微滤膜法饮用水处理工艺中膜污染控制的研究

采用150 m3/d的微滤膜法饮用水处理中试研究了膜污染的控制方法,包括反冲洗、混凝预处理以及在线的通量维护措施--EFM(Enhance Flux Maintenance).结果表明,单独采用水反冲洗时,膜比通量的恢复效果较差,采用气水联合反冲洗时效果明显好转,膜污染速率降低为原来的44%.混凝预处理能够很好地控制膜污染,其主要作用在于降低滤饼层阻力和减轻不可逆膜污染.在研究的范围内,混凝剂投加量越高,对膜污染的控制作用越好.EFM能够阶段性地去除膜污染,有效地恢复膜比通量,因而能够显著地延长化学清洗周期,减少化学清洗频率.     

膜生物反应器中膜的堵塞与清洗的机理研究

对一体式膜生物反应器处理生活污水进行了研究。当进水COD在 336～ 80 8mg/L时 ,COD的去除率最高可达 99% ;当进水NH3-N在 15 87～ 35 13mg/L时 ,NH3-N的去除率最高可达 10 0 %。较详细地论述了纤维丝间污泥的淤积、膜表面凝胶层的形成、膜表面垢的形成三种膜污染的基本类型。认为膜清洗的先后顺序应为先用自来水冲洗 ;后用 0 0 33%的次氯酸钠浸泡 12h ,自来水冲洗 ;最后用 0 33%硫酸浸泡 6h ,自来水冲洗。并且考察了三种方式清洗后膜通量的恢复情况 ,即用清水冲洗可使通量恢复 11% ;用 0 0 33%的次氯酸钠浸泡 ,自来水冲洗后通量恢复 2 3% ;用0 33%硫酸浸泡 ,自来水冲洗后通量恢复 31%。在此基础上提出膜生物反应器的三种运行方式     

中空纤维超滤膜错流过滤膜污染的犆犉犇模拟

利用有限元分析软件Comsol Multiphsics中的自由流动、达西定律以及物质传递耦合膜阻力公式,建立中空纤维膜的膜污染计算流体力学(CFD)模型,并通过实验室小试对模型参数进行了修正。结果表明,过滤初期,膜通量的快速下降是由于污染物质吸附作用在膜表面快速累积而引起的,随后,由于污染物质吸附达到动态饱和,同时滤饼层尚未形成,总阻力系数增长缓慢,因而通量下降亦较缓慢;最后,随着过滤的进行,已累积的污染物质在膜表面分布趋于均匀,滤饼层基本形成,此阶段通量下降较为明显。模型可准确地预测中空纤维超滤膜膜通量的变化,解析膜内污染物质浓度分布及其浓差极化层厚度动态变化,为研究膜内物质浓度分布可视化提供手段。     

混凝/半沉淀-超滤组合工艺中超滤运行条件优化的中试研究

在水厂实际平流沉淀池中部取水作为浸没式超滤膜的进水,构建了新型的混凝/半沉淀—超滤组合工艺,在中试条件下对超滤膜的运行方式进行了优化研究。优化的参数主要包括膜通量、过滤时间、反冲洗时间、排泥周期及排泥模式。结果表明,当膜通量为40L/(m2獉h)、过滤时间为90min、反冲洗时间为60s、排泥周期为24h时,超滤膜可取得较高的产水效率和较低的跨膜压差增长速率。而排泥模式对膜污染的影响较小。在该优化工况下,超滤膜组合工艺对浊度、Al、Fe、CODMn和UV254的去除率分别达到99.6%、95.1%、99.2%、55.5%和37.5%,可满足高效制备优质饮用水的要求。     

