Biosynthesis of PP-V, a monascorubramine homologue, by Penicillium sp. AZ

The biosynthetic pathway of PP-V, a new monascorubramine homologue, was elucidated by 13C-labeling studies. The [1-13C] of acetate was incorporated into 2-, 3a-, 4a-, 6-, 8-, 9-, 11-, 13-, 15-, 17-, and 19-Cs of PP-V, and the [2-13C], into 3-, 4-, 5-, 8a-, 9a-, 10-, 12-, 14-, 16-, 18-, and 20-Cs. These incorporation patterns coincide with those reported in the biosynthesis of a Monascus azaphilone pigment, monascorubrin.     

Structural characterization of barley β-glucan extracted using a novel fractionation technique

A barley β-glucan concentrate prepared according to a novel technology was further purified and subjected to detailed structural characterization by NMR spectroscopy. β-Glucan was hydrolysed with β-glucan-4-glucanohydrolase (lichenase). Fractions of hydrolysate were collected using an HPLC-fraction collector. Intact β-glucan and the major fractions collected were subjected to MALDI-TOF–MS and NMR analyses. The two major oligosaccharides produced by lichenase hydrolysis of purified barley β-glucan were identified as β-d-Glc p-(1 → 4)- β-d-Glc p-(1 → 3)-β-d-Glc p and β-d-Glc p-(1 → 4)-β-d-Glc p-(1 → 4)-β-d-Glc p-(1 → 3)-β-d-Glc p based on ¹³C and ¹H NMR data. Spectrums were similar to those documented for barley β-glucan in the literature.     

Enzymatic synthesis of primeverosides using transfer reaction by Trichoderma longibrachiatum xylanase

Enzymatic synthesis of two phenyl xylopyranosyl glucopyranosides, through transfer reaction by Trichoderma longibrachiatum endoxylanase, was achieved in the presence of n-hexane used as solvent, phenyl glucoside (10 mM) as acceptor and xylan (2 g/l) as donor. Kinetic study showed that only one compound, identified by ¹H and ¹³C NMR and heteronuclear 2D (¹H–¹³C) chemical shift correlation as phenyl primeveroside (phenyl 6-O-β-xylopyranosyl-1-β-d-glucopyranoside), was synthesized when the reaction time was beyond 1 h. Benzyl and hexyl primeverosides were obtained under the same conditions. When several phenyl glucoside concentrations, from 5 to 50 mM, were used with 2 g/l of xylan, a phenyl primeveroside isomer, identified as phenyl 4-O-β-xylopyranosyl-β-d-glucopyranoside, accumulated in the medium whereas the production of phenyl primeveroside decreased. Only phenyl primeveroside was produced when several xylan concentrations from 2 to 10 g/l were used with 10 mM of phenyl glucoside and its concentration in the reaction mixture increased with the increase of xylan concentration.     

Structural features of a xylogalactan isolated from Hymenaea courbaril gum

The gum from Hymenaea courbaril (Caesalpiniaceae) produced gum at seed level. The gum is soluble in water, dextrorotatory and less viscous than the gum from Cyamopsis tetragonolobus (guar gum). The polysaccharide, isolated from this gum, contains galactose, glucose, xylose and arabinose. The preparation of degraded products by acid hydrolysis and Smith-degradation process led to obtain degraded gums A and B, and the polysaccharides I and II. Chemical methods in combination with 1D NMR (¹H, ¹³C, DEPT-135) and 2D NMR (COSY, HMQC and HMBC) were applied. The backbone is a xylogalactan; β-d-galactose and β-d-xylose residues are 4-O- and 2-O-linked, respectively. The branches are constituted by xylose, arabinose and galactose. It was also observed 4,6-di-O-substituted galactose residues. This work shows interesting structural features of the polysaccharide isolated from H. courbaril gum.     

Biological control of Penicillium italicum of Citrus and Botrytis cinerea of Grape by Strain 34–9 of Kloeckera apiculata

The biological control capability of strain 34-9 of Kloeckera apiculata against Penicillium italium (Wehmer), postharvest rot of citrus fruits and Botrytis cinerea, postharvest rot of grape fruits was studied in vitro and in vivo. Strain 34-9 of K. apiculata at 3×10⁸ CFU (colony-forming unit)/ml of washed cells provided complete control of 3×10⁵ spores/ml of P. italium and B. cinerea during storage at 25 °C for 6 d. Antagonist population increased 40, 195 times in citrus fruit wound site and grape fruit wound site at 25 °C for 3 d, respectively, then the population stabilized for the remaining storage period. Cell-free culture filtrate, supernatant fluid and sterilized solution of strain 34-9 of K. apiculata had no antagonist against P. italium of citrus and B. cinerea of grape. These results showed that competition for nutrient, not antibiotic production, played a major role in the biological control capability of strain 34-9 of K. apiculata against P. italium of citrus and B. cinerea of grape.     

