Salicylic Acid in Root Growth and Development

In plants, salicylic acid (SA) is a hormone that mediates a plant’s defense against pathogens. SA also takes an active role in a plant’s response to various abiotic stresses, including chilling, drought, salinity, and heavy metals. In addition, in recent years, numerous studies have confirmed the important role of SA in plant morphogenesis. In this review, we summarize data on changes in root morphology following SA treatments under both normal and stress conditions. Finally, we provide evidence for the role of SA in maintaining the balance between stress responses and morphogenesis in plant development, and also for the presence of SA crosstalk with other plant hormones during this process.     

Alleviation of Osmotic Stress Effects by Exogenous Application of Salicylic or Abscisic Acid on Wheat Seedlings

The aim of the study was to assess the role of salicylic acid (SA) and abscisic acid (ABA) in osmotic stress tolerance of wheat seedlings. This was accomplished by determining the impact of the acids applied exogenously on seedlings grown under osmotic stress in hydroponics. The investigation was unique in its comprehensiveness, examining changes under osmotic stress and other conditions, and testing a number of parameters simultaneously. In both drought susceptible (SQ1) and drought resistant (CS) wheat cultivars, significant physiological and biochemical changes were observed upon the addition of SA (0.05 mM) or ABA (0.1 μM) to solutions containing half-strength Hoagland medium and PEG 6000 (−0.75 MPa). The most noticeable result of supplementing SA or ABA to the medium (PEG + SA and PEG + ABA) was a decrease in the length of leaves and roots in both cultivars. While PEG treatment reduced gas exchange parameters, chlorophyll content in CS, and osmotic potential, and conversely, increased lipid peroxidation, soluble carbohydrates in SQ1, proline content in both cultivars and total antioxidants activity in SQ1, PEG + SA or PEG + ABA did not change the values of these parameters. Furthermore, PEG caused a two-fold increase of endogenous ABA content in SQ1 and a four-fold increase in CS. PEG + ABA increased endogenous ABA only in SQ1, whereas PEG + SA caused a greater increase of ABA content in both cultivars compared to PEG. In PEG-treated plants growing until the harvest, a greater decrease of yield components was observed in SQ1 than in CS. PEG + SA, and particularly PEG + ABA, caused a greater increase of these yield parameters in CS compared to SQ1. In conclusion, SA and ABA ameliorate, particularly in the tolerant wheat cultivar, the harmful effects and after effects of osmotic stress induced by PEG in hydroponics through better osmotic adjustment achieved by an increase in proline and carbohydrate content as well as by an increase in antioxidant activity.     

分光光度法检测火药中水杨酸及其衍生物盐的含量

根据在酸性环境中水杨酸根离子和铁离子起显色反应,提出测定火药中的水杨酸及其衍生物盐含量的分光光度法。平均回收率为99．76％(n=11),实验标准偏差为2．10％。该方法的优点是简单、准确。     

极性后交联吸附树脂的制备及其对水杨酸的吸附

将GMA与DVB悬浮聚合得到了初始共聚物PDG,再通过悬挂双键后交联反应制备出极性后交联树脂PDGpc,并研究了合成树脂对水杨酸的吸附性能。结果表明,后交联后,树脂的BET比表面积和孔容都显著增加,且对水杨酸拥有更高的吸附量。     

高效液相色谱法测定香精香料中的水杨酸

采用高效液相色谱法,二极管阵列（DAD）检测器,通过DIAMONSILC18柱分析香精香料中的水杨酸含量。试验方法中水杨酸质量浓度在0．2～50mg／L范围内呈线性关系,线性相关系数为0．9997,回收率为96．50％～99．92％,相对标准偏差为0．16％。实验结果表明该法快速、简便,重现性好,适合于香精香料中水杨酸的检测。     

