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1.
《Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining》2018,12(4):522-535
This study focuses on the laboratory production of jet fuel from microalgae. In contrast with many studies that use partial nutrient starvation to boost lipid content of the species, physiological modification was undertaken under complete nutrient starvation for 3 days to increase lipid content beyond 80%. This was followed by biomass harvesting, which was necessary for downstream processes. Large amounts of biomass were achieved between day 8 and day 10 during the cultivation period, with temperatures ranging between 15 and 35 °C under constant luminance of 1000 lux and daily supply of CO2 for 15 days. It was found that Nannochloropsis sp. grew effectively between 15 °C and 25 °C with more biomass produced in the same temperature range. Conversion processes involved steps such as oil extraction, thermal cracking without catalyst at 300 °C and fractionation between 70 °C and 250 °C. The pyrolysis of bio‐oil was also undertaken as a fast cracking process for the temperature ranging between 350 °C and 450 °C within 12 s. Some parameters such as flash point, net heat of combustion, sulfur, and viscosity complied with ASTM standards. Jet fuel from microalgae therefore shows potential despite many challenges related to cost effectiveness and sustainability. In order to obtain a bio‐jet fuel that is completely compliant with ASTM standards, upgrading, reforming processes, and the use of additives will be needed more, especially for pilot and large‐scale production once fuel sustainability is achieved. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd 相似文献
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This study aims to quantify water appropriation and the potential production of algal bio‐oil using freshwater and municipal wastewater effluent (MWW) as an alternative water resource. The county‐level analysis focuses on open‐pond algae cultivation systems located in 17 states in the southern United States. Several scenarios were developed to examine the water availability for algae bio‐oil production under various water resource mixing MWW and freshwater. The results of the analysis indicate that water availability can significantly affect the selection of an algal refinery site and therefore the potential production of algal bio‐oil. The production of one liter of algal bio‐oil requires 1036–1666 L of water at the state level, in which 3% to 91% can be displaced by MWW, depending on the biorefinery location. This water requirement corresponds to a total of 25 billion liters of bio‐oil produced if the spatially and temporally available MWW effluent together with 10% of total available freshwater are used. The production of algal bio‐oil is only 14% of estimated production under the assumption that all of the water demand can be fulfilled without any restriction. In addition, if only the spatially and temporally available effluent is used as the sole source of water, the total bio‐oil production is estimated to be 9 billion liters. This study not only quantifies the water demands of the algal bio‐oil, but it also elucidates the importance of taking water sustainability into account in the development of algal bio‐oil. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd 相似文献
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Jong Yeol Jeon Yohan Han Young‐Wun Kim Youn‐Woo Lee Sukwon Hong In Taek Hwang 《Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining》2019,13(3):690-722
Bio‐oil contains plant, animal, fish, and micro‐algae oil, and more than 200 million tons are produced annually. However, many edible and non‐edible bio‐oils are still under development, and their value and feasibility have yet to be determined. The vast majority of bio‐oils produced in the world have a very high unsaturated fatty acid content (70–98%), which could be used as a renewable, eco‐friendly alternative to petroleum. Hydrolysis (or transesterification) with ethylene metathesis technology converts unsaturated fatty acids to C4–C30 oil fragments. These oil fragments are a sustainable chemical technology used in chemical industry platform technology and carbon dioxide abatement green chemical technology, and as a petrochemical substitute. These platform chemicals also have their own market but are used as raw materials for other products (polymers, surfactants, synthetic lubricants, plasticizers, other specialty chemicals, general purpose chemicals, biofuels, etc.). The biodegradability and biocompatibility of the polymeric materials made from the oil mean that it is also possible to develop diverse functional products with high added value such as toothpaste, dandruff treatment shampoo, and melanin pigment removal cosmetics, medical and shape memory polymer materials. According to the cradle‐to‐gate analysis for environmental impact and economics, the total carbon dioxide emission reduction per ton of soybean oil was estimated to be 1.5 kg kg−1 products. Moreover, the metathesis of soybean oil ($680/ton) with additional raw materials ($237.4) will generate a value that is 7.5 times higher at $6857. Due to the biodegradability and biocompatibility of the products made from bio‐oils, it is expected that various functional products with high added value will be developed and that industrial applicability will be greatly expanded in the near future. In addition, for the development of various derivatives, fusion and cooperative research in chemical fields such as catalytic engineering, organic chemistry, polymer chemistry, maintenance chemistry, and reaction engineering are essential. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd 相似文献