Improving protein secretion of a transglutaminase-secreting Corynebacterium glutamicum recombinant strain on the basis of 13C metabolic flux analysis

Corynebacterium glutamicum is known as a host species for amino acid production. This microorganism was recently noticed as a host that produces secreted proteins. In this study, we performed ¹³C metabolic flux analysis (¹³C-MFA) on a recombinant C. glutamicum strain that secretes a heterologous transglutaminase (TGase) to improve TGase secretion. For the ¹³C-MFA of a TGase-secreting C. glutamicum strain in batch cultivation, a ¹³C-labeling experiment and measurement of mass isotopomer distributions of proteinogenic amino acids were performed, and metabolic fluxes were determined considering the changes in fractional ¹³C-labeling of proteinogenic amino acids with respect to culture time. The TGase yield increased at the stationary phase but decreased toward its end. The results of ¹³C-MFA revealed that the flux from glycolysis to the TCA cycle gradually increased during TGase secretion. We speculate that the NADH/NAD⁺ ratio in the cells increases and that as a result, the specific glucose uptake rate decreases in the stationary phase because of the increased flux of the TCA cycle. Since it is expected that a decrease in the NADH/NAD⁺ ratio would improve the TGase yield, we tried to enhance lactate production in a TGase-secreting C. glutamicum strain to decrease cellular NADH levels by increasing the pH level in the culture. The TGase yield increased in 1.4-fold by increasing the pH from 6.7 to 7.2, indicating that the TGase yield was successfully improved on the basis of the ¹³C-MFA.     

Identification of flavanones from peel of Citrus changshan-huyou Y. B. Chang, by HPLC–MS and NMR

High-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a UV photodiode-array detector and a mass spectrometer (HPLC–MS) was used to analyze the constituents of an extract of Citrus changshan-huyou Y. B. Chang peel. Structures of two flavanones were identified based on their abundant [M+H]⁺ ions, UV spectra, and ¹HNMR and ¹³CNMR spectrometer as 5,4′-dihydroxy flavanone-7-O-α-glucoside (naringenin-7-O-α-glucoside) and 5,3′-dihydroxy-4′-methoxy flavanone-7-O-α-glucoside (hesperetin-7-O-α-glucoside). The two flavanones were first identified from peel of Citrus changshan-huyou Y. B. Chang.     

Chemical composition and antioxidant activity of tronchuda cabbage internal leaves

A phytochemical study was undertaken on the internal leaves of tronchuda cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. costata DC). Seventeen phenolic compounds were characterized and quantified by reversed-phase HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS ⁿ and HPLC/DAD, respectively: quercetin 3-O-sophoroside-7-O-glucoside, 3-p-coumaroylquinic acid, kaempferol 3-O-sophoroside-7-O-glucoside, kaempferol 3-O-(caffeoyl)-sophoroside-7-O-glucoside, sinapoyl gluc-oside acid, kaempferol 3-O-(sinapoyl)-sophoroside-7-O-glucoside, kaempferol 3-O-(feruloyl)-sophoroside-7-O-glucoside, kaempferol 3-O-(p-coumaroyl)-sophoroside-7-O-glucoside, 4-p-coumaroylquinic acid, sinapic acid, kaempferol 3-O-sophoroside, 3 isomeric forms of 1,2-disinapoylgentiobiose, 1-sinapoyl-2-feruloylgentiobiose, 1,2,2-trisinapoylgentiobiose and 1,2′-disinapoyl-2-ferul-oylgentiobiose. Seven organic acids (aconitic, citric, ascorbic, malic, quinic, shikimic and fumaric acids) were also identified and quantified. The hot water extract of tronchuda cabbage internal leaves was investigated for its capacity to act as a scavenger of DPPH^• radical and reactive oxygen species (superoxide radical, hydroxyl radical and hypochlorous acid), exhibiting antioxidant capacity in a concentration dependent manner against all radicals.     