缓速滤池耦合重力流超滤工艺净化微污染地表水研究

重力流超滤工艺(GDM)具有低能耗、低维护等优点,然而较低的通量水平和有机物(DOC)去除效能限制了其推广应用。构建缓速滤池/GDM耦合工艺(即GAC/GDM和沸石/GDM)并考察其长期过滤效能,由试验结果可知,GDM膜表面生物滤饼层的形成可强化对氨氮和可同化有机碳(AOC)的去除效能,但对DOC和UV254的去除效果较差;缓速滤池/GDM耦合工艺有机地结合了缓速滤池和GDM的双重净水效能,可有效地提高对AOC、氨氮、DOC和UV254的去除效能,增强应对水源水氨氮和有机物污染的能力。此外,耦合缓速滤池还可显著地提高GDM膜表面生物滤饼层的粗糙度和多孔性,降低滤饼层内EPS含量,缓解膜污染,GAC/GDM和沸石/GDM的稳定通量分别提高了105%和63%,为构建适配于我国村镇供水特色的超滤技术体系提供支撑。     

PVDF微滤膜处理黄浦江微污染水的研究

试验采用聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)微滤膜处理黄浦江微污染原水,进膜水经预氯化、混凝沉淀进行前处理.试验考察了影响膜压差(TMP)变化的相关因素及工艺的净水效果.中试研究结果表明,在膜通量不变的条件下,膜反冲洗加氯量、进膜水的pH以及预处理过程对膜压差(TMP)的增长有较大的影响.该工艺可获得良好的出水水质,且在实现膜长期稳定运行的工况下,经药剂清洗后微滤膜具有很高的通量恢复.     

混凝-超滤处理高温低浊水的膜污染因素分析

针对丹江口水库原水季节性高温低浊,不易混凝的特点,研究了混凝剂的不同投加量、增加活性炭吸附改善膜通量的效果。结果表明:投加少量的混凝剂(2mg/L)时,原水中的天然有机物不能被细小的矾花有效的吸附。混凝剂投加4mg/L时能形成较大的矾花,使滤饼层阻力和浓差极化阻力较低。活性炭吸附能进一步降低原水的天然溶解性有机物和浊度,对减缓通量下降作用不明显。丹江口水库原水中的天然有机物,特别是色氨酸类芳香族蛋白质和微生物代谢物,以及金属硅和镁,很可能是引起膜通量下降的主要因素。膜表面吸附的各种形态的铝,不是膜通量下降的主要因素。     

混凝改善超滤膜过滤性能的研究

研究有机物的特性如亲、疏水性以及相对分子质量的大小对超滤膜通量的影响.着重考察混凝对有机物特性的影响以及改善超滤膜通量的效果.试验表明,超滤膜直接过滤原水时,主要截留疏水性有机物,从而造成膜通量的下降.投加硫酸铝25 mg/L和100 mg/L时,虽然TOC去除率仅为18.4%和48.2%,但明显提高了膜通量,这是由于混凝有效地去除小分子疏水性有机物的缘故.研究表明,膜通量的下降与膜截留疏水性有机物的多少有密切关系.     

投加活性炭膜污染控制的研究

比较了不同粒径(20～40目、40～60目、80目、100～150目)的活性炭对膜生物反应器减缓膜污染的效果,粒径确定后比较不同投加量(0、1g/L、2g/L)对膜生物反应器膜通量的影响,结果表明:粒径过大或过小都不利于减缓膜污染,本试验适宜的活性炭粒径为40～60目;1g/L的颗粒活性炭膜通量下降比较缓慢,2g/L的活性炭反而会加剧膜污染。活性炭减缓膜污染的主要原因是改善了活性污泥混合液的性能,阻碍污泥层在膜面的形成。     

PVDF 膜污染及清洗试验研究

考察了采用膜混凝反应器处理滦河原水后膜污染情况及几种清洗方法。试验结果表明膜污染主要由铁污染和有机污染组成,碱洗能去除大部分的有机污染,而无机污染主要由酸洗去除。为使系统在较高通量下长期稳定运行,需依靠定时在线化学清洗及时恢复跨膜压力,在长期运行中持续投加1200mg/L次氯酸钠及时清除有机污染,当跨膜压力较高时再投加1.5%盐酸执行一次。进行化学清洗时氢氧化钠、次氯酸钠和盐酸三种清洗剂结合清洗效果很好,此外,水温、加药量及清洗时间是决定化学清洗效果的重要因素。     

