火焰喷涂NiCrBSi涂层的纳米力学性能

为揭示热喷涂涂层在不同尺度下的力学性能,在45钢基体上制备了平均厚度为750μm的火焰喷涂NiCrBSi涂层,利用纳米压痕技术研究了不同压痕深度下涂层表/截面力学性能、弹塑性和压痕变形行为。结果表明:涂层表/截面力学性能均呈现明显的尺寸效应,硬度、弹性模量、弹塑性随压入深度增加不断降低。涂层表面表现出高弹性,其压痕弹性功与总压痕功的比值ηIT在500nm深度内达到52%,而涂层截面为40%;涂层截面具有高硬度和高模量,其纳米硬度和弹性模量在2000nm深度内比涂层表面分别高28%和33%。涂层压痕变形表现为理想塑性、凹陷、凸起和裂纹等多种特征,随着压入深度增加,涂层表/截面弹塑性差异逐渐降低,并在2500nm深度同时下降到35%。涂层单一薄层结构在不同方向具有相同的硬度和弹性模量,但随压入深度增大,压头包含的涂层体积增大,相邻薄层,特别是孔隙、裂纹、层间边界等缺陷对涂层性能的影响逐渐增强,导致涂层表/截面硬度和弹性模量的差异性随压痕深度增加不断降低。     

正交各向异性圆柱壳的弹塑性屈曲分析

应用能量原理和正交各向异性材料的混合硬化本构关系,推导出在两端简支条件下轴向压缩圆柱壳的弹塑性临界应力表达式。计算了相应的临界应力。讨论了几何尺寸,材料性能等因素对临界应力的影响。计算结果表明,几何尺寸对弹塑性临界应力的影响较小,而材料的力学性能对弹塑性临界应力有较大的影响。     

一种空间剪力墙非线性计算模型

我国地震区的高层建筑结构一般都要布置复杂的钢筋混凝土剪力墙,如何有效模拟这些复杂墙体的力学性能就成为高层结构弹塑性分析的关键。该文在两元件墙单元模型的基础上提出了一种空间墙非线性分析模型,该模型考虑了墙体的轴向、弯曲和剪切弹塑性变形,并能合理考虑墙-墙、梁-墙交界处结点的位移协调。与试验结果对比分析表明,该文建立的墙单元模型具有自由度少和计算稳定等特点,可用于钢筋混凝土剪力墙结构的初步设计或整体性能评价,为复杂墙体弹塑性分析提供了可行的方法。     

裂纹面受两对集中剪力作用下的弹塑性分析

利用裂纹线场方法对理想弹塑性材料无限大板受两对集中剪力问题进行了弹塑性分析,并且获得了理论解。这个解包括:裂纹线附近弹塑性边界上的单位法向矢量、裂纹线附近的弹塑性解析解、裂纹线上的塑性区长度随荷载的变化规律及其承载力。分析不受小范围屈服假设的限制,并且不附加假使条件。结果在裂纹线附近足够精确。     

基于分形的三维粗糙表面弹塑性接触力学模型与试验验证

基于分形几何理论,利用双变量的Weierstrass-Mandelbrot函数模拟三维分形粗糙表面,建立了三维分形粗糙表面弹塑性接触模型。推导出各等级微凸体发生弹性、弹塑性以及完全塑性变形的存在条件。确定了粗糙表面上各等级微凸体的面积分布密度函数,获得了总接触载荷和真实接触面积之间的关系式。计算结果表明:单个微凸体的临界接触面积与其尺寸相关,随着微凸体等级的增大,微凸体的高度和峰顶曲率半径减小。微凸体的变形顺序为弹性变形、弹塑性变形和完全塑性变形,与经典的赫兹模型保持一致。粗糙表面的力学性能仅与最小等级及后续的6个等级微凸体相关,其余微凸体基本上对整个粗糙表面的力学性能影响很小。最后对粗糙表面的接触力学性能进行了试验测试,验证了该模型的合理性与正确性。     