Unusual sesquiterpene lactones with a new carbon skeleton and new acetylenes from Ajania przewalskii

Four new compounds, a noreudesmanolide (1), a guaianolide (4), and acetylenes (7–8), together with 16 other known compounds, were isolated from Ajania przewalskii. The novel sesquiterpenolide (1) possesses a rare carbon skeleton. Acetylation of 1 gave 1a. New compounds were elucidated as 1β-hydroxyl-2-noreudesm-4(15)-en-5α,6β,7α,11αH-12,6-olide (1), 1β-acetoxyoxyl-2-noreudesm-4(15)-en-5α,6β,7α,11αH-12,6-olide (1a), 8α-angeloyloxyl-3α,4α-dihydroxyguaia-1,9,11(13)-trien-6,12-olide (4), (E)-3β,4α-dihydroxyl-2-(2′,4′-hexadiynylidene)-1,6-dioxaspiro[4,5]decane (7) and 2-hydroxyl-2-[(E)-1α,2β,3-trihydroxyl-3-nonaene-5,7-diyne]-4H-pyran (8), by chemical and spectroscopic methods, including HRESIMS, 1D and 2D NMR. Cytotoxicity of nine compounds was assessed by their effects on selected cancer cell lines, K562, K562/ADM, BGC-823, and Hep-G2 cells. Phenolic acid 12 exhibited strong activity against K562 and K562/ADM cells and sesquiterpenolide 3 strong activity against K562/ADM cells. Radical-scavenging activities of 12 compounds, the mixed solvent extract (petrol ether–ether–methanol = 1:1:1), and the n-butanol extract were determined by ABTS and DPPH radical-scavenging assays. Phenols and coumarins (11–16), MSE, and n-BE displayed significant antioxidation (IC₅₀ < 20 μg/ml).     

α-Anomer-selective glucosylation of (+)-catechin by the crude enzyme, showing glucosyl transfer activity, of Xanthomonas campestris WU-9701

α-Anomer-selective glucosylation of (+)-catechin was carried out using the crude enzyme, showing α-glucose transferring activity, of Xanthomonas campestris WU-9701 with maltose as a glucosyl donor. When 60 mg of (+)-catechin and 50 mg of the enzyme (5.25 units as maltose hydrolysing activity) were incubated in 10 ml of 10 mM citrate-Na₂HPO₄ buffer (pH 6.5) containing 1.2 M maltose at 45°C, only one (+)-catechin glucoside was selectively obtained as a product. The (+)-catechin glucoside was identified as (+)-catechin 3′-O-α- -glucopyranoside (α-C-G) by ¹³C-NMR, ¹H-NMR and two-dimensional HMBC analysis. The reaction at 45°C for 36 h under the optimum conditions gave 12 mM α-C-G, 5.4 mg/ml in the reaction mixture, and the maximum molar conversion yield based on the amount of (+)-catechin supplied reached 57.1%. At 20°C, the solubility in pure water of α-C-G, of 450 mg/ml, was approximately 100 fold higher than that of (+)-catechin, of 4.6 mg/ml. Since α-C-G has no bitter taste and a slight sweet taste compared with (+)-catechin which has a very bitter taste, α-C-G may be a desirable additive for foods, particularly sweet foods.     

The effect of sub-zero temperatures on different lifestages of Lasioderma serricorne (F.) and Ephestia elutella (Hübner)

The effect of sub-zero temperatures on different lifestages of Lasioderma serricorne and Ephestia elutella was investigated as a means of disinfesting stored tobacco. Eggs, unacclimated cocoons and acclimated cocoons of L. serricorne were exposed to −10 °C, −15 °C and −20 °C in insulated boxes. There was no adult emergence from eggs or unacclimated cocoons following exposure to the respective temperatures for 4 h, 2 h and 1 h. With acclimated cocoons there was no adult emergence after 2 h at −15 °C and 1 h at −20 °C, but at −10 °C, there was adult emergence after 8, 12 and 24 h exposures.In field-scale experiments, cold acclimated fourth-instar larvae of L. serricorne were inserted into cases of leaf tobacco and boxes of finished product, put into commercial freezers and exposed to minimum temperatures of −10 °C, −18 °C or −25 °C. Critical temperatures were measured at the core of the commodity. No adults emerged from the commodity when exposed to at least −18 °C for periods ranging between 3.75 h and 39.25 h or when exposed to at least −25 °C for between 2.4 h and 3.7 h. At a minimum of −10 °C, 3 live adults emerged after 24 h exposure.With E. elutella, diapausing larvae were inserted into small scale tobacco bales and exposed to −10 °C, −13 °C, −15 °C or −20 °C. No emergence of adults and no larval survival was achieved after 21 d, 3 d and 2 h exposure at −10 °C, −15 °C and −20 °C respectively. At −13 °C, there was no adult emergence after 2 and 5 d exposure, but live larvae remained after 24 weeks incubation at 25 °C.Minimum conditions of −18 °C for 24 h and −25 °C for 4 h are recommended for the control of L. serricorne and −20 °C for 24 h for the control of E. elutella in stored tobacco (to fit with operational logistics).     

