The Role of Nitric Oxide in Plant Responses to Salt Stress

The gas nitric oxide (NO) plays an important role in several biological processes in plants, including growth, development, and biotic/abiotic stress responses. Salinity has received increasing attention from scientists as an abiotic stressor that can seriously harm plant growth and crop yields. Under saline conditions, plants produce NO, which can alleviate salt-induced damage. Here, we summarize NO synthesis during salt stress and describe how NO is involved in alleviating salt stress effects through different strategies, including interactions with various other signaling molecules and plant hormones. Finally, future directions for research on the role of NO in plant salt tolerance are discussed. This summary will serve as a reference for researchers studying NO in plants.     

Crosstalk between Melatonin and Reactive Oxygen Species in Plant Abiotic Stress Responses: An Update

Melatonin acts as a multifunctional molecule that takes part in various physiological processes, especially in the protection against abiotic stresses, such as salinity, drought, heat, cold, heavy metals, etc. These stresses typically elicit reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation. Excessive ROS induce oxidative stress and decrease crop growth and productivity. Significant advances in melatonin initiate a complex antioxidant system that modulates ROS homeostasis in plants. Numerous evidences further reveal that melatonin often cooperates with other signaling molecules, such as ROS, nitric oxide (NO), and hydrogen sulfide (H₂S). The interaction among melatonin, NO, H₂S, and ROS orchestrates the responses to abiotic stresses via signaling networks, thus conferring the plant tolerance. In this review, we summarize the roles of melatonin in establishing redox homeostasis through the antioxidant system and the current progress of complex interactions among melatonin, NO, H₂S, and ROS in higher plant responses to abiotic stresses. We further highlight the vital role of respiratory burst oxidase homologs (RBOHs) during these processes. The complicated integration that occurs between ROS and melatonin in plants is also discussed.     

Fructose Intake Impairs the Synergistic Vasomotor Manifestation of Nitric Oxide and Hydrogen Sulfide in Rat Aorta

In this study, we evaluated the effect of eight weeks of administration of 10% fructose solution to adult Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats on systolic blood pressure (SBP), plasma and biometric parameters, vasoactive properties of the thoracic aorta (TA), NO synthase (NOS) activity, and the expression of enzymes producing NO and H₂S. Eight weeks of fructose administration did not affect SBP, glycaemia, or the plasma levels of total cholesterol or low-density and high-density lipoprotein; however, it significantly increased the plasma levels of γ-glutamyl transferase and alanine transaminase. Chronic fructose intake deteriorated endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation (EDVR) and increased the sensitivity of adrenergic receptors to noradrenaline. Acute NOS inhibition evoked a reduction in EDVR that was similar between groups; however, it increased adrenergic contraction more in fructose-fed rats. CSE inhibition decreased EDVR in WKY but not in fructose-fed rats. The application of a H₂S scavenger evoked a reduction in the EDVR in WKY rats and normalized the sensitivity of adrenergic receptors in rats treated with fructose. Fructose intake did not change NOS activity but reduced the expression of eNOS and CBS in the TA and CSE and CBS in the left ventricle. Based on our results, we could assume that the impaired vascular function induced by increased fructose intake was probably not directly associated with a decreased production of NO, but rather with impairment of the NO–H₂S interaction and its manifestation in vasoactive responses.     