考虑受压屈曲的圆钢管杆单元等效弹塑性滞回模型

强震作用下网格结构杆件的破坏形式为受拉屈服和受压屈曲,而常用的理想弹塑性模型却不能考虑杆件受压屈曲的情况。使用LS-DYNA软件对不同长细比圆钢管杆单元的受压极限承载力、屈曲前后平衡路径以及卸载路径进行计算,并分析拉压往复作用下的滞回规律。通过统计这些杆单元的轴力、伸长量与长细比之间的关系,提出了一个能同时考虑受拉屈服和受压屈曲的圆钢管杆单元的等效弹塑性滞回模型。进一步将该等效弹塑性模型应用于一球面网壳结构的罕遇地震作用时程计算,发现杆件的破坏形式和结构薄弱区域与理想弹塑性模型的结果有明显区别,也反映了本文提出的等效弹塑性滞回模型的有效性。     

蜂窝纸板力学模型的建立和缓冲性能的研究

通过对蜂窝纸板力学性能的研究,建立了蜂窝纸板的粘弹塑性力学模型.通过分析,该力学模型在材料的蠕变和回复等力学特性上能够较好地反映蜂窝纸板的实际力学性能.通过建立蜂窝纸板的力学模型,对使用该种材料做缓冲衬垫的包装件的静态和动态力学的研究以及缓冲包装设计都具有理论参考价值.     

有限宽偏心裂纹板在裂纹面受两对集中拉力作用时裂纹线的弹塑性解析解

在实际中偏心裂纹板的受力问题比中心裂纹板受力问题更为普遍。利用裂纹线场分析法简化了弹塑性断裂力学问题的复杂性和数学上的困难,求得了偏心裂纹板在裂纹面上受两对集中拉力作用时裂纹线附近弹塑性边界上的单位法向量、裂纹线附近的弹塑性应力场以及裂纹线上的塑性区长度随荷载的变化规律。在理想弹塑性情况下,该文中的理论解在裂纹线场附近是足够精确的。     

两边连接开缝钢板剪力墙的试验研究

该文进行了5 个开缝钢板剪力墙在滞回荷载作用下的试验研究,着重研究了钢板剪力墙开缝排数对其力学性能的影响,同时考虑了钢板跨高比和钢板与框架梁连接方式的影响。试验结果表明:两边连接开缝钢板剪力墙具有良好的滞回性能;在弹性阶段,钢板以整体变形为主;进入弹塑性阶段,钢板由整体屈曲变形逐步过渡到以小柱弯扭屈曲为主的变形。构件的最终破坏模式表现为小柱端部撕裂或墙板端部撕裂。钢板开缝排数对剪力墙力学性能的影响较小。已有的研究结果表明:剪力墙的力学性能主要和缝间小柱的宽厚比和高宽比有关,当宽厚比小于15 且高宽比大于3 时,开缝钢板剪力墙具有良好的滞回性能,缝间小柱端部形成塑性铰耗能,基本能达到理想的平面内工作状态。     

消能减震钢筋砼框架结构的设计方法研究

本文对江苏新沂市某商业楼所采用的消能减震钢筋砼框架结构进行了设计,研制了构造简单、消能能力强的新型消能器,对其进行了弹塑性有限元力学性能分析,并对该消能减震钢筋砼框架结构和相应的普通框架结构及框架－剪力墙结构进行了弹塑性时程分析。结果表明所设计的消能减振框架结构具有优越的抗震性能,并为类似建筑结构的设计提供了借鉴。     

Nanostructural metallic materials: Structures and mechanical properties

The trade-off of strength and ductility of metals has long plagued materials scientists. To resolve this issue, great efforts have been devoted over the past decades to developing a variety of technological pathways for effectively tailoring the microstructure of metallic materials. Here, we review the recent advanced nanostructure design strategies for purposely fabricating heterogeneous nanostructures in crystalline and non-crystalline metallic materials. Several representative structural approaches are introduced, including (1) hierarchical nanotwinned (HNT) structures, extreme grain refinement and dislocation architectures etc. for crystalline metals; (2) nanoglass structure for non-crystalline alloys, i.e. metallic glasses (MGs); and (3) a series of supra-nano-dual-phase (SNDP) nanostructures for composite alloys. The mechanical properties are further optimized by manipulating these nanostructures, especially coupling multiple advanced nanostructures into one material. Particularly, the newly developed SNDP nanostructures greatly enrich the nanostructure design strategies by utilizing supra-nano sized crystals and MGs, which exhibit unique size and synergistic effects. The origins of these gratifying properties are discussed in this review. Furthermore, based on a comprehensive understanding of microscopic mechanisms, a broad vision of strategies towards high strength and high ductility are proposed to promote future innovations.     