Effects of rapid chilling of carcasses and time of deboning on weight loss and technological quality of pork semimembranosus muscle

The effect of rapid air chilling of carcasses in the first 3 h of chilling at −31 °C (then at 2–4 °C, till 24 h post-mortem) and the possibility of earlier deboning (8 h post-mortem) after rapid air chilling, compared to conventional air chilling (at 2–4 °C, till 24 h post-mortem) on weight loss and technological quality (pH value, tenderness, drip loss, cooking loss and colour - L^*a^*b^* values) of pork M. semimembranosus was investigated. Under the rapid chilling conditions, weight loss was 0.8% at 8 h post-mortem and increased to 1.4% at 24 h post-mortem when weight loss was 2.0% under conventional chilling. Carcasses that were rapid chilled had significantly lower (P < 0.001) internal temperature in the deep leg at 4 (25.7 °C), 6 (13.0 °C), 8 (6.2 °C) and 24 h (3.8 °C) post-mortem compared to conventional chill treatment (32.7, 24.2, 19.1 and 5.1 °C, respectively). Rapid chilling reduced significantly (P < 0.05) the rate of pH value decline at 8 h (6.02) post-mortem in M. semimembranosus compared to conventional chill treatment (5.88). Compared to conventional chilling, in M. semimembranosus deboned in different time post-mortem, rapid chilling had a positive significant effect on drip loss (P < 0.05, muscles deboned 8 h post-mortem), cooking loss (P < 0.001) and incidence of pale colour (L^* value). Rapid chilling i.e. rapid chilling and earlier deboning had neither positive nor negative significant effects (P > 0.05) on other investigated technological quality parameters of M. semimembranosus (tenderness, a^* value and b^* value) compared to conventional chilling.     

Effects of BmKIT3R gene transfer on the development and survival of silkworm Bombyx mori

To verify the effects of gain-of-function mutation of the BmKIT3^R gene (from the Chinese scorpion Buthus martensii Karsch) on the development and survival rate of insects and to explore a novel strategy for pest control, the effects of BmKIT3^R gene transfer on the development and survival rate of silkworms were investigated. A novel transgenic vector derived from the piggyBac transposon with the BmKIT3^R gene controlled by the Bmhsp20.4 promoter was transferred into silkworm eggs. Transgenic silkworms were obtained after screening with GFP and G418 antibiotics and verification by PCR and dot hybridization. The results showed that the oviposition number decreased by 18.9%, and the hatching and final survival rates were approximately 63% and 47.5%, respectively. Some 18.9% of surviving pupae died before developing into moths in the G3 generation. A specific band corresponding to BmKIT3^R was detected for transgenic silkworms by Western blotting. This indicates that the Bmhsp 20.4 promoter has constitutive expression activity. The significant decrease in the survival rate suggests that pest population numbers could be effectively controlled by using BmKIT3^R gene transfer. Furthermore, it can be speculated that pupal development to moths could be blocked if BmKIT3^R were specially expressed in the pupal stage and reeling with fresh cocoons was performed.     

Identification and characterization of Dekkera bruxellensis, Candida pararugosa, and Pichia guilliermondii isolated from commercial red wines