Salicylic Acid Is Required for Broad-Spectrum Disease Resistance in Rice

Rice plants contain high basal levels of salicylic acid (SA), but some of their functions remain elusive. To elucidate the importance of SA homeostasis in rice immunity, we characterized four rice SA hydroxylase genes (OsSAHs) and verified their roles in SA metabolism and disease resistance. Recombinant OsSAH proteins catalyzed SA in vitro, while OsSAH3 protein showed only SA 5-hydroxylase (SA5H) activity, which was remarkably higher than that of other OsSAHs that presented both SA3H and SA5H activities. Amino acid substitutions revealed that three amino acids in the binding pocket affected SAH enzyme activity and/or specificity. Knockout OsSAH2 and OsSAH3 (sahKO) genes conferred enhanced resistance to both hemibiotrophic and necrotrophic pathogens, whereas overexpression of each OsSAH gene increased susceptibility to the pathogens. sahKO mutants showed increased SA and jasmonate levels compared to those of the wild type and OsSAH-overexpressing plants. Analysis of the OsSAH3 promoter indicated that its induction was mainly restricted around Magnaporthe oryzae infection sites. Taken together, our findings indicate that SA plays a vital role in immune signaling. Moreover, fine-tuning SA homeostasis through suppression of SA metabolism is an effective approach in studying broad-spectrum disease resistance in rice.     

可见分光光度法测定阿司匹林中水杨酸含量的探究

研究了用分光光度法快速、准确测定阿司匹林（ASP）中水杨酸（SA）含量的方法。以FeCl3为显色剂,通过测含杂质的阿司匹林溶液的吸光度来测定其中SA含量,考虑了pH、温度、反应时间、显色剂用量等因素对络合物生成量及稳定性的影响,确定了最适宜的测定条件,并绘制了标准工作曲线。结果表明,在pH值=3的CH3COOH—CH3COONa缓冲溶液中,Fe3＋与SA生成较稳定的络合物,络合比为1：1,常温下10min即可络合完全,该络合物的最大吸收波长为512nm。该定量方法测量误差在2．5％以内。     

高效液相色谱法测定含乳饮料中苯甲酸、山梨酸钾、水杨酸

建立了含乳饮料中苯甲酸、山梨酸钾等添加剂的高效液相色谱仪同时检测的方法。含乳饮料经前处理后,由C18反相色谱柱进行分离,流动相A:磷酸盐缓冲溶液(1.25 g K2HPO4与1.25 gKH2PO4加水定容至500 mL),流动相B:乙腈,流动相A、B按9∶1比例洗脱,流速0.6 mL/min,进样量为10μL。苯甲酸检测波长为225 nm,山梨酸钾的检测波长为240 nm,水杨酸的检测波长为225 nm。该方法线性范围为0.6~30μg/mL,检测限为0.06μg/mL。     

水杨酸在诱导系统获得抗性中的信号传导作用

水杨酸(SA)是植物的一种内源信号传导物质，外源SA能诱导植物防卫基因的表达并对病害产生部分保护效果；内源SA水平增加与防卫基因和抗病性发展一致，因此，SA是植物产生系统获得抗性(SAR)必不可少的条件，但SA不是诱导SAR产生的唯一条件，SAR的产生是SA与其他物质共同作用的结果。一旦SAR诱导植物在侵染点产生一种信号，经过某些信号物质的传导最终可系统性地传播到整株植物，SA可能是这种信使，但这种信号的化学本质和分子机制尚缺乏实验证据。     

Biosynthesis and Roles of Salicylic Acid in Balancing Stress Response and Growth in Plants

Salicylic acid (SA) is an important plant hormone with a critical role in plant defense against pathogen infection. Despite extensive research over the past 30 year or so, SA biosynthesis and its complex roles in plant defense are still not fully understood. Even though earlier biochemical studies suggested that plants synthesize SA from cinnamate produced by phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), genetic analysis has indicated that in Arabidopsis, the bulk of SA is synthesized from isochorismate (IC) produced by IC synthase (ICS). Recent studies have further established the enzymes responsible for the conversion of IC to SA in Arabidopsis. However, it remains unclear whether other plants also rely on the ICS pathway for SA biosynthesis. SA induces defense genes against biotrophic pathogens, but represses genes involved in growth for balancing defense and growth to a great extent through crosstalk with the growth-promoting plant hormone auxin. Important progress has been made recently in understanding how SA attenuates plant growth by regulating the biosynthesis, transport, and signaling of auxin. In this review, we summarize recent progress in the biosynthesis and the broad roles of SA in regulating plant growth during defense responses. Further understanding of SA production and its regulation of both defense and growth will be critical for developing better knowledge to improve the disease resistance and fitness of crops.     