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Massimo Collotta Leonardo Busi Pascale Champagne Warren Mabee Giuseppe Tomasoni Marco Alberti 《Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining》2016,10(6):883-895
Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a valuable tool for determining the environmental impacts associated with different products and has been widely used to assess biofuel production. As a scientific methodology rather than a standardized test, every LCA may be thought of as unique in terms of the selection of functional units or determination of system boundaries. Researchers generally tailor the method to meet the specific goals of their own investigations. This review examines a number of LCAs used to evaluate microalgae‐to‐energy systems, and evaluates their contributions in terms of their ability to support commercialization efforts in this sector. To this end, a new scoring system for LCAs is proposed based on input/output flows, data origin, production technologies and system boundaries, selection of assumptions and variables, as well as the ability to track environmental, economic, and social impacts. The review suggests that, while a wide variety of new technological pathways for microalgae‐to‐energy systems are being assessed, the majority of studies reported employ relatively limited system boundaries that may not capture the full impacts of the processes. The number of environmental impact factors being tracked is limited, and many studies do not consider important impacts such as water or land use. Most studies do not incorporate critical information about economics related to new process configurations, which will be essential to support commercialization efforts in this area. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd 相似文献
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Cristina Gonzlez‐Fernndez Bruno Sialve Nicolas Bernet Jean‐Philippe Steyer 《Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining》2012,6(1):105-113
Microalgae are now the focus of intensive research because of their potential as a renewable feedstock for biofuel production. This review briefly examines the effect of reactor design, nutrient, and light regimens on microalgae productivity and macromolecular composition. Downstream processing including common biofuel production as well as life cycle assessment and technoeconomical aspects are discussed. Even though algal biofuels are more environmentally friendly than fossil fuels, economical feasibility is a challenging issue. © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons Ltd 相似文献
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《Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining》2018,12(4):649-664
The additional costs required for the pre‐treatment of lignocellulosic bio‐mass prior to enzymatic hydrolysis have limited the commercial implementation of lignocellulosic bio‐chemical production. The use of acidic mine drainage (AMD) water as an acid source for lignocellulosic pre‐treatment has recently been investigated. Large quantities of AMD in South Africa suggest that AMD can be obtained cheaply, thus reducing the cost and increasing the potential of lignocellulosic bio‐chemicals. Acidic mine drainage could undergo further remediation using sulfate‐reducing bacteria (SRB) so that the water is suitable for release. The feasibility of such a system could be greatly improved if this process were to be incorporated within a bio‐refinery, such that all fractions of the bio‐mass are used to produce multiple products. This paper investigates such a bio‐refinery system, and evaluates the different options based on the bio‐refinery complexity profile (BCP). Due to the abundance of grass in the regions where AMD is generated, this was found to be the most suitable feedstock. The most feasible bio‐refinery option was found to produce ethanol through fermentation of C6 sugars, although it is recommended that further investigation be conducted into additional high‐value bio‐chemicals from the C6 sugar platform. C5 sugars released in pre‐treatment could be used as a substrate by SRB for AMD remediation. Gasification and direct combustion of lignin had similar BCPs and thus further investigation is required to determine the preferred path. Similarly, further investigation is required for the best processing route for distillery silage. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd 相似文献
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《Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining》2017,11(2):325-343
Global increases in the generation of waste streams, including liquid, gaseous, and solid waste, have been posing serious challenges for waste management as a result of their potential impacts on receiving environments and climate change. The conversion of waste streams into useful bioenergy, biofuels, and bioproducts through recycling and/or recovery has been presented as a promising alternative. Coupling the bioremediation of waste streams with microalgae‐based biofuel production, offers an alternative strategy to achieve waste‐to‐biofuel and bioenergy. A group of unicellular photosynthetic eukaryotes, microalgae require relatively simple nutrients and inorganic carbon sources to support their growth, while accumulating several biofuel precursors, such as starch or storage lipids. This review summarizes the current approaches to microalgal biomass production using waste streams, including waste‐water; waste or CO2 ‐enriched gas (flue gas and biogas); waste organics (i.e., crude glycerol); and waste heat, as well as the primary common operational challenges and corresponding mitigation strategies involved in cultivation approaches. Moreover, microalgal metabolic pathways supporting the biosynthesis of energy‐rich molecules such as triacylglycerides (TAG ) and starch are discussed. Metabolic constraints and potential approaches for the enhancement of microalgal TAG accumulation are systematically and critically analyzed. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd 相似文献