Yeast isolates from commercial red wines were characterized with regards to tolerances to molecular SO₂, ethanol, and temperature as well as synthesis of 4-ethyl-phenol/4-ethyl-guaiacol in grape juice or wine. Based on rDNA sequencing, nine of the 11 isolates belonged to Dekkera bruxellensis (B1a, B1b, B2a, E1, F1a, F3, I1a, N2, and P2) while the other two were Candida pararugosa (Q2) and Pichia guilliermondii (Q3). Strains B1b, Q2, and Q3 were much more resistant to molecular SO₂ in comparison to the other strains of Dekkera. These strains were inoculated (10³–10⁴ cfu/ml) along with lower populations of Saccharomyces (<500 cfu/ml) into red grape juice and red wine incubated at two temperatures, 15 °C and 21 °C. Although Saccharomyces quickly dominated fermentations in grape juice, B1b and Q2 grew and eventually reached populations >10⁵ cfu/ml. In wine, Q3 never entered logarithmic growth and quickly died in contrast to Q2 which survived >40 days after inoculation. B1b grew well in wine incubated at 21 °C while slower growth was observed at 15 °C. Neither Q2 nor Q3 produced 4-ethyl-phenol or 4-ethyl-guaiacol, unlike B1b. However, lower concentrations of volatile phenols were present in wine incubated at 15 °C compared to 21 °C.     

Terpenoids and hexenes from the leaves of Crataegus pinnatifida

Crataegus pinnatifida have long been used in traditional Chinese medicine and European herbal medicine, and are widely consumed as food, in the form of juice, drink, jam and canned fruit. Four new compounds, a sesquiterpene and its glycoside (1–2), two monoterpene glycosides (3–4), together with eight known compounds (5–12), were isolated from the leaves of C. pinnatifida. Their structures were elucidated as (5Z)-6-[5-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2-methyltetrahydrofuran-2-yl]-3-methylhexa-1,5-dien-3-ol (1), (5Z)-6-[5-(2-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-propan-2-yl)-2-methyl tetrahydrofuran-2-yl]-3-methylhexa-1,5-dien-3-ol (2), 5-ethenyl-2-[2-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1″ → 6′)-β-d-glucopyranosyl-propan-2-yl]-5-methyltetrahydrofuran-2-ol (3), 4-[4β-O-β-d-xylopyranosyl-(1″ → 6′)-β-d-glucopyranosyl-2,6,6-trimethyl-1-cyclohexen-1-yl]-butan-2-one (4), (Z)-3-hexenyl O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1″ → 6′)-β-d-glucopyranoside (5), (Z)-3-hexenyl O-β-d-xylopyranosyl-(1″ → 6′)-β-d-glucopyranoside (6), (Z)-3-hexenyl O-β-d-rhamnopyranosyl-(1″ → 6′)-β-d-glucopyranoside (7), (3R,5S,6S,7E,9S)-megastiman-7-ene-3,5,6,9-tetrol (8), (3R,5S,6S,7E,9S)-megastigman-7-ene-3,5,6,9-tetrol9-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (9), (6S,7E,9R)-6,9-dihydroxy-4,7-megastigmadien-3-one 9-O-[β-d-xylopyranosyl-(1″ → 6′)-β-d-glucopyranoside] (10), Linarionoside C (11), and (3S,9R)-3,9-dihydroxy-megastigman-5-ene 3-O-primeveroside (12), using a combination of mass spectroscopy, 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy and chemical analysis. Cytotoxicity of the new compounds was assayed against selected human glioma (U87) cell lines.     

Control of food spoiling bacteria in cooked meat products with nisin,lacticin 3147, and a lacticin 3147-producing starter culture

Nisin, in the form of the commercial product Nisaplin, and lacticin 3147 in whey powdered form were added to minced pork-meat in amounts of 0.15% (w/w) and 1.5% (w/w), respectively. The meat was cooked and inoculated with a Staphylococcus aureus strain of meat origin and a Listeria innocua strain at a level of 10⁷ or 10⁵ CFU g^–1. The batches were stored vacuum-packaged for 21 days at 8 °C. Nisin and lacticin 3147 immediately reduced the L. innocua population at the time of inoculation. Nisin showed higher inhibitory activity than lacticin 3147. During the storage period, a slight L. innocua growth was observed in the batches inoculated with the larger inoculum, and a bacteriostatic effect was observed against Listeria in the batches inoculated with 10⁵ CFU g^–1. Nisin maintained a constant S. aureus population in the cooked batch inoculated with 10⁷ CFU g^–1, although the bacteriocin was capable of reducing the amount of S. aureus by 90% in the batch inoculated with 10⁵ CFU g^–1. On the other hand, lacticin 3147 did not show an inhibitory effect against S. aureus in the cooked meat. The starter culture Lactococcus lactis DPC 303-T4 (containing the conjugative plasmid encoding production of lacticin 3147) was inoculated in a portion of a Longissimus dorsi pork muscle with brine. L. lactis DPC 303-T4 performed a good fermentation, but lacticin 3147 production was not found after 7 days at 12 °C of storage.     

