixture on copper foam cover is developed, and it agrees with 95% of the experimental data within a deviation of ±20%.