The effect of pre-ozonation and subsequent coagulation on the filtration of WWTP effluent with low-pressure membranes

The impact of a pre-treatment by pre-ozonation (2-10 mg O3/L) and subsequent coagulation (FeCl3: 2-6 mg Fe3+/L) on the performance of a polymeric ultrafiltration membrane was investigated in lab scale. The performance was assessed by monitoring the flux decline during filtration of secondary effluent in Amicon test cells. During the filtration process no free dissolved ozone was in contact with the membrane. It was observed that flux decline is reduced with increasing coagulant concentration as well as with increasing ozone dosage. This effect involves a reduction in the amount of biopolymers measured by size exclusion chromatography (LC-OCD). Moreover, multi-filtration cycles revealed that pre-ozonation leads to a significant increase in irreversible fouling that might be caused by increasing colloidal iron concentrations. Phosphorus in the permeate was successfully reduced to concentrations < 60 microg/L.     

Impact of Microcystis aeruginosa on membrane fouling in a biologically treated effluent

Microcystis aeruginosa was cultured in biologically treated municipal effluent to simulate blue-green algal bloom conditions in a treatment lagoon. The effect of algae in the early, mid and late phases of growth on membrane fouling, chemical coagulation (alum or aluminium chlorohydrate (ACH)) and hydraulic cleaning on the microfiltration of this effluent was investigated. The effect of M. aeruginosa in the early phase was negligible and gave a similar flux profile and permeate volume to that of effluent alone. The increase in M. aeruginosa concentration for the mid and late phases caused a significant reduction in permeate volume compared with the early phase. Full flux recovery was achieved with an alum dose of 1 mg Al3+ L(-1) (early phase) and 10 mg Al3+ L(-1) (mid phase), demonstrating that membrane fouling was hydraulically reversible. For the late phase, the highest flux recovery was 89%, which was achieved with an alum dose of 5 mg Al3+ L(-1). Higher alum dosages resulted in a reduction in flux recovery. The use of 1.5 pm pre-filtration after alum treatment showed little improvement in water quality but led to a drastic reduction in flux recovery, which was attributed to diminishing the protective layer on the membrane surface, thus enabling internal fouling. The performance of ACH was comparable to alum at low dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and cell concentration, but was not as effective as alum at high DOC and cell concentration due to the formation of more compact ACH flocs, which resulted in a higher cake layer specific resistance, leading to the deterioration of performance.     

Reuse of carwash wastewater with hollow fiber membrane aided by enhanced coagulation and activated carbon treatments.

The particles from carwash wastewater were separated by a hollow fiber membrane aided by a enhanced coagulation and activated carbon. This study demonstrated that the addition of KMnO(4) to coagulant (PAC) could enhance the efficiency of coagulation, which helped reduce clogging of the ultrafiltration membrane and activated carbon. The existence of LAS can loosen the gel layer on the membrane and improve the flux. Adsorption of particles such as organic matter and oil is the main reason causing membrane flux decrease. When carwash wastewater was pretreated, the permeation flux of membrane showed a higher value. LAS, odour and colour are removed by GAC adsorption treatment at last. The COD, BOD, LAS and oil of reuse water was 33.4 mg/L, 4.8 mg/L, 0.06 mg/L and 0.95 mg/L, respectively.     

Membrane fouling and selectivity mechanisms in effluent ultrafiltration coupled with flocculation.