Hydrogen Sulfide Alleviates Manganese Stress in Arabidopsis

Hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) has been shown to participate in various stress responses in plants, including drought, salinity, extreme temperatures, osmotic stress, and heavy metal stress. Manganese (Mn), as a necessary nutrient for plant growth, plays an important role in photosynthesis, growth, development, and enzymatic activation of plants. However, excessive Mn²⁺ in the soil can critically affect plant growth, particularly in acidic soil. In this study, the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana was used to explore the mechanism of H₂S participation and alleviation of Mn stress. First, using wild-type Arabidopsis with excessive Mn²⁺ treatment, the following factors were increased: H₂S content, the main H₂S synthetase L-cysteine desulfhydrase enzyme (AtLCD) activity, and the expression level of the AtLCD gene. Further, using the wild-type, AtLCD deletion mutant (lcd) and overexpression lines (OE5 and OE32) as materials, the phenotype of Arabidopsis seedlings was observed by exogenous application of hydrogen sulfide donor sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS) and scavenger hypotaurine (HT) under excessive Mn²⁺ treatment. The results showed that NaHS can significantly alleviate the stress caused by Mn²⁺, whereas HT aggravates this stress. The lcd mutant is more sensitive to Mn stress than the wild type, and the overexpression lines are more resistant. Moreover, the mechanism of H₂S alleviating Mn stress was determined. The Mn²⁺ content and the expression of the Mn transporter gene in the mutant were significantly higher than those of the wild-type and overexpression lines. The accumulation of reactive oxygen species was significantly reduced in NaHS-treated Arabidopsis seedlings and AtLCD overexpression lines, and the activities of various antioxidant enzymes (SOD, POD, CAT, APX) also significantly increased. In summary, H₂S is involved in the response of Arabidopsis to Mn stress and may alleviate the inhibition of Mn stress on Arabidopsis seedling growth by reducing Mn²⁺ content, reducing reactive oxygen species content, and enhancing antioxidant enzyme activity. This study provides an important basis for further study of plant resistance to heavy metal stress.     

氧化铁脱硫剂脱除煤气中硫化氢的技术探讨

简述了氧化铁脱硫工艺流程,介绍了氧化铁脱硫剂性质。在此基础上,提出了氧化铁脱硫工艺中的技术要点,如氧化铁脱硫剂需要一定的湿度,保证良好的脱硫条件;当H2S含量较高时需降低空速;控制再生过程的反应温度,热点温度不超过80℃;装填完毕脱硫塔必须用惰性气试密。     

Hydrogen Sulfide Plays an Important Role by Regulating Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Diabetes-Related Diseases

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) plays important roles in protein synthesis, protein folding and modification, lipid biosynthesis, calcium storage, and detoxification. ER homeostasis is destroyed by physiological and pharmacological stressors, resulting in the accumulation of misfolded proteins, which causes ER stress. More and more studies have shown that ER stress contributes to the pathogenesis of many diseases, such as diabetes, inflammation, neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, and autoimmune diseases. As a toxic gas, H₂S has, in recent years, been considered the third most important gas signal molecule after NO and CO. H₂S has been found to have many important physiological functions and to play an important role in many pathological and physiological processes. Recent evidence shows that H₂S improves the body’s defenses to many diseases, including diabetes, by regulating ER stress, but its mechanism has not yet been fully understood. We therefore reviewed recent studies of the role of H₂S in improving diabetes-related diseases by regulating ER stress and carefully analyzed its mechanism in order to provide a theoretical reference for future research.     

紫外光催化分解硫化氢制氢的研究

以纳米TiO2（P25）作为光催化剂,10W低压汞灯作为光源（简称UVC,特征波长为253．7nm）,进行光催化分解硫化氢制氢反应的研究。考察了UVC分解硫化氢和TiO2光催化分解硫化氢的协同作用以及UVC催化分解硫化氢制氢的实验条件,包括光催化剂的用量,反应溶液溶氧,硫化氢的连续通入等对产氢结果的影响。实验结果表明,TiO2可以促进UVC分解硫化氢制氢反应;反应溶液溶氧量的降低和硫化氢的连续通入可以提高反应的产氢量。当以250mL 0．1mol／L硫化钠水溶液为反应介质,TiO2加入量为0．05g,并以40mL／h速率连续通入硫化氢时,UVC催化分解硫化氢的产氢速率可达4．04mL／W·h。     

石化厂湿硫化氢环境下钢的腐蚀开裂与选材

叙述了石化厂湿硫化氢环境下钢的腐蚀类型、应力腐蚀及氢致开裂的机理、影响因素、危害程度的评定以及防护对策。     

The Role of Hydrogen Sulfide Regulation of Autophagy in Liver Disorders

Autophagy is a complex process of degradation of senescent or dysfunctional organelles in cells. Dysfunctional autophagy is associated with many diseases such as cancers, immune dysfunction, and aging. Hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) is considered to be the third gas signal molecule after nitrous oxide and carbon monoxide. In recent years, H₂S has been found to have a variety of important biological functions, and plays an important role in a variety of physiological and pathological processes. In this review, we review the recent role and mechanism of H₂S in regulating autophagy in liver disorders, in order to provide a basis for further research in the future.     