Enhancing the mechanical properties of low-carbon steel by a graded dislocation microstructure

In the present paper, the microstructures and mechanical properties of a low-carbon steel processed by graded pre-torsion (PTO) and homogeneous pre-tension (PTE), respectively, have been investigated. Experimental results demonstrate that both PTO and PTE can improve the strength of the low-carbon steel, but at a loss of ductility and toughness. However, a much better strength–ductility–toughness synergy is achieved in samples processed by graded PTO than that in samples subjected to PTE. This enhancement of comprehensive mechanical properties is due to the formation of a graded microstructure, that is, the dislocation-density increases gradually with decreasing the depth from the sample surface. This study provides a strategy for enhancing the mechanical properties of metallic materials by graded plastic deformation.     

Interface sheet-constrained groove pressing as a modified severe plastic deformation process

In this paper, a new severe plastic deformation (SPD) process entitled interface sheet-constrained groove pressing (ISCGP) as a new variant of conventional CGP has been developed for producing ultrafine-grained metallic materials. In this process, repetitive shear deformation is imposed into the sheet material by utilising symmetrically grooved die along with two interface sheet on both sides. To study the applicability, mild steel sheets were processed by both ISCGP and CGP processes, and mechanical and microstructural properties of the processed samples were investigated. The results show a considerable improvement in mechanical properties including hardness, yield strength, and ultimate tensile strength, though the ductility sacrifice was reduced. Comparing ISCGP and conventional CGP revealed interesting results, which are shown that ISCGP can result in better surface quality and ductility.     

块体纳米金属材料力学性能研究进展

简要评述了提高块体纳米金属材料的力学性能的最新研究进展,包括强度、弹性、延展性、应变强化、应变速率敏感性、蠕变、疲劳和摩擦磨损性能;总结了优化其综合力学性能的研究结果;分析了其变形机理,并探讨了纳米金属材料力学性能研究的发展趋势.     

Control of the structure and mechanical properties of thick vacuum condensates using dispersed particles

This work summarizes the results of investigations of the structural and mechanical properties of two-phase condensates obtained by the simultaneous electron beam evaporation from independent sources of metals (nickel and iron) and of non-metallic materials (oxides, carbides and borides). The mechanical properties are considered in relation to the substrate temperature, the particle diameter, the second phase content, interphase interactions at the particle-matrix material interface and the grain size of the metallic matrix. An extension of the mechanism that controls the strength and ductility of two-phase condensates of the dispersion-strengthened type is presented.     

Effect of individual and combined addition of micro/nano-sized metallic elements on the microstructure and mechanical properties of pure Mg

In this study, the effects of the addition of individual micro- and nano-sized metallic elements (micron-Ti and nano-Cu) and their combination on the microstructure and mechanical properties of pure Mg were investigated. The materials were produced by rapid microwave sintering assisted powder metallurgy technique followed by hot extrusion. From the microstructural characterization and mechanical property evaluation, it was identified that the solid solubility, size and the method of addition of elements significantly influenced the properties. While the insoluble micron-Ti enhanced the strength and reduced the ductility due to weak interface, the addition of nano-Cu with relative solid solubility enhanced the strength due to the formation of Mg₂Cu intermetallics and retained the ductility. The positive effect of their combined addition was found to be more pronounced when they were pre-processed, rather than their direct addition. The change in particle morphology, Ti₃Cu intermetallic formation and good interfacial bonding with the matrix achieved due to pre-processing contributed towards its superior strength and ductility.     