Flavonoid glycosides from Pouteria obovata (R. Br.) fruit flour

Three unknown dihydroflavanol glycosides: 2R,3R-4′O-methyl dihydrokaempferol 7-O-[3″-O-acetyl]-β-d-glucopyranoside (1), 2R,3R-4′-O-methyl dihydrokaempferol 7-O-β-d-β-l-xylopyranosyl-(1″′ → 6″)-[3″-O-acetyl]-β-d-glucopyranoside (2), 2R,3R-4′-O-methyl dihydrokaempferol 3-O-β-d-β-l-xylopyranosyl-(1″′ → 6″)-[3″-O-acetyl]-β-d-glucopyranoside (3), together with gallic acid (4) were isolated from the n-butanol fraction of Pouteria obovata fruit flour by chromatographic methods and their structures were elucidated on the basis of CD, UV, MS, monodimensional NMR (¹H and ¹³C) and bidimensional NMR (COSY, HSQC and HMBC). The quantitative analysis of flavonoids and phenols were also reported. Total phenolic amount (51.1 ± 14.1 mg GAE/1000 g; p < 0.0006) and flavonoid content (153.2 ± 3.5 mg CE/100 g; p < 0.004) were detected spectrophotometrically.     

Evaluation of the migration of 15 photo-initiators from cardboard packaging into Tenax® using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS)

Photo-initiators are widely used to cure ink on packaging materials used in food applications such as plastic films or cartonboards. In migration studies, food simulants are very often used to simulate food, like Tenax^®, which is the simulant for dry foodstuffs. In this paper a fast and reliable confirmation method for the determination of the following photo-initiators in Tenax^® is described: benzophenone (BP), 4,4´-bis(diethylamino)benzophenone (DEAB), 2-chloro-9H-thioxanthen-9-one (CTX), 1-chloro-4-propoxy-9H-thioxanthen-9-one (CPTX), 2,4-diethyl-9H-thioxanthen-9-one (DETX), 2,2-dimethoxy-2-phenyl acetophenone (DMPA), 4-(dimethylamino)benzophenone (DMBP), 2-ethylanthraquinone (EA), ethyl-4-dimethylaminobenzoate (EDMAB), 1-hydroxylcyclohexyl phenyl ketone (HCPK), 2-hydroxy-4´-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-2-methylpropiophenone (HMMP), 2-isopropyl-9H-thioxanthen-9-one (ITX), 4-methylbenzophenone (MBP), Michler’s ketone (MK), and 4-phenylbenzophenone (PBZ). After the migration study was completed, the simulant Tenax^® was extracted using acetonitrile, followed by analysis on ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Quantification was carried out using benzophenone-d₁₀ (BP-d₁₀) as internal standard. The presented method is validated in terms of matrix effect, specificity, linearity, recovery, precision and sensitivity, showing the method can detect all photo-initiators at very low concentrations (LOD < 0.125 µg g^–1 for all substances). Finally, the procedure was applied to real samples, proving the capabilities of the presented method.     

Characterization of a heterogalactan: Some nutritional values of the edible mushroom Flammulina velutipes

Production and consume of mushrooms have grown in the world, and beside these, the nutritional properties and biological active components of fungi have received more attention by researchers. Considering these, a mannofucogalactan was isolated from Flammulina velutipes, and characterized using ¹³C and ¹H (obs.), ¹³C HMQC nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and methylation analysis. The monosaccharide composition of this polymer was determined by GC–MS and showed Fucp, Manp, and Galp in the molar ratio 20:16:64, respectively. ¹³C NMR and ¹H (obs.), ¹³C HMQC indicated an anomeric region containing signals (C-1/H-1) at δ 102.9/5.19, 102.0/5.16, and 98.8/5.05 corresponding, sequentially, to non-reducing end of α-d-Manp, 3-O-substituted α-l-Fucp, and 6-O- and 2,6-di-O-substituted α-d-Galp units. Along with methylation analysis, these data showed a structure with a main chain composed of 6-O-substituted Galp units, partially substituted at O-2 by 3-O-d-mannopyranosyl-l-fucopyranosyl, α-d-mannopyranosyl, and in a minor proportion, α-l-fucopyranosyl groups. Furthermore, some nutritional values of this edible mushroom were evaluated, like amino acid and mineral nutrient contents.