高含硫天然气净化厂硫化氢气体吸收的影响因素探讨

综合论述了高含硫天然气净化厂对原料气中硫化氢气体吸收处理的方法。普光天然气净化厂在气体吸收溶剂上选择了最新的MDEA脱除溶剂,在工艺上采用了两级吸收的醇胺脱硫和级间冷却技术,充分实现了硫化氢气体的全部吸收。在硫化氢气体吸收过程中,普光天然气净化厂对工艺参数也进行了优化选择,最终实现了节能减排的总方针。     

粉煤灰脱除硫化氢的可行性研究

文章通过对粉煤灰进行X射线荧光分析、X射线衍射分析和含水量试验,理论分析了粉煤灰直接用于脱除硫化氢气体的可行性,并对这一理论分析进行了多方面的试验验证,结果表明粉煤灰直接用于脱除硫化氢气体是可行的。     

The Interplay between Hydrogen Sulfide and Phytohormone Signaling Pathways under Challenging Environments

Hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) serves as an important gaseous signaling molecule that is involved in intra- and intercellular signal transduction in plant–environment interactions. In plants, H₂S is formed in sulfate/cysteine reduction pathways. The activation of endogenous H₂S and its exogenous application has been found to be highly effective in ameliorating a wide variety of stress conditions in plants. The H₂S interferes with the cellular redox regulatory network and prevents the degradation of proteins from oxidative stress via post-translational modifications (PTMs). H₂S-mediated persulfidation allows the rapid response of proteins in signaling networks to environmental stimuli. In addition, regulatory crosstalk of H₂S with other gaseous signals and plant growth regulators enable the activation of multiple signaling cascades that drive cellular adaptation. In this review, we summarize and discuss the current understanding of the molecular mechanisms of H₂S-induced cellular adjustments and the interactions between H₂S and various signaling pathways in plants, emphasizing the recent progress in our understanding of the effects of H₂S on the PTMs of proteins. We also discuss future directions that would advance our understanding of H₂S interactions to ultimately mitigate the impacts of environmental stresses in the plants.     

The Hidden Role of Hydrogen Sulfide Metabolism in Cancer

Hydrogen Sulfide (H₂S), an endogenously produced gasotransmitter, is involved in various important physiological and disease conditions, including vasodilation, stimulation of cellular bioenergetics, anti-inflammation, and pro-angiogenesis. In cancer, aberrant up-regulation of H₂S-producing enzymes is frequently observed in different cancer types. The recognition that tumor-derived H₂S plays various roles during cancer development reveals opportunities to target H₂S-mediated signaling pathways in cancer therapy. In this review, we will focus on the mechanism of H₂S-mediated protein persulfidation and the detailed information about the dysregulation of H₂S-producing enzymes and metabolism in different cancer types. We will also provide an update on mechanisms of H₂S-mediated cancer progression and summarize current options to modulate H₂S production for cancer therapy.     

The Role of Plant Progesterone in Regulating Growth,Development, and Biotic/Abiotic Stress Responses

Progesterone is a steroid hormone that performs important functions in mammals. However, studies on its physiological functions in plants have gradually increased in recent years. Therefore, this review summarizes the regulatory functions of progesterone on plant growth and development, as well as its response to stress. Moreover, the plant metabolic processes of progesterone are also discussed. Overall, progesterone is ubiquitous in plants and can regulate numerous plant physiological processes at low concentrations. Since progesterone shares similar characteristics with plant hormones, it is expected to become a candidate for plant hormone. However, most of the current research on progesterone in plants is limited to the physiological level, and more molecular level research is needed to clarify progesterone signaling pathways.     

Role of Silica Nanoparticles in Abiotic and Biotic Stress Tolerance in Plants: A Review

The demand for agricultural crops continues to escalate with the rapid growth of the population. However, extreme climates, pests and diseases, and environmental pollution pose a huge threat to agricultural food production. Silica nanoparticles (SNPs) are beneficial for plant growth and production and can be used as nanopesticides, nanoherbicides, and nanofertilizers in agriculture. This article provides a review of the absorption and transportation of SNPs in plants, as well as their role and mechanisms in promoting plant growth and enhancing plant resistance against biotic and abiotic stresses. In general, SNPs induce plant resistance against stress factors by strengthening the physical barrier, improving plant photosynthesis, activating defensive enzyme activity, increasing anti-stress compounds, and activating the expression of defense-related genes. The effect of SNPs on plants stress is related to the physical and chemical properties (e.g., particle size and surface charge) of SNPs, soil, and stress type. Future research needs to focus on the “SNPs–plant–soil–microorganism” system by using omics and the in-depth study of the molecular mechanisms of SNPs-mediated plant resistance.     