Membrane filtration is adequate for producing disinfected clear water suitable for various kinds of applications. However, fouling of membranes is the main limitation. The scope of the present study is to examine the effect of iron coagulation of primary wastewater effluent on membrane filtration, in parallel to fouling characterization of the iron itself. The fouling of ultrafiltration membranes by colloidal iron hydroxide-oxide has been studied by measuring the pore streaming potential of PES UF membrane. pH 5.5 (charge neutralization zone) provided better removal and lower fouling intensity than pH 7.8 (sweep coagulation zone), but the internal clogging at acidic pH was higher. Fouling of the membrane as measured by flux reduction was usually accompanied by a positive change in zeta potential and iso-electric point (IEP) of the membrane. An initially large change in zeta potential (without charge reversal) was seen even after relatively small amounts of iron solution were filtered through the membrane. A control experiment showed this is not due to iron adsorption equilibrium, but should probably be attributed to fouling. Change in zeta potential, can be used as an indicator for commencement of fouling even for small flux reductions. UF membrane critical flux after iron filtration can be evaluated more accurately by zeta potential than pressure drop or change in iron concentration.     

纱线筒染废水的分质收集与处理试验

以电导率为分质指标,对纱线筒染废水进行“清浊分质”收集,并对收集到的轻废水进行接触氧化、超滤、反渗透处理;对重废水进行水解酸化、接触氧化、混凝沉淀处理,最后对轻废水减缓膜污染方面进行优势分析。结果表明：轻废水经处理后,ρ（ COD ）＜17 mg/L、色度1倍、ρ（ Fe3＋）≤0.1 mg/L、ρ（ Mn）＝0.05～0.09 mg/L、硬度为50～80 mg/L,水质优于印染用水要求,并且能够减缓膜系统污染速率;重废水经处理后,ρ（ COD ）＜50 mg/L、ρ（ NH3-N ）＝1.71～2.93 mg/L、色度小于50倍,满足重点工业行业废水排放要求;表明采用以电导率为指标的废水分质收集与处理方法,自动化程度高、分质准确,有效缓解了后续处理负荷,减缓了膜污染,提高了废水回用率。     

Effects of flocculent aggregates on microfiltration with coagulation pretreatment of high turbidity waters.

Immersed membrane systems, and those with in-line coagulation, have been extensively applied in drinking water systems. Sedimentation is usually replaced by membrane processes in both systems. In these systems, voluminous flocculent aggregates formed during coagulation could be potential foulants. When raw waters with high turbidity are introduced, particle loadings to membrane due to coagulation pretreatment are enormous and thus could increase fouling. In general, during the rainy season, the turbidity of the Han River water, which supplies drinking water for the City of Seoul, Korea, is more than a hundred times higher than usual. Therefore, effects of floc on membrane fouling were investigated with highly turbid waters. Two turbidity concentrations, 40 and 200 NTU, were formulated by the addition of kaolin (used as a natural particle surrogate) to the Han River raw water. The results showed that the flux decline behaviours of the highly turbid waters were different from those of natural raw water. Coagulation pretreatment was very effective at reducing membrane fouling. Flocculent aggregates showed a negative effect on the flux decline but a positive effect on the membrane cleaning efficiency.     

Investigation of membrane fouling in ultrafiltration using model organic compounds.

Natural organic matter (NOM) is known to be the worst foulant in the membrane processes, but the complexities of NOM make it difficult to determine its effects on membrane fouling. Therefore, simple organic compounds (surrogates for NOM) were used in this research to investigate the fouling mechanisms in ultrafiltration. Previous research on NOM components in membrane processes indicated that polysaccharides formed an important part of the fouling cake. Three polysaccharides (dextran, alginic acid, and polygalacturonic acid) and a smaller carbohydrate (tannic acid) were evaluated for their removal in softening (the treatment process in the City of Austin). Two polysaccharides (dextran and alginic acid) were selected and further investigated for their effects on membrane fouling. The two raw organic waters (4 mg/L C) showed quite different patterns of flux decline indicating different fouling mechanisms. Softening pretreatment was effective to reduce flux decline of both waters. The SEM images of the fouled membrane clearly showed the shapes of deposited foulants. The high resolution results of the XPS spectra showed substantially different spectra of carbon, C(1s), in the membrane fouled by two raw organic waters. The XPS was beneficial in determining the relative composition of each fouling material on the membrane surface.