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《Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining》2017,11(6):991-1006
The stagnant development of microalgae‐based industries suggests a need for a broader assessment of its commercial potential, particularly given its ability to utilize industrial waste effluents in cultivation and produce multiple outputs from the biomass, including an environmentally superior biofuel. This study assessed the financial feasibility of producing microalgae biodiesel from transesterification, together with feed and fertilizer in a multi‐output production system, integrated with a complementary waste‐producing industry. The multi‐output system allowed for the price of biodiesel to be sold at the competitive market price of US$1.50/L rather than US$24.18/L, if it were produced as the only primary output. The high‐value feed and fertilizer offset the low revenues of biodiesel to ensure the financial feasibility of the production system. Sensitivity analyses of these estimates indicated where improvements could further increase the financial appeal of this multi‐output microalgae production system. In particular, a 20% improvement in the cost‐efficiency of lipid extraction and transesterification processes was found to have a 17‐fold increase in the net present value. The results suggest that multi‐output systems have several benefits for the potential of a microalgae‐based industry, namely the synergistic benefits of integrating microalgae production with complementary industries and the investment appeal of microalgae‐based biofuels that can be priced competitively while still being financial feasible. Although alternative conversion processes (e.g. fermentation and thermochemical routes) would be key to the increased cost‐efficiency of biofuel production, the development of integrated multi‐output microalgae industries could prompt private and more importantly, policy‐led investment in development of the industry. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd 相似文献
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Sara Junaid Namita Khanna Peter Lindblad Mehboob Ahmed 《Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining》2019,13(5):1187-1201
Third‐generation biofuels are currently considered to be the most resourceful medium for generating bioenergy. In the present study, microalgal strains were isolated from soil samples collected in Pakistan and characterized by 18S rRNA sequencing. The strains were identified as green algae Gloeocystis sp. MFUM‐4, Sphaerocystis sp. MFUM‐34, and Dictyochloropsis sp. MFUM‐35. They were further studied for their potential to produce popular biofuels such as biodiesel, bioethanol, and biohydrogen. Under the test conditions, Gloeocystis sp. MFUM‐4 emerged as the most suitable candidate, amongst the three new isolates, for biofuel production with a biodiesel production potential of 33.3% (w/v). Eight different environmental conditions were also tested to identify the most suitable condition for biohydrogen and bioethanol production using the newly isolated strains. Under light but in the presence of 3‐(3,4‐dichlorophenyl)‐1,1‐dimethylurea (DCMU), Gloeocystis recorded the highest capacity to produce both biohydrogen and bioethanol compared with the other strains that were examined. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd 相似文献
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James L. Manganaro Adeniyi Lawal Brian Goodall 《Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining》2015,9(6):760-777
The economics of the production of hydrotreated algal oil (HTAO) along with co‐production of animal feed and nutraceuticals (omega‐3 oils) was explored. Base case calculations were for commercial scale production of 10 000 barrels per day of HTAO with nutraceuticals claiming only 0.05% of the raw algae oil (AO). The sensitivity of economics to critical parameters was studied. The greatest sensitivity of sales price was to the algae doubling time. Doubling time might be reduced by increasing pond velocity or other mixing‐inducing means. Other important parameters were oil content, CAPEX, and moisture content of post‐extracted algal residue. Algal area weight productivity (g/m2/day) was calculated from four parameters: initial algal concentration, pond depth, residence time in pond, and algae doubling time. Using presently accepted operating parameter values and with co‐product credits, the estimated plant gate price was ~ $10/gal. However, it was shown that there is significant potential for enhanced economics through moderate improvements in many areas. Credits for co‐production of animal feed and nutraceuticals were $3.24/gal and $0.14/gal, respectively. At constant oil area productivity (gal/acre/yr), the trade‐off between oil content and area weight productivity favors oil content. In the limit of 100% oil content (no solid co‐product) a sale price of $7.90/gal was estimated. Hydrotreatment of AO was discussed. Municipal waste‐water tertiary treatment was briefly discussed but not deemed viable on a large scale. An easy‐to‐use Excel spreadsheet for material and energy balances and economics was developed as a flexible scouting tool. The symbol ‘$’ denotes US dollars. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd 相似文献
13.