源于水杨酸的噻唑啉化合物的合成及杀菌活性研究

以水杨酸为原料衍生合成了一系列相应的噻唑啉化合物,均经NMR、IR等光谱手段确证结构,并对3e进行了X-衍射测定单晶结构。所有目标化合物都进行了杀菌活性测试,其中在50μg/mL浓度下,3b对芦笋茎枯的抑制率达到92%。     

维生素C和水杨酸复合脂质体制备及影响因素的研究

以大豆磷脂为膜材,采用复乳-超声法制备同时含有脂溶性水杨酸和水溶性维生素C的复合脂质体。研究配方中不同成分的质量比、维生素C水溶液的pH、乳化温度、包衣等对脂质体包封率和稳定性的影响。结果表明,在m(大豆磷脂)∶m(胆固醇)∶m(水杨酸)∶m(维生素C)=4∶1∶0.75∶1,维生素C水溶液的pH为5,初乳和复乳化温度分别为25、45℃时制备的复合脂质体中维生素C和水杨酸的包封率分别为48.2%和55.4%;包衣处理使水杨酸/维生素C复合脂质体稳定性提高。     

D201树脂对水杨酸的吸附热力学与动力学

以D201大孔阴离子交换树脂对水溶液中水杨酸的吸附热力学和动力学特性进行了研究。结果表明:在pH=3~12时,吸附能力最好。等温吸附服从Freundlich经验式。在298~318K条件下,水杨酸吸附量为100~120 mg/g的吸附焓变为-7.38~-5.00 kJ/mol、自由能变为-8.46~-9.37 kJ/mol、吸附熵变为3.62~13.74 J/(K.mol)。吸附动力学符合Lagergren一级速率方程,吸附速率常数为0.0472~0.124/min,吸附活化能为38.1 kJ/mol。颗粒内扩散是速率控制步骤之一,膜扩散也共同影响着吸附过程。303 K下用5%NaCl+2%NaOH溶液可定量洗脱,洗脱率达99%。     

The THO/TREX Complex Active in Alternative Splicing Mediates Plant Responses to Salicylic Acid and Jasmonic Acid

Salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) are essential plant immune hormones, which could induce plant resistance to multiple pathogens. However, whether common components are employed by both SA and JA to induce defense is largely unknown. In this study, we found that the enhanced disease susceptibility 8 (EDS8) mutant was compromised in plant defenses to hemibiotrophic pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola ES4326 and necrotrophic pathogen Botrytis cinerea, and was deficient in plant responses to both SA and JA. The EDS8 was identified to be THO1, which encodes a subunit of the THO/TREX complex, by using mapping-by-sequencing. To check whether the EDS8 itself or the THO/TREX complex mediates SA and JA signaling, the mutant of another subunit of the THO/TREX complex, THO3, was tested. THO3 mutation reduced both SA and JA induced defenses, indicating that the THO/TREX complex is critical for plant responses to these two hormones. We further proved that the THO/TREX interacting protein SERRATE, a factor regulating alternative splicing (AS), was involved in plant responses to SA and JA. Thus, the AS events in the eds8 mutant after SA or JA treatment were determined, and we found that the SA and JA induced different alternative splicing events were majorly modulated by EDS8. In summary, our study proves that the THO/TREX complex active in AS is involved in both SA and JA induced plant defenses.     

水杨酸对气相色谱-质谱法检测化妆品中苯酚的影响

2007版《化妆品卫生规范》规定,使用HPLC-DAD法检测化妆品中的苯酚,如有阳性结果,必须用GC-MS法进行验证。采用GC-MS法对含有水杨酸的化妆品进行检测,考察水杨酸对苯酚测定的影响。结果表明,水杨酸对热不稳定,在GC-MS检测条件下会高温分解并释放出苯酚,且热降解程度随着进样口温度的升高而显著增强。用GC-MS法检测含有水杨酸的化妆品时,会得到苯酚含量偏高或假阳性的检测结果。     