Polymer nanocomposites processed via self-assembly through introduction of nanoparticles,nanosheets, and nanofibers

Nanocomposites offer the theoretical potential to achieve mechanical properties surpassing those of conventional (micro-scale) composites. The underlying reasons for the high potential of nanocomposites include the uniquely high mechanical attributes of nano-scale reinforcement, effective control of defect size and growth by nano-spaced interfaces, and interactions between the polymer matrix and the large surface areas of nanomaterials. Attempts to produce nanocomposites via conventional processing techniques have encountered challenges associated with thorough dispersion and effective interfacial interactions of nano-scale reinforcement with the polymer matrix. In order to address these challenges, materials were processed into polymer nanocomposites via electrostatically driven layer-by-layer self-assembly. Electrostatically dispersed nanomaterials and oppositely charged polyelectrolytes were sequentially built upon a substrate (cellular scaffold). The self-assembled nanocomposites, after complementary cross-linking, provided a unique balance of strength and ductility, which surpassed those of conventional (micro-scale) composites. Self-assembly was found to be an effective approach to producing nanocomposites embodying uniformly dispersed nanomaterials with controlled interfacial interactions. This approach is highly versatile and enables introduction of diverse nanomaterials into polymer nanocomposites. The work reported herein evaluated introduction of diverse categories of nanomaterials incorporating nanoparticles, nanosheets, nanotubes, and nanofibers. This investigation also evaluated the potential for a biomimetic approach to processing of light-weight structural systems by self-assembly of polymer nanocomposites onto cellular scaffolds.     

Mechanical properties of bulk metallic glasses

The mechanical properties of bulk metallic glasses, including their superior strength and hardness, and excellent corrosion and wear resistance, combined with their general inability to undergo homogeneous plastic deformation have been a subject of fascination for scientists and engineers. The scientific interest stems from the unconventional deformation and failure initiation mechanisms in this class of materials in which the typical carriers of plastic flow (dislocations) are absent. Metallic glasses undergo highly localized, heterogeneous deformation by formation of shear bands, a particular mode of deformation of interest for certain applications, but which also causes them to fail catastrophically due to uninhibited shear band propagation. Varying degrees of brittle and plastic failure creating intricate fracture patterns are observed in metallic glasses, quite different from those observed in crystalline solids. The tension–compression anisotropy, strain-rate sensitivity, thermal stability, stress-induced crystallization and polyamorphism transformations, are some of the attributes that have sparked engineering studies on bulk metallic glasses. Understanding of the glass-forming ability and the deformation and failure mechanisms of bulk metallic glasses, has given insight into alloy compositions and intrinsically-forming or extrinsically-added reinforcement phases for creating composite structures, to attain the combination of high strength, tensile ductility, and fracture toughness needed for use in advanced structural applications. The relative ease of fabricating metallic glasses into bulk forms, combined with their unique mechanical properties, has made these materials attractive options for possible applications in aerospace, naval, sports equipment, luxury goods, armor and anti-armor systems, electronic packaging, and biomedical devices.     

Strategies for Achieving Strength–Ductility Synergy in Face-Centered Cubic High- and Medium-Entropy Alloys

High- and medium-entropy alloys (HEAs/MEAs), also called as multicomponent alloys, are a new class of materials that break through the traditional alloy design concept based on single principal element. However, they do not break away from the magic spell of strength–ductility trade-off. Therefore, designing HEAs/MEAs with both high strength and high ductility still remains a great challenge nowadays. This article provides a review on the recent progress in mechanical properties of face-centered cubic (FCC) HEAs/MEAs. First, several traditional strengthening strategies are briefly reviewed, focusing on the strengthening mechanisms and the optimized mechanical properties. Subsequently, various novel strategies for achieving strength–ductility synergy in HEAs/MEAs are summarized, which include lowering the stacking fault energy, regulating the short-range order, promoting transformation-induced plasticity, and constructing heterogeneous microstructures. The basic ideas and related underlying mechanisms from these strategies are discussed. Finally, the current challenges and the future outlooks are emphasized and addressed systematically. In brief, the present review is expected to provide a useful guide for the design of HEAs/MEAs with superior mechanical properties.     

NiAl基金属间化合物的研究进展

介绍和评述了NiAl基金属间化合物的研究进辰。由于NiAl基金属闻化合物的一些优异性能，长期以来作为高温结构的候选材料而得到了广泛的关注，但是NiAl在室温下塑性差和高温时强度低限制了它的使用。着重介绍了对NiAl的晶体结构和缺陷、力学性能、化学性能等方面的研究，利用控制显微结构、合金化和改进加工技术等方法改善了NiAl的室温塑性和高温强度。