Cristina Gonzlez‐Fernndez Bruno Sialve Nicolas Bernet Jean‐Philippe Steyer 《Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining》2012,6(2):205-218
Among biofuel production processes using microalgal biomass, biogas generation seems to be the least complex. This review summarizes information regarding anaerobic digestion of different microalgae species. Various operational parameters and microalgae characteristics (macromolecular distribution and cell wall) are reviewed in the light of their effects on methane production. Additionally, the enhancement of methane production rates achievable by applying biomass pre‐treatments and codigestion of substrates is also reported. The review finally covers the so‐claimed similarities of microalgal biomass and activated sludge as a substrate for anaerobic digestion. © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons Ltd 相似文献
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Nina Schmitt Andreas Apfelbacher Nils Jger Robert Daschner Fabian Stenzel Andreas Hornung 《Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining》2019,13(3):822-837
Thermo‐catalytic reforming (TCR®) is a promising conversion technology for the production of liquid bio‐fuels. The process is a proven opportunity to convert biological wastes and residues into hydrogen‐rich syngas, high‐quality oil, and char without volatiles. Bio‐oil produced from TCR® has a high carbon content, low water content, low oxygen content, and a high heating value; it is therefore directly applicable as feed in boilers or as blend in dual fuel engines. A feasible opportunity for using bio‐oil in automotive combustion engines is a further upgrade step to bio‐fuel by hydrogenation. During this hydrotreatment, heterogeneous atoms like sulfur, nitrogen, and oxygen are removed or substituted with hydrogen. Fraunhofer UMSICHT already produces gasoline and diesel that comply with European fuel standards EN 228 and EN 590, using different catalysts like NiMo/Al2O3, CoMo/Al2O3, and Ru/C for hydrogenation at 643 K and a constant hydrogen pressure of 14 MPa. Various hydrocarbons and benzene derivatives are verified after hydrotreating. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Liandong Zhu 《Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining》2014,8(1):7-15
To date, researchers have expressed increasing interest in the potential of using microalgae as a biofuel feedstock and technological solution for CO2 sequestration. Microalgae‐derived biodiesel production is one of the best choices for biofuels production, since microalgae have substantial amounts of lipids which can be used for biodiesel conversion. Nonetheless, after the production of algal biodiesel, large quantities of residuals or post‐extracts are left over, threatening environmental hygiene if not disposed of appropriately. In this respect, it is critical that the utilization of these remnants is taken into account in an effort to make microalgal biodiesel sustainable. This paper evaluates the theoretical biodiesel, ethanol, and methane yields and the relative calorific values in the production chain of algal biofuels. It is found that fermentation and anaerobic digestion of microalgae residuals are two steps which could assist in dealing with the problem of algal waste, as well as the economic and energetic balance of such a promising technology. It also discusses in detail the potential of the continuous conversion of algal residuals into ethanol and methane, with particular focus on the energetic interest, and nitrogen and phosphorus recycling. Key technical issues related to fermentation and anaerobic digestion are indentified, the strategies to improve their production highlighted, and the necessity of producing algal biodiesel and/or ethanol discussed. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd 相似文献
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Ildefonso Caro Ana Blandino Ana B. Díaz Cristina Marzo 《Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining》2019,13(4):1044-1056
In this work, a mathematical model is proposed to predict the kinetic behaviour of the enzymatic conversion of various types of lignocellulosic biomass into fermentable sugars. Digestion of the cellulosic polymers is carried out using enzymatic hydrolysis under different conditions. Unlike other kinetic models, published previously for this process, this one considers the heterogeneous nature of the process by which a solid, in the form of small particles, is decomposed to monosaccharides by the action of a diverse set of enzymes in solution. The effect of the particle size on the hydrolysis rate has also been taken into consideration. To assess the model's goodness of fit to any general situation, the experimental data obtained in the hydrolysis of three different lignocellulosic residues have been analysed. Thus, the hydrolysis data of wheat straw, rice husks and exhausted sugar beet pellets have been compared with the theoretical values calculated by the model. The results obtained show that this model predicts the enzyme's hydrolysis of lignocellulosic substrates under different conditions very accurately and it could therefore be used efficiently in the optimization of the hydrolysis processes implemented in the bio‐refinery industry. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd 相似文献
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Zhihong Yin Dan Hu Xinzhu Li Yueni Zhong Liandong Zhu 《Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining》2021,15(3):637-645
Microalgae are considered to be the feedstock for third-generation biofuels but there are still no commercial applications of microalgae biomass. This is due to the costly harvesting process, resulting from their specific characteristics such as small cell sizes, negatively charged surfaces, and stable dispersion in culture broths. Chitosan derived from crustacean shells, as a highly efficient and non-toxic flocculant for the harvesting of microalgae, can simultaneously achieve value-added recycling of shell wastes and efficient flocculation of microalgal biomass. Shell-derived chitosan is a biopolymer with a high economic value, which might promote shell waste resource utilization. Its application for microalgae harvesting also has no effect on the downstream process for biodiesel production. More than 90% of microalgal biomass can be harvested under certain conditions using chitosan as the flocculant, demonstrating a strong potential for practical application in future. The application of chitosan to flocculate microalgae still has some limitations, and efforts should be made regarding the enhancement of cost-effectiveness, improvement of harvesting processes, scalability of practical application, and implementation of supporting policies. The contribution of this study lies in the combination of chitosan production from crustacean shell wastes and its application in microalgae harvesting, which can realize the value-added recycling of shell wastes and efficient flocculation of microalgal biomass. © 2021 Society of Industrial Chemistry and John Wiley & Sons Ltd 相似文献