分光光度法测定阿司匹林肠溶片中水杨酸含量

建立了分光光度法测定阿司匹林肠溶片中水杨酸的含量。由于阿司匹林分子中无酚羟基不与稀硫酸铁铵溶液作用,而水杨酸分子中含有酚羟基可与之反应生成紫堇色,在酒五酸作稳定剂的乙醇-水溶液中,在526nm波长处有最大吸收,在该处测定吸收度,计算含量。结果表明：水杨酸在25～5μg/mL的浓度范围内线性关系良好,A=12.001C--0.0000221（r=0.99999）。平均回收率98．48％,RSD为O80%（n=6）。该法操作镝便,快速,准确,受外界环境干扰小,适时于阿司匹林肠溶片中微量水杨酸附含量测定。     

Quaternized Three-Dimensionally Ordered Macroporous Cross-Linked Polystyrene and its Adsorption Character toward Salicylic Acid in Aqueous Solution

Three-dimensionally ordered macroporous cross-linked polystyrene loaded with quaternary ammonium groups (3DOM CLPS-QA) was prepared for using as a novel adsorbent. The performance of 3DOM adsorbent was evaluated by adsorbing salicylic acid (SA) in aqueous solution. Adsorption isotherm and kinetics were investigated under different temperatures (293 K, 303 K, 313 K). The rising temperature led to a significant increase in the adsorption capacity towards SA, and 3DOM CLPS-QA exhibited a high adsorption capacity (317.86 mg/g when the initial concentration of SA was 500 mg/L at 303 K). Moreover, the effect of solution pH on adsorption indicated that the charge interaction was the dominating driving force for the adsorption of SA onto 3DOM CLPS-QA from the aqueous solution. The 3DOM adsorbent was also reusable and could be regenerated by 0.1 M hydrochloric acid solution. After reusing for six times, the adsorption capacity still maintained about 80% of the original capability.     

两种方法测定赤泥中可溶性硫酸根

赤泥中含有硫酸根离子,其含量对赤泥的回收利用过程带来麻烦,也对回收产品的质量有影响.本文用2种方法测定赤泥中的硫酸根并进行对比,希望找到简便、快捷、准确、精密度高的实验方法.铬酸钡分光光度法:在410nm硫酸根在0～6.00mg·(50mL)-1范围内与铬酸根吸光度呈线性关系,线性回归方程:y=0.1747x-0.00...     

Lignin Synthesis,Affected by Sucrose in Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) Seedlings,Was Involved in Regulation of Root Formation in the Arabidopsis thanliana

Adventitious roots (ARs) have an unmatched status in plant growth and metabolism due to the degeneration of primary roots in lotuses. In the present study, we sought to assess the effect of sucrose on ARs formation and observed that lignin synthesis was involved in ARs development. We found that the lignification degree of the ARs primordium was weaker in plants treated with 20 g/L sucrose than in 50 g/L sucrose treatment and control plants. The contents of lignin were lower in plants treated with 20 g/L sucrose and higher in plants treated with 50 g/L sucrose. The precursors of monomer lignin, including p-coumaric acid, caffeate, sinapinal aldehyde, and ferulic acid, were lower in the GL50 library than in the GL20 library. Further analysis revealed that the gene expression of these four metabolites had no novel difference in the GL50/GL20 libraries. However, a laccase17 gene (NnLAC17), involved in polymer lignin synthesis, had a higher expression in the GL50 library than in the GL20 library. Therefore, NnLAC17 was cloned and the overexpression of NnLAC17 was found to directly result in a decrease in the root number in transgenic Arabidopsis plants. These findings suggest that lignin synthesis is probably involved in ARs formation in lotus seedlings.     

717阴离子交换树脂选择吸附分离水杨酸和苯酚

用717阴离子交换树脂自二元水溶液中选择吸附分离水杨酸和苯酚.采用静态及动态法研究了二元水溶液中树脂对每种吸附质的吸附行为,考察了pH、浓度、时间等对吸附的影响,探讨了等温吸附和吸附动力学特性.结果表明,pH是影响选择吸附分离的主要因素,pH = 4.5时,苯酚的存在几乎不影响水杨酸的吸附;pH = 11时,苯酚能替换...