The Role of Nitric Oxide Signaling in Plant Responses to Cadmium Stress

Nitric oxide (NO) is a widely distributed gaseous signaling molecule in plants that can be synthesized through enzymatic and non-enzymatic pathways and plays an important role in plant growth and development, signal transduction, and response to biotic and abiotic stresses. Cadmium (Cd) is a heavy metal pollutant widely found in the environment, which not only inhibits plant growth but also enters humans through the food chain and endangers human health. To reduce or avoid the adverse effects of Cd stress, plants have evolved a range of coping mechanisms. Many studies have shown that NO is also involved in the plant response to Cd stress and plays an important role in regulating the resistance of plants to Cd stress. However, until now, the mechanisms by which Cd stress regulates the level of endogenous NO accumulation in plant cells remained unclear, and the role of exogenous NO in plant responses to Cd stress is controversial. This review describes the pathways of NO production in plants, the changes in endogenous NO levels in plants under Cd stress, and the effects of exogenous NO on regulating plant resistance to Cd stress.     

Al-MCM-41沸石负载纳米CdS光催化分解硫化氢制氢研究

采用离子交换-沉积法,制备出CdS／Al-MCM-41负载型光催化剂（CdS／M41）,利用UV—Vis、XRD、ICP—AES和SEM—EDS等测试手段对催化剂进行了表征。分析结果表明,CdS已进入Al-MCM-41孔道内;CdS为六方晶系,CdS的引入没有改变沸石骨架的有序结构及其形貌特征;UV—Vis吸收边出明显蓝移,是量子尺寸的体现。考察了不同反应介质中,CdS／M41光催化分解硫化氢制氢性能。实验结果表明,以0．35mol／LNa2S～0．25mol／LNa2SO3的混合水溶液为反应介质时,CdS／M41光催化产氢速率可达43．96mmol／g·h cat．（CdS）,是纯CdS光催化剂的9．85倍。     

CdS／ZnO复合光催化剂催化分解硫化氢制氢研究

采用溶胶-凝胶-沉淀的方法,制备出CdS／ZnO复合光催化剂,并通过XRD和UV—Vis漫反射光谱对催化剂进行了表征。考察了ZnO制备过程中胶溶剂种类、CdS物质的量百分含量（X）和焙烧温度（T）对CdS／ZnO复合光催化剂的性质与光催化分解硫化氢制氢性能的影响。实验结果表明：CdS／ZnO复合催化剂中,ZnO和CdS为六方晶系,UV—Vis吸收边有不同程度的红移。当以氨水为胶溶剂,T为400℃,x为50时,制备出的CdS／ZnO复合催化剂,其光催化分解硫化氢制氢速率最大,可达35mmol／g·h。     

高温氢和硫化氢混合气体对设备的腐蚀及防护

论述了石油化工装置处于高温氢和硫化氢混合气体时对设备的腐蚀机理和腐蚀过程的影响因素;对高温H2-H2S腐蚀提出了防护措施。     

Exogenous Hydrogen Sulfide Plays an Important Role by Regulating Autophagy in Diabetic-Related Diseases

Autophagy is a vital cell mechanism which plays an important role in many physiological processes including clearing long-lived, accumulated and misfolded proteins, removing damaged organelles and regulating growth and aging. Autophagy also participates in a variety of biological functions, such as development, cell differentiation, resistance to pathogens and nutritional hunger. Recently, autophagy has been reported to be involved in diabetes, but the mechanism is not fully understood. Hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) is a colorless, water-soluble, flammable gas with the typical odor of rotten eggs, which has been known as a highly toxic gas for many years. However, it has been reported recently that H₂S, together with nitric oxide and carbon monoxide, is an important gas signal transduction molecule. H₂S has been reported to play a protective role in many diabetes-related diseases, but the mechanism is not fully clear. Recent studies indicate that H₂S plays an important role by regulating autophagy in many diseases including cancer, tissue fibrosis diseases and glycometabolic diseases; however, the related mechanism has not been fully studied. In this review, we summarize recent research on the role of H₂S in regulating autophagy in diabetic-related diseases to provide references for future related research.